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Military of the People's Republic of China

Leadership Supreme Military Command Central Military Commission China's military budget People's Liberation Army People's Liberation Army People's Liberation Army Ground Force People's Liberation Army Navy People's Liberation Army Air Force Second Artillery Corps Sub-Branches People's Liberation Army Airborne Corps People's Liberation Army Marine Corps People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force Special Operations Forces People's Armed Police People's Armed Police Special Police Unit Snow Wolf Commando Unit People's Republic of China's Militia PRC's Militia Regional Administration Shenyang Military Region Beijing Military Region Lanzhou Military Region Jinan Military Region Nanjing Military Region Guangzhou Military Region Chengdu Military Region PLA Hong Kong Garrison Personnel PRC Army ranks PRC Navy ranks PRC Air forces ranks Facilities PLA National Defense University PLA Air forces Airbases Awards and Decorations PLA Military Merit Medal Medal of the Army History Military history of China History of the People's Liberation Army Naval history of China This box: view • talk • edit

The Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) (simplified Chinese: 中国人民解放军; traditional Chinese: 中國人民解放軍; pinyin: Zhōnggúo Rénmín Jiěfàng Jūn) is the military of the People's Republic of China (PRC). It is the largest standing army in the world^{[citation needed]} and includes naval, air, and strategic nuclear forces^{[citation needed]}. The PLA was established on August 1, 1927, as the military arm of the Communist Party of China, and was named the Red Army until 1937. The People's Liberation Army's insignia consists of a roundel with a red star bearing the Chinese characters for "Eight One" referring to August 1 (Chinese: 八一; pinyin: bā yī), the date of the 1927 Nanchang Uprising. Peoples Liberation Army is a name which have been used by several armies and guerrilla movements. ... Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... Image File history File links China_Emblem_PLA.svg‎ (All user names refer to zh. ... Throughout the history of the Peoples Republic of China, the position that effectively reigned as the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces changed from time to time. ... The Central Military Commission (Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) refers to one of two bodies within the Peoples Republic of China, either to the Central Military Commission of the Peoples Republic of China, a state organ, or the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party, a party organ. ... The military budget of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) is the portion of the overall budget of China that is allocated for the funding of the military of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Ground Forces of the Peoples Liberation Army (PLA) deploys over 8,000 tanks, 4,000 armored vehicles, and 25,000 artillery pieces. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Flag of the Peoples Liberation Army Air Force The Peoples Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) is the aviation branch of the Peoples Liberation Army, the military of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Second Artillery Corps (SAC) is the strategic missile forces of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The PLA Air Force 15th Airborne Corps, Guangzhou MR, is comprised of three airborne divisions (43rd, 44th, 45th airborne divisions). ... The Chinese Peoples Liberation Army Navy Marine Corps (Simplified Chinese: 中国人民解放军海军陆战队; Traditional Chinese: 中國人民解放軍海軍陸戰隊; pinyin: Zhōngguó Rénmín JiÄ›fàngjÅ«n HÇŽijÅ«nlùzhànduì) is the amphibious warfare branch of the Peoples Liberation Army Navy. ... The Peoples Liberation Army Naval Air Force (PLANAF) (解放军海军航空兵; pinyin: JiÄ›fàng JÅ«n HÇŽijÅ«n HángkōngbÄ«ng) is the naval aviation branch of the Peoples Liberation Army Navy. ... Peoples Liberation Army Special Operations Forces is the sub-branch of the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army Ground Force that specialises in rapid reaction combat in a limited regional war under high-tech conditions. ... The Peoples Armed Police Force (Abbreviation: PAP; Simplified Chinese: 人民武装警察部队; pinyin: Renmin wuzhuang jingcha budui) is a paramilitary police force primarily responsible for law enforcement within the Peoples Republic of China. ... Special Police Units (Abbreviation: SPU; Simplified Chinese: 特警队) are SWAT units of the Chinese Peoples Armed Police at the provincial and municipial level. ... The Snow Wolf Commando Unit (Abbreviation: SWCU; Simplified Chinese: 雪狼突击队) is a special police unit of the Peoples Republic of China (P.R.C.) tasked with counter-terrorism, riot control, and other special tasks such as anti-hijacking, and bomb disposal. ... Lebanese Kataeb militia A Militia is an army composed of ordinary [1] citizens to provide defense, emergency or paramilitary service, or those engaged in such activity. ... The Shenyang Military Region is one of seven military regions for the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army. ... The Beijing Military Region is one of seven military regions for the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army. ... The Lanzhou Military Region is one of seven military regions in the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Jinan Military Region is a military administrative command located in the east of the Peoples Republic of China, covering the Shandong and Henan Provinces, which also form military districts. ... The Nanjing Military Region is one of seven military command regions for the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army. ... The Guangzhou Military Region is a military administrative region located in the south of the Peoples Republic of China, covering Guangdong Province, Guangxi Autonomous Region, Hunan Province, Hubei Province, Hainan Province, Hong Kong, and Macao (Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Guangdong, and Hainan Military Districts and the Hong Kong and Macao... The Chengdu Military Region is a military administrative command located in the southwest of the Peoples Republic of China, covering Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, and the Xizang/Tibet Autonomous Region. ... The Hong Kong Garrison of the Peoples Liberation Army entering Hong Kong for the first time in 1997. ... The Peoples Liberation Army has not always used ranks or insignia. ... The following graph presents the images, names, transliterations and equivalent ranks in the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army Navy. ... The following graph presents the images, names, transliterations and equivalent ranks in the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army Air Force. ... The PLA National Defense University is the PLAs highest level school for military education, located in Beijing under the leadership of PLA Central Committee. ... // Beijing-Capital Airbase ( ) Beijing Shahezhen Airbase ( ) Beijing Tongxian Airbase ( ) Beijing Xiqiao Airbase ( ) Datong Airbase ( ) Fengning Airbase ( ) Hohhot Airbase ( ) Huarien Airbase ( ) Liangxiangzhen Airbase ( ) Nanyuan Airbase ( ) Tangguantun Airbase ( ) Tangshan Airbase ( ) Wenshui Airbase ( ) Yangcun Airbase (Meichong) ( ) Yongning Airbase ( ) Zhangguizhuang Airbase / Tianjin Binhai Int ( ) Zhangjiakou Airbase ( ) Zunhua Airbase ( ) Chengdu Airbase ( ) Baoshan Airport ( ) Bandga Chudra... The Military Merit Medal is a military award of the Peoples Liberation Army of China. ... The Medal of the Army is a military award of the Peoples Liberation Army. ... ... PLA flag The History of the Peoples Liberation Army is that of the military of mainland China. ... There was archieve dating back very early about the ancient navy of China. ... Simplified Chinese character (Simplified Chinese: or ; traditional Chinese: or ; pinyin: or ) is one of two standard sets of Chinese characters of the contemporary Chinese written language. ... Traditional Chinese characters refers to one of two standard sets of printed Chinese characters. ... Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... A standing army is an army composed of full time professional soldiers. ... The multinational Combined Task Force One Five Zero (CTF-150) The British Grand Fleet, the supreme naval force of World War I A rare occurrence of a 5-country multinational fleet, during Operation Enduring Freedom in the Oman Sea. ... For a particular Air Force, see List of air forces. ... The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 kilometers (11 mi) above the hypocenter A nuclear weapon derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions of fusion or fission. ... is the 213th day of the year (214th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Communist Party of China (CPC) (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), also known as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the ruling political party of the Peoples Republic of China, a position guaranteed by the countrys constitution. ... Japanese name Kanji: Hiragana: Korean name Hangul: Hanja: Vietnamese name Quoc Ngu: Han Tu: A Chinese character or Han character (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a logogram used in writing Chinese, Japanese, sometimes Korean, and formerly Vietnamese. ... is the 213th day of the year (214th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... The Nanchang Uprising (Chinese: ; pinyin: Nánchāng Qǐyì) (August 1, 1927) was the first major Kuomintang-Communist engagement of the Chinese Civil War. ...

Organization

People's Liberation Army in dress uniform.

Leadership by the Communist Party of China is a fundamental principle of the Chinese military command system. The PLA reports not to the State Council of the People's Republic of China but rather to two Central Military Commissions, one belonging to the state and one belonging to the party. In practice, the two CMC's do not conflict because their membership is usually identical. Often, the only difference in membership between the two occurs for a few months every five years, during the period between a Party Congress, when Party CMC membership changes, and the next ensuing National People's Congress, when the State CMC changes. The Central Military Commission carries out its responsibilities according to the authority given to it by the Constitution and National Defense Law.^[1] In December 1982, the fifth National People’s Congress revised the State Constitution to provide that the State Central Military Commission leads all the armed forces of the state. The chair of the State CMC is chosen and removed by the full NPC while the other members are chosen by the NPC Standing Committee. However, the CMC of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party remained the Party organization that directly leads the military and all the other armed forces. In actual practice, the Party CMC, after consultation with the democratic parties, proposes the names of the State CMC members of the NPC so that these people after going through the legal processes can be elected by the NPC to the State Central Military Commission. That is to say, that the CMC of the Central Committee and the CMC of the State are one group and one organization. However, looking at it organizationally, these two CMCs are subordinate to two different systems – the Party system and the State system. Image File history File links Peoples_Liberation_Army_Flag_of_the_Peoples_Republic_of_China. ... Number of active troops per country This is a list of countries sorted by the total number of active troops where the military manpower of a country is measured by the total amount of active troops within the command of that country. ... Number of total troops per country This is a list of countries sorted by the number of total troops within the command of that country, including reserve forces that can aid a depleted active military and/or paramilitary. ... The military budget of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) is the portion of the overall budget of China that is allocated for the funding of the military of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Download high resolution version (1050x742, 189 KB)courtesy of http://www. ... Download high resolution version (1050x742, 189 KB)courtesy of http://www. ... The Communist Party of China (CPC) (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), also known as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the ruling political party of the Peoples Republic of China, a position guaranteed by the countrys constitution. ... The State Council (国务院, pinyin: Guówùyuàn), which is largely synonymous with the Central Peoples Government (中央人民政府), is the chief administrative authority of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Central Military Commission (Chinese: 中央军事委员会 pinyin: Zhōngyāng JÅ«nshì WÄ›iyuánhuì ) refers to one of two bodies within the Peoples Republic of China. ...

Therefore the armed forces are under the absolute leadership of the Communist Party and are also the armed forces of the state. This is unique joint leadership system reflects the origin of People’s Liberation Army; as the military branch of the communist party, it only became the state military after the PRC was established in 1949.

By convention, the chairman and vice-chairman of the Central Military Commission are civilian members of the Communist Party of China, but they are not necessarily the heads of the civilian government. Both Jiang Zemin and Deng Xiaoping retained the office of chairman even after relinquishing their other positions. All of the other members of the CMC are uniformed active military officials. As with other nations, the Minister of National Defense of the People's Republic of China is not the head of the military, and is usually a vice chairman of the CMC. The Communist Party of China (CPC) (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), also known as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the ruling political party of the Peoples Republic of China, a position guaranteed by the countrys constitution. ... Jiāng Zémín (Traditional Chinese: 江澤民, Simplified Chinese: 江泽民, Hanyu Pinyin: Jiāng Zémín, Wade-Giles: Chiang Tse-min, Cantonese (Jyutping): gong1 zaak6 man4) (born August 17, 1926) was the core of the third generation of Communist Party of China leaders, serving as General Secretary of the Communist... Deng Xiaoping   (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Teng Hsiao-ping; August 22, 1904 – February 19, 1997) was a prominent Chinese politician and reformer, and the late leader of the Communist Party of China (CCP). ... The Ministry of National Defense of the Peoples Republic of China is a ministry under the State Council. ...

The PLA general departments are composed of the General Staff Department, the General Political Department, the General Logistics Department and the General Armaments Department [GAD, sometimes translated as General Equipment Department]. The GPD maintains a system of political commissars which maintain a separate chain of command to ensure loyalty to the party and the civilian government. The CMC exercises leadership over the military regions, the Navy and the Air Force and the Second Artillery through the four general departments. Within a military region, the three service branches are coordinated in the battle operations [zuozhan xingdong] under the unified command of the military district. The Second Artillery is however under the direct leadership of the CMC. The army units in a military region are under the leadership of that military region. The navy and air force troops in a military region are under the joint leadership of the military region and their service branch. A political commissar is an officer appointed by a government to oversee a unit of the military. ...

The state military system inherited and upholds the principle of the Communist Party’s absolute leadership over the people’s armed forces. The Party and the State jointly established the Central Military Commission that carries out the task of supreme military leadership over the armed forces. The 1954 PRC Constitution provides that the State President directs [tongshuai] the armed forces and made the State President the chair of the Defense Commission (the Defense Commission is an advisor body, it does not lead the armed forces). On September 28, 1954, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party re-established the Central Military Commission as the leader of the PLA and the people’s armed forces. From that time onwards, the system of joint system of Party and state military leadership was established. The Central Committee of the Communist Party leads in all military affairs. The State President directs the state military forces and the development of the military forces managed by the State Council. is the 271st day of the year (272nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In order to ensure the absolute leadership of the Communist Party over the armed forces, every level of Party committee in the military forces implements the principles of democratic centralism, the division and higher levels establish political commissars and political organizations, and ensure that the branch organizations are in line [jianchi zhibu zai lianshang]. These systems melded the Party organization with the military organization in order to achieve the Party’s leadership and administrative leadership. This is the key and guarantee to the absolute leadership of the Party over the military.

On November 11, 1949, the Air Force leadership structure was established and the Navy leadership the following April. In 1950, the leadership structures of the artillery, armored troops, air defense troops, public security forces, and worker – soldier militias were also established. Later were established the leadership organizations of other forces such as the chemical warfare defense forces [fang huaxue bing], the railroad forces [tielu bing], the communications forces, and the second artillery [di er paobing]. is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The leadership of each type of military force is under the leadership and management of the corresponding part of the Central Military Commission (CMC) of the Chinese Communist Party Central Committee. Forces under each military branch or force such as subordinate forces, academies and schools, scientific research and engineering institutions, logistical support organizations etc. are also under the leadership of the CMC. This arrangement has been especially useful as China has over the past several decades moved increasingly towards military organizations composed of forces from more than one military branch. In September 1982, in order to meet the needs of military modernization and to improve coordination in the command of forces including multiple service branches and to strengthen unified command of the military, the CMC ordered that the leadership organization of the various military branches be abolished. The PLA now has Air Force, Navy and Second Artillery leadership organs.

PRC military regions (1996).

In 1986, the People’s Armed Forces Department, except in some border regions, was put under the joint leadership of the PLA and the local authorities. Although the local Party organizations paid close attention to the People’s Armed Forces Department, as a result of some practical problems, the CMC decided that after April 1, 1996, the People’s Armed Forces Department [Renmin Wuzhuang Bu] will be under once again be under the PLA. Download high resolution version (800x798, 252 KB)Source: Central Intelligence Agency 1996. ... Download high resolution version (800x798, 252 KB)Source: Central Intelligence Agency 1996. ... is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ...

Under the General Staff Headquarters are the seven military regions: Shenyang, Beijing, Lanzhou, Jinan, Nanjing, Guangzhou, and Chengdu. The organization into MAC's has been much criticized as being obsolete and irrelevant for the 21st century, and there is wide speculation that the system will be drastically altered in the next several years. Military districts are territorial entities used for the purposes of military planning and strategizing. ... The Shenyang Military Region is one of seven military regions for the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army. ... The Beijing Military Region is one of seven military regions for the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army. ... The Lanzhou Military Region is one of seven military regions in the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Jinan Military Region is a military administrative command located in the east of the Peoples Republic of China, covering the Shandong and Henan Provinces, which also form military districts. ... The Nanjing Military Region is one of seven military command regions for the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army. ... The Guangzhou Military Region is a military administrative region located in the south of the Peoples Republic of China, covering Guangdong Province, Guangxi Autonomous Region, Hunan Province, Hubei Province, Hainan Province, Hong Kong, and Macao (Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Guangdong, and Hainan Military Districts and the Hong Kong and Macao... The Chengdu Military Region is a military administrative command located in the southwest of the Peoples Republic of China, covering Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, and the Xizang/Tibet Autonomous Region. ...

Coordination with civilian national security groups such as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is achieved primarily by leading groups of the Communist Party of China. Particularly important are the Leading group on foreign affairs, and the leading group on Taiwan.

Structure

Soldiers with the People's Liberation Army at Shenyang training base in China, March 24, 2007.

Chinese Special Forces training alongside Pakistani SSG Special Forces during the 2006 Friendship Exercise. Pakistan and China enjoy strong military ties.

The People’s Liberation Army (PLA) deploys the world’s largest ground force, currently totalling some 1.6 million personnel, or about 70% of the PLA’s total manpower (2.3 million in 2005). The ground forces are divided among the seven military regions named above. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 537 pixelsFull resolution (2660 × 1784 pixel, file size: 991 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) (All user names refer to en. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 537 pixelsFull resolution (2660 × 1784 pixel, file size: 991 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) (All user names refer to en. ... This article is about a military rank. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... For other uses, see Special forces (disambiguation). ... Special Services Group Logo outside their headquarters. ... Chinese Special Forces training alongside Pakistani SSG Special Forces during the 2006 Friendship Exercise. ... Military districts are territorial entities used for the purposes of military planning and strategizing. ...

The regular forces of the ground forces consist of 18 group armies, which are corps-size combined arms units each with 30,000~65,000 personnel. The group armies contain, according to the International Institute for Strategic Studies's 2006 Military Balance, among them 9 armoured divisions, 3 mechanised infantry divisions, 24 motorised infantry divisions, 15 infantry divisions, two amphibious assault divisions, one mechanised infantry brigade, 22 motorised infantry brigades, 12 armoured brigades, 7 artillery divisions, 14 artillery brigades, 19 antiaircraft artillerymissile brigades, and 10 army aviation (helicopter) regiments (two training). A Group Army is a major type of Chinese military organization, roughly equivalent to a corps in British or American military terminology. ... The International Institute for Strategic Studies is a British think tank based in London. ... A division is a large military unit or formation usually consisting of around 10,000 soldiers. ... Bold Bold texttext,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvMedia:Example. ... American troops man an anti-aircraft gun near the Algerian coastline in 1943 Anti-aircraft, or air defense, is any method of combating military aircraft from the ground. ... Aerial warfare is the use of aircraft and other flying machines for the purposes of warfare. ...

There are also three airborne divisions, which are manned by the PLA Air Force (PLAAF). The PLA Navy (PLAN) has two multi-arm marine brigades. Flag of the Peoples Liberation Army Air Force The Peoples Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) (simplified Chinese: 解放军空军; pinyin: Jiěfàngjūn Kōngjūn) is the aviation branch of the Peoples Liberation Army, the military of the Peoples Republic of China. ... PLAN Jack and Ensign The Peoples Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) is the naval arm of the Peoples Liberation Army (PLA), the military of the Peoples Republic of China. ...

In times of crisis, the PLA ground forces will be reinforced by numerous reserve and paramilitary units. The PLA reserve component has about 1.2~1.5 million personnel divided into 30 infantry, and 12 anti-aircraft artillery (AAA) divisions. In addition, approximately 1.1 million personnel serve in the People's Armed Police (PAP), which includes internal security and border defence forces under the control of the Ministry of Public Security. The PAP internal security forces are organised into 14 mobile divisions, 31 provisional/municipal internal security general corps, and 23 provisional/municipal border defence general corps. Paramilitary designates forces whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force, but which are not regarded as having the same status. ... The Peoples Armed Police Force (Abbreviation: PAP; Simplified Chinese: 人民武装警察部队; pinyin: Renmin wuzhuang jingcha budui) is a paramilitary police force primarily responsible for law enforcement within the Peoples Republic of China. ...

The armoured combat units previously known as tank divisions and brigades are now called “armoured” divisions and brigades to reflect their more combined arms nature. The PLA has transformed some former motorised infantry divisions (truck mobile) into mechanised units with tracked or wheeled armoured personnel carriers (APC). Two amphibious mechanised divisions were also created in Nanjing and Guangzhou MR. At least 40% of PLA divisions and brigades are now mechanised or armoured, almost double the percentage before the reduction.

While much of the PLA ground force was being reduced over the past few years, technology-intensive elements such as special operations forces (SOF), army aviation (helicopters), surface-to-air missile (SAM), and electronic warfare units have all been rapidly expanded. The latest operational doctrine of the PLA ground forces highlights the importance of information technology, electronic and information warfare, and long-range precision strikes in future warfare. The older generation telephone/radio-based command, control, and communications (C3) systems are being replaced by an integrated battlefield information networks featuring local/wide-area networks (LAN/WAN), satellite communications, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based surveillance and reconnaissance systems, and mobile command and control centres.

As will be repeated below, the PLA has paid close attention to the performance of the US ground forces in Afghanistan and Iraq. As well as learning from the success of the US military in information-centric warfare, joint operations, C4ISR, hi-tech weaponry, etc. the PLA is also studying the unconventional tactics that could be used to exploit the vulnerabilities of a more technologically-advanced enemy. This has been reflected in the two parallel guidelines for the PLA ground forces development. While speeding up the process of introducing new equipment into the force and retiring the older equipment, the PLA also places an emphasis on finding ways of using existing equipment to defeat an enemy with technology dominance.

Terms of service

Theoretically, all citizens of the PRC have the duty of performing military service. In practice, military service with the PLA is voluntary; all 18-year-old's have to register themselves with the government authorities, in a way similar to the Selective Service System of the United States. The main exception to this system applies to potential university students (male and female), who are required to undergo military training (usually for the duration of a week or more) before or, more often one year after their courses commence. The Selective Service System is the means by which the United States administers military conscription. ...

History

Creation and evolution

June,1949, PLA soldiers entered Beijing.

Main article: History of the People's Liberation Army

The People's Liberation Army was founded on August 1, 1927 during the Nanchang Uprising when troops of the Kuomintang (KMT) rebelled under the leadership of Zhu De and Zhou Enlai shortly after the end of the first Kuomintang-Communist alliance. They were then known as the Chinese Red Army (Simplified Chinese: 红军; Traditional Chinese: 紅軍; pinyin: hóngjūn). Between 1934 and 1935, the Red Army survived several campaigns lead against it by Chiang Kai-Shek and engaged in the Long March. Image File history File links Communists_enter_Beijing_(1949). ... Image File history File links Communists_enter_Beijing_(1949). ... Peking redirects here. ... PLA flag The History of the Peoples Liberation Army is that of the military of mainland China. ... is the 213th day of the year (214th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Nanchang Uprising (Chinese: ; pinyin: Nánchāng Qǐyì) (August 1, 1927) was the first major Kuomintang-Communist engagement of the Chinese Civil War. ... The Kuomintang of China (abbreviation KMT) [1], also often translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party, is a political party in the Republic of China, now on Taiwan, and is currently the largest political party in terms of seats in the Legislative Yuan. ... Zhu De ZhÅ« Dé (朱德, Wade-Giles: Chu Teh, zi: YùjiÄ“ 玉阶) (December 1, 1886 – July 6, 1976) was a Chinese Communist military leader and statesman. ... Zhou Enlai (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chou En-lai) (March 5, 1898 – January 8, 1976), a prominent Communist Party of China leader, was Premier of the Peoples Republic of China from 1949 until his death in January 1976, and Chinas foreign minister from 1949... Chiang Kai-shek (October 31, 1887 – April 5, 1975) was the Chinese military and political leader who assumed the leadership of the Kuomintang (KMT) after the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925. ... Combatants Nationalist Party of China and allied warlords Communist Party of China Commanders Chiang Kai-shek various, eventually Mao Zedong Strength over 300,000 First Front Red Army: 86,000 (October 1934) 7,000 (October 1935) The Long March (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) was a massive military retreat undertaken...

During the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1937 to 1945, the Communist military forces were nominally integrated into the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China forming the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army units. During this time, these two military groups used primarily guerrilla tactics, but also fought several conventional battles with the Japanese and the Kuomintang. Combatants China United States1 Soviet Union2 Japan Manchukuo3 Mengjiang3 Wang Jingwei Government 3 Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Chen Cheng, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Li Zongren, Xue Yue, Bai Chongxi, Peng Dehuai, Joseph Stilwell, Albert Wedemeyer, Claire Chennault, Aleksandr Vasilevsky Hirohito, Fumimaro Konoe, Hideki Tojo, Kotohito Kanin, Matsui Iwane, Hajime... The National Revolutionary Army (NRA) (Chinese: 國民革命軍; pinyin: guo2 min2 ge2 ming4 jun1) was the national army of the Republic of China. ... For the Chinese civilization, see China. ... The Eighth Route Army (八路軍 Pinyin: bālù-jūn) was one of the main military forces of the Communist Party of China, active during the Chinese Civil War and Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945). ... The New Fourth Army (新四軍 Pinyin: xin-si-jun) and the Eighth Route Army were the two main communist forces from 1938. ... “Guerrilla” redirects here. ... The Kuomintang of China (abbreviation KMT) [1], also often translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party, is a political party in the Republic of China, now on Taiwan, and is currently the largest political party in terms of seats in the Legislative Yuan. ...

After the end of the Sino-Japanese War, the Communist Party merged the two military groups and renamed the multi-million strong force the People's Liberation Army and eventually won the Chinese Civil War.

During the 1950s, the PLA with Soviet help transformed itself from a peasant army into a more modern one. In November 1950, the PLA or People's Volunteer Army intervened in the Korean War as United Nations forces under General Douglas MacArthur approached the Yalu River. Under the weight of this offensive, Chinese forces drove MacArthur's forces out of North Korea and captured Seoul, but were subsequently pushed back to a line just north of the 38th Parallel. The war ended as a standstill in 1953; however, it is generally regarded as a victory by the Chinese people as that was the first time they had ever defeated a major world power since 1840 - judging from the occupation areas of the United States and United Nations before and after the Chinese entry into the Korean War. The reverse is true from another perspective: communist aggression was halted by US-led UN forces. This war also served as a catalyst for rapid modernization of PLAAF. In 1962, the PLA also fought India in the Sino-Indian War which resulted in a victory for the PLA. The Chinese Peoples Volunteer Army (PVA) (Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) was a volunteer army deployed by the Chinese government during the Korean War. ... Combatants United Nations:  Republic of Korea,  Australia,  Belgium,  Luxembourg,  Canada,  Colombia,  Ethiopia,  France,  Greece,  Luxembourg,  Netherlands,  New Zealand,  Philippines,  South Africa,  Thailand,  Turkey,  United Kingdom,  United States Medical staff:  Denmark,  Australia,  Italy,  Norway,  Sweden Communist states:  Democratic People’s Republic of Korea,  Peoples Republic of China,  Soviet Union Commanders... UN and U.N. redirect here. ... This article is about the American general; for the municipality in the Philippines, see General MacArthur, Eastern Samar. ... The Amnok River, or the Yalu River, is a river on the border between China and North Korea. ... Short name Statistics Location map Map of location of Seoul. ... The 38th parallel north is a line of latitude that cuts across Asia, the Mediterranean and the United States. ... Combatants China India Commanders Zhang Guohua[4] Brij Mohan Kaul Strength 80,000[5][6] Casualties Killed 1,460 (Chinese sources)[7] None captured[8][9][10][11] Wounded 1,697[7] Killed 3,128 (Indian sources)[12] Captured 3,968[2] Wounded 548[13] The Sino-Indian War (Simplified...

Establishment of a professional military force equipped with modern weapons and doctrine was the last of the Four Modernizations announced by Zhou Enlai and supported by Deng Xiaoping. In keeping with Deng's mandate to reform, the PLA has demobilized millions of men and women since 1978 and has introduced modern methods in such areas as recruitment and manpower, strategy, and education and training. In 1979, the PLA fought Vietnam over a border skirmish in the Sino-Vietnamese War where it is reported China lost 20,000+ regular soldiers versus Vietnamese militiamen, China withdrew, both sides claiming victory. The Four Modernizations (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ) were the goals of Deng Xiaoping’s reforms. ... Zhou Enlai (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chou En-lai) (March 5, 1898 – January 8, 1976), a prominent Communist Party of China leader, was Premier of the Peoples Republic of China from 1949 until his death in January 1976, and Chinas foreign minister from 1949... Deng Xiaoping   (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Teng Hsiao-ping; August 22, 1904 – February 19, 1997) was a prominent Chinese politician and reformer, and the late leader of the Communist Party of China (CCP). ... Combatants Peoples Republic of China Socialist Republic of Vietnam Commanders Yang Dezhi Văn Tiến DÅ©ng Strength 300,000+[1] 100,000+ from regular army divisions and divisions of the Public Security Army Casualties Disputed. ...

Vintage Chinese propaganda poster showing strength and determination of People's Liberation Army. The caption reads, "An Army of the People is Invincible". The soldier on top is shown to be holding a copy of "Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong".

In the 1980s, the PRC shrunk its military considerably to free up resources for economic development, resulting the decline in power of the PLA. Image File history File links Chinese poster showing strength and determination of Peoples Army This is a copyrighted poster. ... Image File history File links Chinese poster showing strength and determination of Peoples Army This is a copyrighted poster. ... This page is a place to characterize and catalog the propaganda of the Chinese government, both historical and present. ... Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung is also the title of a play by Edward Albee. ...

Following the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, ideological correctness was temporarily revived as the dominant theme in Chinese military affairs. Reform and modernization appear to have since resumed their position as the PLA's priority objectives, although the armed forces' political loyalty to the Communist Party of China remains a leading concern. One other area of concern to the political leadership was the PLA's involvement in civilian economic activities. Concern that these activities were adversely impacting PLA readiness has led the political leadership to attempt to remove the PLA's business empire. The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, commonly referred to as the Tiananmen Square Massacre,[1] were a series of demonstrations led by students, intellectuals, and labor activists in the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) between April 15 and June 4, 1989. ... The Communist Party of China (CPC) (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), also known as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the ruling political party of the Peoples Republic of China, a position guaranteed by the countrys constitution. ...

Beginning in the 1980s, the PLA tried to transform itself from a land-based power, centered on a vast ground force, to a smaller, mobile, high-tech military capable of mounting defensive operations beyond its coastal borders. The motivation for this was that a massive land invasion by Russia is no longer seen as a major threat, and the new threats to the PRC are seen to be a declaration of independence by Taiwan, possibly with assistance from the United States, or a confrontation over the Spratly Islands.

In 1985, under the leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the Central Military Commission of the Central Committee, the PLA changed from being constantly prepared to “hit early, strike hard and to fight a nuclear war” to developing the military in an era of peace. The PLA reoriented itself to modernization, improving its fighting ability, and to become a more elite force. Jiang Zemin in 1990 called on the military to “Meet political standards, be militarily competent, have a good working style, adhere strictly to discipline, and provide vigorous logistic support” (Chinese: 部队要做到政治合格、军事过硬、作风优良、纪律严明、保障有力; pinyin: bùdùi yào zùo dào zhèngzhì hégé, jūnshì gùoyìng, zùofēng yōuliáng, jìlǜ yánmíng, bǎozhàng yǒulì).^[2] Deng Xiaoping stressed that the PLA needed to focus more on quality than on quantity. The decision of the Chinese government in 1985 to reduce the size of the military by one million was completed by 1987. Staffing in military leadership organizations was cut by about 50%. During the Ninth Five Year Plan (1996 – 2000) the PLA was reduced by another 500,000. The PLA is also to have reduced by another 200,000 by 2005. The PLA is developing into a more elite force focusing on increasing mechanization and informatization so as to be able to fight a modern war.^[3]

Modernization of PLA units in the past decade.

The 1991 Gulf War also provided the PRC leadership with a stark realization that the PLA was an oversized, obsolescent force. President Jiang Zemin officially instituted a "Revolution in Military Affairs" (a PLA catch-phrase) in the mid-1990s to modernize the Chinese armed forces. A goal of the RMA is to transform the PLA into a force capable of winning what it calls "Local Wars Under High Tech Conditions" rather than a massive, numbers-dominated ground war styled army. In addition, the economic center of gravity of mainland China has shifted from the interior to the coastal regions and the PRC is now more dependent on trade than it has been in the past. The possibility of a militarily resurgent Japan remains a worry to the Chinese military leadership as well. Image File history File linksMetadata ChineseArmyspecial1lg. ... Image File history File linksMetadata ChineseArmyspecial1lg. ... Jiāng Zémín (Traditional Chinese: 江澤民, Simplified Chinese: 江泽民, Hanyu Pinyin: Jiāng Zémín, Wade-Giles: Chiang Tse-min, Cantonese (Jyutping): gong1 zaak6 man4) (born August 17, 1926) was the core of the third generation of Communist Party of China leaders, serving as General Secretary of the Communist... ...

The PLA has acquired some advanced weapons systems, including Sovremenny class destroyers, Sukhoi Su-27 and Sukhoi Su-30 aircraft, and Kilo-class diesel-electric submarines from Russia. It has also completed 4 new destroyers including 2 AAW Type 052C class guided missile destroyers. In addition, the PLA has attempted to build an indigenous aerospace and military industry with its production of the J-10. The PLA launched a new class of nuclear submarine on December 3, 2004 capable of launching nuclear warheads that could strike targets across the Pacific Ocean. The PLA is also planning to build an aircraft carrier battle group to secure energy lines in the South China Sea, though Beijing has denied they have a carrier program. The Sovremenny Class destroyer has a maximum displacement of 8480t. ... Su-27 Flanker redirects here. ... The Sukhoi Su-30 (NATO reporting name Flanker-C) is an agile military aircraft developed by Russias Sukhoi Aviation Corporation and introduced into operational service in 1996. ... Kilo class is the NATO reporting name for a type of military diesel-electric submarines that are made in Russia. ... The Chengdu J-10 is a multirole fighter aircraft produced by the Peoples Republic of China Chengdu Aircraft Corporation (CAC). ... USS Los Angeles A submarine is a specialized watercraft that can operate underwater. ... is the 337th day of the year (338th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The carrier battle group (CVBG or CARBATGRU) or carrier strike group (CVSG) is a fleet of ships in support of an aircraft carrier. ... Filipino name Tagalog: Luzon Sea Portuguese name Portuguese: Mar da China Meridional Vietnamese name Vietnamese: The South China Sea is a marginal sea south of China. ...

China's military leadership has also been reacting to and learning from the successes and failures of the American military during the Gulf War, the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, and the ongoing Iraqi Insurgency. For other uses, see Iraq war (disambiguation). ... Combatants Taliban al-Qaeda IMU Hezbi Islami United States ISAF Afghanistan Northern Alliance Commanders Mohammed Omar Obaidullah Akhund # Mullah Dadullah  Jalaluddin Haqqani Osama bin Laden Ayman al-Zawahiri Mohammad Atef  Juma Namangani  Tohir Yo‘ldosh Gulbuddin Hekmatyar Bismillah Khan Mohammed Fahim Abdul Rashid Dostum Dan McNeill Guy Laroche Ton van... This article is about the 2003 invasion of Iraq. ... The Iraqi insurgency denotes groups using armed resistance against the US-led Coalition occupation of Iraq. ...

Major wars and events

The Unknown Rebel - This famous photo, taken on 5 June 1989 by photographer Jeff Widener, depicts a lone protester who tried to stop the PLA's tanks until he was pulled into the crowd by several onlookers.

• 1927 to 1949: Chinese Civil War against the Kuomintang
• 1937 to 1945: World War II against Imperial Japan as a part of the National Revolutionary Army
• 1950 to 1953: Korean War (under the official banner of the Chinese People's Volunteers, although they consisted of PLA regulars.)
• 1954 to 1955: First Taiwan Strait Crisis
• 1958: Second Taiwan Strait Crisis at Quemoy and Matsu
• October 1962 to November 1962: Sino-Indian War
• 1967: Border skirmishes with India
• 1969 to 1978: Sino-Soviet border conflict
• 1974: Battle of Hoang Sa
• 1979: Sino-Vietnamese War
• 1986 and 1988: Border skirmishes with Vietnam
• 1989: Tianamen Square Crackdown
• 1995 to 1996 Third Taiwan Strait Crisis

Image File history File links Tianasquare. ... Image File history File links Tianasquare. ... Tank Man stops the advance of a column of tanks on 5 June 1989 in Beijing. ... is the 156th day of the year (157th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ... Tank man stops the advance of a column of tanks. ... Combatants Nationalist Party of China Communist Party of China Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong Strength 4,300,000 (July 1946) 3,650,000 (June 1948) 1,490,000 (June 1949) 1,200,000 (July 1946) 2,800,000 (June 1948) 4,000,000 (June 1949) The Chinese Civil War... The Kuomintang of China (abbreviation KMT) [1], also often translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party, is a political party in the Republic of China, now on Taiwan, and is currently the largest political party in terms of seats in the Legislative Yuan. ... Combatants China United States1 Soviet Union2 Japan Manchukuo3 Mengjiang3 Wang Jingwei Government 3 Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Chen Cheng, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Li Zongren, Xue Yue, Bai Chongxi, Peng Dehuai, Joseph Stilwell, Albert Wedemeyer, Claire Chennault, Aleksandr Vasilevsky Hirohito, Fumimaro Konoe, Hideki Tojo, Kotohito Kanin, Matsui Iwane, Hajime... The National Revolutionary Army (NRA) (Chinese: 國民革命軍; pinyin: guo2 min2 ge2 ming4 jun1) was the national army of the Republic of China. ... Combatants United Nations:  Republic of Korea,  Australia,  Belgium,  Luxembourg,  Canada,  Colombia,  Ethiopia,  France,  Greece,  Luxembourg,  Netherlands,  New Zealand,  Philippines,  South Africa,  Thailand,  Turkey,  United Kingdom,  United States Medical staff:  Denmark,  Australia,  Italy,  Norway,  Sweden Communist states:  Democratic People’s Republic of Korea,  Peoples Republic of China,  Soviet Union Commanders... Taiwan Strait The First Taiwan Strait Crisis (also called the 1954-1955 Taiwan Strait Crisis or the 1955 Taiwan Strait Crisis) was a short armed conflict that took place between the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) governments. ... Taiwan Strait The Second Taiwan Strait Crisis, also called the 1958 Taiwan Strait Crisis, was a conflict that took place between the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) governments in which the PRC was accused by Taiwan of shelling the islands of Matsu and... Quemoy, Kinmen, or Chinmen (金門, pinyin: Jīnmén, POJ: Kim-mn̂g) (pop. ... The Matsu Islands (馬祖列島 or less frequently, 馬祖群島 Pinyin: Mǎzǔ) are a minor archipelago of 19 islands and islets in the Taiwan Strait administered as Lienchiang County (連江 Pinyin: Liánjiāng), Fujian Province of the Republic of China... Combatants China India Commanders Zhang Guohua[4] Brij Mohan Kaul Strength 80,000[5][6] Casualties Killed 1,460 (Chinese sources)[7] None captured[8][9][10][11] Wounded 1,697[7] Killed 3,128 (Indian sources)[12] Captured 3,968[2] Wounded 548[13] The Sino-Indian War (Simplified... Combatants People’s Republic of China Soviet Union Commanders Mao Tse-Tung Leonid Brezhnev Strength 814,000 658,000 Casualties 800 killed, 620 wounded, 1 lost [1] 58 killed, 94 wounded [2] The Sino-Soviet border conflict of 1969 was a series of armed clashes between the Soviet Union and... Combatants Peoples Liberation Army Navy Republic of Vietnam Navy Commanders Unknown commander Rear Admiral Lâm NgÆ°Æ¡n Tánh Strength 2 minesweepers 4 Krondstadt-class gunboats 4 naval infantry companies 2 WHEC 1 DER 1 MSF 1 commando company 1 demolition team 1 militia platoon Casualties 4 boats... Combatants Peoples Republic of China Socialist Republic of Vietnam Commanders Yang Dezhi Văn Tiến DÅ©ng Strength 300,000+[1] 100,000+ from regular army divisions and divisions of the Public Security Army Casualties Disputed. ... The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, commonly referred to as the Tiananmen Square Massacre,[1] were a series of demonstrations led by students, intellectuals, and labor activists in the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) between April 15 and June 4, 1989. ... Taiwan Strait The Third Taiwan Strait Crisis, also called the 1995-1996 Taiwan Strait Crisis or the 1996 Taiwan Strait Crisis, was the effect of a series of missile tests conducted by the Peoples Republic of China in the waters surrounding Taiwan including the Taiwan Strait from July 21...

PLA in internal security

In general, the PLA's main job is the military defense of the People's Republic of China and is only rarely been used for internal security or police functions. Most such issues in the country however are handled by the paramilitary People's Armed Police. The instances in which the PLA has been used for non-military internal security duties have included several incidents during the Cultural Revolution in the 1960s, Tibet in 1989, and with the Tiananmen Protests of 1989. Paramilitary designates forces whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force, but which are not regarded as having the same status. ... The Peoples Armed Police Force (Abbreviation: PAP; Simplified Chinese: 人民武装警察部队; pinyin: Renmin wuzhuang jingcha budui) is a paramilitary police force primarily responsible for law enforcement within the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution [1] in the Peoples Republic of China was a struggle for power within the Communist Party of China that manifested into wide-scale social, political, and economic chaos, which grew to include large sections of Chinese society and eventually brought the entire country to... The Unknown Rebel — This famous photo, taken by Associated Press photographer Jeff Widener, depicts a lone protester who single-handedly halted the progress of a column of advancing tanks for over half an hour. ...

Many times, the PLA is involved in flood relief operations in the Yellow River region. National media portrays these operations as courageous rescues are frequently broadcasted on national TV, and performed admirably well in the eyes of the citizens ^{[citation needed]}. Public opinion rates the military higher than the Communist Party of China or the PRC government. For other Yellow Rivers, see Yellow River (disambiguation). ... The word citizen may refer to: A person with a citizenship Citizen Watch Co. ... The Communist Party of China (CPC) (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), also known as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the ruling political party of the Peoples Republic of China, a position guaranteed by the countrys constitution. ...

See also: Police in the People's Republic of China

Police in the mainland of the Peoples Republic of China are divided between the Peoples Armed Police Ministry of Public Security This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

The PLA and commercial enterprises

Until the mid-1990s the PLA had extensive commercial enterprise holdings in non-military areas, particularly real estate. Almost all of these holdings were allegedly spun-off in the mid-1990s. In most cases, the management of the companies remained unchanged, with the PLA officers running the companies simply retiring from the PLA to run the newly formed private holding companies.

The history of PLA involvement in commercial enterprises begins in the 1950s and 1960s. Because of the socialist state-owned system and from a desire for military self-sufficiency, the PLA created a network of enterprises such as farms, guesthouses, and factories intended to support its own needs. One unintended side effect of the Deng Xiaoping reforms was that many of these enterprises became very profitable. For example, a military guesthouse intended for soldier recreation could easily be converted into a profitable hotel for civilian use. There were two factors which increased PLA commercial involvement in the 1990s. One was that running profitable companies decreased the need for the state to fund the military from the government budget. The second was that in an environment where legal rules were unclear and political connections were important, PLA influence was very useful.

By the early 1990s party officials and high military officials were becoming increasingly alarmed at the military's commercial involvement for a number of reasons. The military's involvement in commerce was seen to adversely affect military readiness and to cause corruption. Further, there was great concern that having an independent source of funding would lead to decreased loyalty to the party. The result of this was an effort to spin off the PLA's commercial enterprises into private companies managed by former PLA officers, and to reform military procurement from a system in which the PLA directly controls its sources of supply to a contracting system more akin to those of Western countries.

The separation of the PLA from its commercial enterprises was largely complete by the year 2000. It met with very little resistance, as the spinoff was arranged so that few lost out.

Military Intelligence

The intelligence gathering for the military is carried out under the Second and Third Departments of the General Staff Headquarters and the Liaison Department of the General Political Headquarters.

By ensuring that these report to the CPC Central Military Commission and the PLA General Staff Headquarters, this unit effectively monitors all external and internal military communications.

Second Department

The Second Department coordinates military human intelligence (HUMINT) and imagery intelligence data. The Second Department does not conduct Signals intelligence (SIGINT), which is conducted by the Third Department.

Units of the Second Department

• Analysis Bureau - operates the National Watch Center
• Institute for International Strategic Studies - is its research institute which publishes an internal publication Wai Jun Dongtai ("Movement Of Foreign Armies").
• First Bureau - responsible for intelligence on Taiwan and Hong Kong. Of particular note in this bureau was the "Autumn Orchid" intelligence group which was awarded a Citation for Merit, Second Class, in December 1994, and further another Citation for Merit, Second Class.
• PLA Institute of International Relations at Nanjing - responsible for training foreign language specialists for use in international strategic studies, military intelligence, and military diplomacy.

Third Department

The Third Department is charged with monitoring the telecommunications of foreign armies.

Third Department headquarters is located in the vicinity of the GSD First Department (Operations Department), AMS, and NDU complex in the hills northwest of the Summer Palace.

Units of the Third Department

• PLA Foreign Language Institute at Luoyang - responsible for training foreign language specialists for use in monitoring foreign transmissions.

Monitoring Stations

• Main Technical Department net control station on the northwest outskirts of Beijing
• A large complex near Lake Kinghathu in the extreme northeast corner of China
• Jilemutu and Jixi, in the northeast of China - aimed at Russia
• Erenhot (Erlian) and Hami, near the Mongolian border - aimed at Russia
• Qitai and Korla, in Xinjiang were operated jointly with the CIA during the Cold War - aimed at Russia
• Chengdu and Dayi - aimed at India
• Great Coco Island, Myanmar (Burma) in the Bay of Bengal - Monitors Indian naval activity as well as ISRO & DRDO missile and space launch facilities
• Kunming - aimed at the Southeast Asian countries like Vietnam
• Fujian and Guangdong military districts - aimed at Taiwan
• Hainan Island - monitoring the South China Sea

Peking redirects here. ... Jixi is a city with a population of 421,000 in the east of Heilongjiang Province in the Peoples Republic of China. ... Bogie change in Erenhot Erenhot or Erlian (zh: 二连浩特; Pinyin: Èrliánhàotè) is a city located in the Gobi Desert, in the Xilin Gol league of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ... Kumul or Hami (Uyghur: Ù‚Û‡Ù…Û‡Ù„/KÌ¢umul; Chinese: 哈密; Pinyin: Hāmì) is an oasis in Xinjiang (China); it is also the name of a modern city and the sourrounding district. ... Qitai (also known as Kitai) is a city in the Xinjiang province of China. ... Location of Korla Korla (simplified Chinese: 库尔勒; traditional Chinese: 庫爾勒;pinyin: Kùěrlè) is a city south of Karashahr (Yanqi), and is the capital of the Bayinguoleng Mongolian Prefecture, the largest prefecture in China. ... For the county in Shanxi province, see Xinjiang County. ... The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ...   (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Cheng-tu), located in southwest China, is the capital of Sichuan province and a sub-provincial city. ... Location of the Andaman island arc. ... Look up Bay of Bengal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is Indias national space agency. ... The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is Indias premier research organisation for defence related matters. ... Kunming (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Kun-ming) is the capital city of Yunnan province, China. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ...   (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Fu-chien; Postal map spelling: Fukien, Foukien; local transliteration Hokkien from Min Nan Hok-kiàn) is one of the provinces on the southeast coast of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Not to be confused with the former Kwantung Leased Territory in north-eastern China. ... Not to be confused with the unrelated provinces of Henan and Hunan Hainan (海南; pinyin: Hǎinán) is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, located at the southern end of the country. ... Filipino name Tagalog: Luzon Sea Portuguese name Portuguese: Mar da China Meridional Vietnamese name Vietnamese: The South China Sea is a marginal sea south of China. ...

Liaison Department

The Liaison Department conducts ideological and political work on foreign armies, explaining China's policies and disintegrating enemy armies by dampening their morale. Its public face is the China Association for International Friendly Contact (CAIFC).

Military technology

Firearms

Chinese Type 95 Assault Rifle.

Since the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the Chinese received massive amounts of weaponry and equipment as well as the capability to build their own weapons from the Soviet Union before the Sino-Soviet split in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Most of the firearms that the People's Liberation Army used in both the past and the present have their origins in many Soviet/Russian small arms like the Mosin-Nagant series rifles and carbines (the Chinese made the Russian Mosin-Nagant M-1944 carbine under licence as the Type 53 Carbine), the SKS carbine, the AK-47 assault rifle, the RPD light-machine gun, the Tokarev TT33 pistol, the DShK heavy machine gun. Image File history File links Source: http://www. ... Image File history File links Source: http://www. ... The QBZ-95 (Chinese: ; pinyin: QÄ«ng Bùqiāng Zú; literally Light Rifle Family) is an assault rifle manufactured by Norinco for the Peoples Liberation Army, the armed forces of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Sino-Soviet split was a major diplomatic conflict between the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), beginning in the late 1950s, reaching a peak in 1969 and continuing in various ways until the late 1980s. ... The Mosin-Nagant (Мосин-Наган) is a military rifle of Russia and later the Soviet Union, in service in various forms from 1891 until the 1960s, when it was finally replaced in its final function as a sniper rifle by the SVD... The SKS is a Russian semi-automatic carbine, designed in 1945 by Sergei Gavrilovich Simonov. ... Avtomat Kalashnikova model 1947 g. ... The RPD is a belt-fed machine gun formerly manufactured in the Soviet Union and in China. ... Tula Tokarev model 1933 Nationality Soviet Union Type Semi-automatic pistol Inventor Fedor Tokarev Date of design 1930 (TT-30) Service duration 1930 - 1951 Cartridge 7. ... The DShK (ДШК, for Дегтярёва Шпагина Крупнокалиберный, Degtyarev-Shpagin Large Calibre) is a Soviet heavy anti-aircraft machine gun firing 12. ...

The People's Republic of China's main infantry rifle is the QBZ-95, a recent issue to replace the Type 81, which bears similarities to the AK-47. The QBZ-95 (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; literally Infantry Rifle Automatic, Model 1995) is an assault rifle manufactured by Arsenal 266, part of Norinco and Arsenal 296, under Jianshe Corp, China South for the Peoples Liberation Army, the armed forces of the Peoples Republic of China, Chinese Peoples Armed... Type 81 may refer to: Type 81 Surface-to-Air Missile Chinese Type 81 Assault Rifle Tribal class frigate, designated as Type 81 Category: ... Avtomat Kalashnikova model 1947 g. ...

The People's Liberation Army also utilise locally-manufactured versions of the Russian AK-47 series rifles and SKS series carbines with the Chinese Type 56 Assault Rifle (a locally-produced version of the AK-47) and the Chinese Type 56 Carbine (a locally-produced version of the SKS). Avtomat Kalashnikova model 1947 g. ... The SKS is a Russian semi-automatic carbine, designed in 1945 by Sergei Gavrilovich Simonov. ... The Chinese Type 56 military rifle is a copy of the AK-47 Kalashnikov. ... Avtomat Kalashnikova model 1947 g. ... The Chinese Type 56 Carbine is just a Chinese built copy of the Russian Simonov SKS. All of the Type 56 carbine rifles have been removed from military service, except a few being used for ceremonial purposes. ... The SKS is a Russian semi-automatic carbine, designed in 1945 by Sergei Gavrilovich Simonov. ...

Despite being similar to the original Russian-made AK-47s and SKSs, both the Chinese Type 56 Assault Rifle and the Chinese Type 56 Carbine have a number of differences which separate them from their original Russian counterparts. One example of the difference is that the Chinese Type 56 Assault Rifle has a permanently-attached, stiletto-style bayonet under the barrel of the rifle, a feature that is native to many Chinese-made AK-47s. The Chinese Type 56 Carbine is also different from the original Russian-made SKS carbines with the Chinese SKSs also utilising a stilletto-style bayonet like the Chinese Type 56 Assault Rifle while the original Russian-made SKS carbines utilised a sword-style bayonet. Avtomat Kalashnikova model 1947 g. ... The SKS is a Russian semi-automatic carbine, designed in 1945 by Sergei Gavrilovich Simonov. ... The Chinese Type 56 military rifle is a copy of the AK-47 Kalashnikov. ... The Chinese Type 56 Carbine is just a Chinese built copy of the Russian Simonov SKS. All of the Type 56 carbine rifles have been removed from military service, except a few being used for ceremonial purposes. ... The Chinese Type 56 military rifle is a copy of the AK-47 Kalashnikov. ... The Chinese Type 56 Carbine is just a Chinese built copy of the Russian Simonov SKS. All of the Type 56 carbine rifles have been removed from military service, except a few being used for ceremonial purposes. ... The SKS is a Russian semi-automatic carbine, designed in 1945 by Sergei Gavrilovich Simonov. ... The Chinese Type 56 military rifle is a copy of the AK-47 Kalashnikov. ...

The Chinese Type 56 was mass produced from the 1960s to the 1980s and was exported to many countries around the world. Despite the introduction of newer rifles like the Type 81 and the QBZ-95, the Chinese Type 56/AK-47 rifles are still used by some PLA second-line and training units. However, the Chinese Type 56/SKS carbines have been retained for ceremonial duties by the PLA in the same manner as the SKS has been retained for ceremonial duties in the Russian armed forces. The Chinese Type 81 Assault Rifle is the principle automatic rifle used by the Peoples Liberation Army. ... The QBZ-95 (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; literally Infantry Rifle Automatic, Model 1995) is an assault rifle manufactured by Arsenal 266, part of Norinco and Arsenal 296, under Jianshe Corp, China South for the Peoples Liberation Army, the armed forces of the Peoples Republic of China, Chinese Peoples Armed...

The People's Liberation Army and police forces are widely equipped with the Type 54, 7.62mm pistol, although newer and better versions exist. The newest pistol in service is the QSZ-92 pistol. The QSZ-92 Services Pistol (Chinese: 轻手枪族; pinyin: Qīng Shoǔqiàng Zú; literally Light Pistol Family) is a semi-automatic pistol designed by Norinco and has armed the Peoples Liberation Army since the 1990s. ...

Land weapons

The PLA’s tank inventory was numbered around 10,000 during its peak time in the 1980s/90s, but this is estimated to have been reduced to 7,000, operating in 11 armoured brigades ^[4]. The Chinese-produced versions of the Soviet T-54A (Type 59 and Type 69) account for over two-thirds of the total PLA tank inventory. While retiring some of the older Type 59/69 series and replacing them with the second generation Type 88 and Type 96, the PLA is also upgrading the remaining Type 59/69 series tanks with new technologies including improved communication and fire-control systems, night vision equipment, explosive reactive armour, improved powerplant, and gun-fired anti-tank missiles so that they can remain in service as mobile fire-support platforms. The newest tank is the Type 99, which entered PLA service in 2001. The T-55 and T-54 main battle tanks were the Soviet Unions replacements for the World War II era T-34 tank. ... The Chinese Type 59 Main Battle Tank is a copy of the ubiquitous Russian T-55/54 medium tank. ... General characteristics Length 6. ... The Type 96 is the latest variant of Chinas second-generation main battle tank (MBT). ... The Type 96 is the latest variant of Chinas second-generation main battle tank (MBT). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

The PLA also operates about 2,000 light tanks including the Type 62 light tank and the Type 63 amphibious tank, both of which entered production in the 1960s. The Type 63 has now been upgraded with the addition the improved Type 63A featuring computerized fire-control, gun-fired anti-tank guided missile (ATGM), night fighting equipment, satellite navigation, and improved powerplant.

See also: List of modern armoured fighting vehicles#China

This article lists modern armoured fighting vehicles produced in the listed countries after the Second World War. ...

Nuclear weapons

The fireball from the "596" nuclear test.
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In 1955, the People's Republic of China decided to proceed with a nuclear weapons program. The decision was made after the United States threatened the use of nuclear weapons against the PRC should it take action against Quemoy and Matsu, coupled with the lack of interest of the Soviet Union for using its nuclear weapons in defense of China. Image File history File links 596_nuclear_test. ... Image File history File links 596_nuclear_test. ... The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 km (11 mi) above the epicenter. ... Quemoy, Kinmen, or Chinmen (金門, pinyin: Jīnmén, POJ: Kim-mn̂g) (pop. ... The Matsu Islands (馬祖列島 or less frequently, 馬祖群島 Pinyin: Mǎzǔ) are a minor archipelago of 19 islands and islets in the Taiwan Strait administered as Lienchiang County (連江 Pinyin: Liánjiāng), Fujian Province of the Republic of China...

After their first nuclear test (China claims minimal Soviet assistance before 1960) on October 16, 1964, the PRC was the first state to pledge no-first-use of nuclear weapons. On 1 July 1966, the Second Artillery Corps (as named by Premier Zhou Enlai) was formed. A nuclear test explosion is an experiment involving the detonation of a nuclear weapon. ... is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also Nintendo emulator: 1964 (emulator). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. ...

The PRC became a major international arms exporter during the 1980s. Beijing joined the Middle East arms control talks, which began in July 1991 to establish global guidelines for conventional arms transfers, and later announced that it would no longer participate because of the U.S. decision to sell 150 F-16A/B aircraft to Taiwan on September 2, 1992. Peking redirects here. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... The F-16 Fighting Falcon is a modern multi-role jet fighter aircraft built in the United States and used by dozens of countries all over the world. ... is the 245th day of the year (246th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ...

It joined the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 1984 and pledged to abstain from further atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons in 1986. The PRC acceded to the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1992 and supported its indefinite and unconditional extension in 1995. In 1996, it signed the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and agreed to seek an international ban on the production of fissile nuclear weapons material. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for military purposes. ... The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is a treaty, opened for signature on July 1, 1968, restricting the possession of nuclear weapons. ... Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty Opened for signature September 10, 1996[1] in New York Entered into force Not yet in force Conditions for entry into force The treaty will enter into force 180 days after it is ratified by all of the following 44 (Annex 2) countries: Algeria, Argentina...

In 1996, the PRC committed to provide assistance to unsafeguarded nuclear facilities. The PRC attended the May 1997 meeting of the NPT Exporters (Zangger) Committee as an observer and became a full member in October 1997. The Zangger Committee is a group which meets to list items that should be subject to IAEA inspections if exported by countries, which have, as the PRC has, signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty. In September 1997, the PRC issued detailed nuclear export control regulations. The PRC began implementing regulations establishing controls over nuclear-related dual-use items in 1998. The PRC also has decided not to engage in new nuclear cooperation with Iran (even under safeguards), and will complete existing cooperation, which is not of proliferation concern, within a relatively short period. Based on significant, tangible progress with the PRC on nuclear nonproliferation, President Clinton in 1998 took steps to bring into force the 1985 U.S.-China Agreement on Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation. The Zangger Committee, also known as the Nuclear Exporters Committee, sprang from Article III.2 of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) which entered into force on March 5, 1970. ... Dual-use is a term often used in politics and diplomacy to refer to technology which can be used for both peaceful and military aims, usually in regard to the proliferation of nuclear weapons. ... William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III[1] on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ...

Beijing has deployed a modest ballistic missile force, including land and sea-based intermediate-range and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). It is estimated that the PRC has about 24-36 liquid fueled ICBMs capable of striking the United States with approximately 100-150 IRBMs able to strike Russia or Eastern Europe. China also possesses several hundred tactical SRBMs with ranges between 300 and 600 km.^[5] A Minuteman III missile soars after a test launch. ... An intermediate-range ballistic missile, or IRBM, is a ballistic missile with a range of 2750-5500 km or 1719-3437 miles. ... SRBM is a millitary acronym for Short Range Ballistic Missile. ...

The PRC's nuclear program follows a doctrine of minimal deterrence, which involves having the minimum force needed to deter an aggressor from launching a first strike. The current efforts of the PRC appear to be aimed at maintaining a survivable nuclear force by, for example, using solid-fueled ICBMs in silos rather than liquid-fueled missiles. China's 2006 published deterrence policy claims that they will "uphold the principles of counterattack in self-defense and limited development of nuclear weapons", but "has never entered, and will never enter into a nuclear arms race with any country". It goes on to describe that China will never undertake a first strike, or use nuclear weapons against a non-nuclear state or zone.^[6] US strategists, however, suggest that the Chinese position may be ambiguous, and nuclear weapons may be used both to deter conventional strikes/invasions on the Chinese mainland, or as an international political tool - limiting the extent to which other nations can coerce China politically. .^[7] Minimal deterrence involves the ability to respond to a nuclear attack with a minimal nuclear counterstrike. ...

See also: China and weapons of mass destruction

The Peoples Republic of China is estimated by the U.S. Government to have an arsenal of about 150 nuclear weapons as of 1999. ...

Chemical weapons

The People's Republic of China is not a member of the Australia Group, an informal and voluntary arrangement made in 1985 to monitor developments in the proliferation of dual-use chemicals and to coordinate export controls on key dual-use chemicals and equipment with weapons applications. In April 1997, however, the PRC ratified the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and, in September 1997, promulgated a new chemical weapons export control directive for the use on illegal pregnancies.^{[citation needed]} Australia Group is an informal group of countries established in 1985 (after the use of chemical weapons by Iraq in 1984) to help reduce the spread of chemical and biological weapons by monitoring and controlling the spread of technologies required to produce them. ... Chemical Weapons Convention Opened for signature January 13, 1993 in Paris Entered into force April 29, 1997 Conditions for entry into force Ratification by 50 states and the convening of a Preparatory Commission Parties 181 (as of Oct. ...

ASAT

The PLA has started the development of an anti-ballistic and anti-satellite system in the 1960s, code named Project 640, including ground based lasers, and anti-satellite missiles.

On January 11, 2007 China conducted a successful test of an anti-satellite missile, with a SC-19 class KKV .^[8] is the 11th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Wikinews has related news: China shoots down weather satellite with ballistic missile The 2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test was conducted by China on January 11, 2007. ... Anti-satellite weapons (ASATs) are weapons designed to be used against artificial satellites. ...

Space-based system

The PLA has deployed a number of space based system for military purposes including:

• imagery reconnaissance satellites like the ZiYan series,^[9] the militarily designated JianBings series
• Synthetic Aperture Satellites (SAR) such as JianBing-5
• BeiDou Satellite Navigation Network
• secured communication satellites with FENGHUO-1.^[10]

Communication is a process that allows organisms to exchange information by several methods. ...

Manned spaceflight

The PLA is responsible for China' Manned Spaceflight Program. To date, all the participants have been selected from members of the PLA Airforce. China became only the third country in the world to have sent a man into space by its own means with the flight of Yang Liwei aboard the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft on October 15, 2003. The space program of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) began in 1968 and was an outgrowth of PRCs attempt to develop an indigenous nuclear deterrent and delivery system after the Sino-Soviet split in 1960. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Yang Yáng Lìwěi (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ) (born June 21, 1965) is an astronaut of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Shenzhou 5 (神舟五号) was the first manned space mission launched by the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) on October 15, 2003. ... is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Missile technology control regime

While not formally joining the regime, in March 1992, the PRC undertook to abide by the guidelines and parameters of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), the multinational effort to restrict the proliferation of missiles capable of delivering weapons of mass destruction. The PRC reaffirmed this commitment in 1994 and pledged not to transfer MTCR-class ground-to-ground missiles. In November 2000, the PRC committed to not assist in any way the development by other countries of MTCR-class missiles. The Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) is an informal and voluntary partnership between 34 countries to prevent the proliferation of missile technology. ...

Lasers

The PLA continues to develop laser-based weapon systems, primarily for battlefield use.^[11] While far from the ray guns of science fiction, the systems are employed in blinding opponents. However, blinding weapons are illegal under laws of war. Other purposes for the lasers are ECM and to confusion system depending on laser designator and other optical systems. The two parts of the laws of war (or Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC)): Law concerning acceptable practices while engaged in war, like the Geneva Conventions, is called jus in bello; while law concerning allowable justifications for armed force is called jus ad bellum. ...

Land mines

The PRC remains opposed to international proposal of limiting the use of landmines.^{[citation needed]} However they have stopped production as of 2003, due to the ample available stockpile [1]. “Minefield” redirects here. ...

Hong Kong and Macau

The PLA maintains a number of garrisons in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, notably at the Chinese People's Liberation Army Forces Hong Kong Building, Stonecutters Island, and at Stanley Fort. Soldiers located at these garrisons are considered to be the cream of the PLA, but are not permitted to leave their compounds, even during off-duty times to mingle with the local populace. A contingent of local Hong Kong press was taken on a tour of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Forces Hong Kong Building compound in 2002, and every year the Stanley Fort compound is opened for inspection to the public. It also has a garrison in the Macau Special Administrative Region. The Military of Hong Kong consists of the Hong Kong Garrison of the Peoples Republic of Chinas Peoples Liberation Army (or PLA). ... Special administrative region may be: Peoples Republic of China Special administrative regions, present-day administrative divisions (as of 2006) set up by the Peoples Republic of China to administer Hong Kong (since 1997) and Macau (since 1999) Republic of China Special administrative regions, also translated as special administrative... Connaught Road Central, Central, heading towards (from the left), the City Hall, Prince of Wales Building, and across the road the Hong Kong Club Building. ... Stonecutters Island or Ngong Shuen Chau (Chinese: 昂船洲) is a former island in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong. ... Stanley Fort was a military position on the south side of Hong Kong Island. ... Stanley Fort was a military position on the south side of Hong Kong Island. ... Since December 20, 1999, the defense of Macau has been the responsibility of the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army (PLA), which stations up to 1,000 troops in the Macau Special Administrative Region. ...

Military budget

Main article: Military budget of the People's Republic of China

The growth rate of the military spending of the People's Republic of China has expanded more than 10% for the past 15 years^[12]. The United States DIA and CIA, and NGOs like SIPRI, claim that China does not report its real military spending, each making their own estimates of the true PRC military budget.^[13] The military budget of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) is the portion of the overall budget of China that is allocated for the funding of the military of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Defense Intelligence Agency, or DIA, is a major producer and manager of military intelligence for the United States Department of Defense. ... The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ... NGO is an abbreviation or code for: Non-governmental organization Nagoya Airport (IATA code) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) was founded in 1966 to commemorate 150 years of unbroken peace in Sweden. ...

The DIA estimates that the real Chinese military budget for 2007 could be anywhere from US$85 to US$125 billion. ^[14] The Defense Intelligence Agency, or DIA, is a major producer and manager of military intelligence for the United States Department of Defense. ...

References

• Squadron Leader KK Nair, Space: The Frontiers of Modern Defence, Knowledge World Publishers, New Delhi. 2006

International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance 2006. AFP logo Paris headquarters of AFP Charles Havas Agence France-Presse (AFP) is the oldest news agency in the world, and one of the three largest with Associated Press and Reuters. ... Yahoo! News is an Internet-based news aggregator provided by Yahoo!. It features Top Stories, U.S. National, World, Business, Entertainment, Science, Health, Weather, Most Popular, News Photos, Op/Ed, and Local news. ... is the 19th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The International Institute for Strategic Studies is a British think tank based in London. ...

See also

This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.

• China as an emerging superpower
• China and weapons of mass destruction
• Military budget of the People's Republic of China
• Ranks of the People's Liberation Army
• Supreme Military Command of PRC
• People's Armed Police

History Image File history File links Zhongwen. ... Japanese name Kanji: Hiragana: Korean name Hangul: Hanja: Vietnamese name Quoc Ngu: Han Tu: A Chinese character or Han character (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a logogram used in writing Chinese, Japanese, sometimes Korean, and formerly Vietnamese. ... For more information on the topic see Emerging Superpowers and Superpower The Peoples Republic of China (PRC) is often considered an emerging superpower due to its large and stable population, its rapidly growing economy and military spending and capabilities [1]. However, it has several economic, political, and demographic problems... The Peoples Republic of China is estimated by the U.S. Government to have an arsenal of about 150 nuclear weapons as of 1999. ... The military budget of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) is the portion of the overall budget of China that is allocated for the funding of the military of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Peoples Liberation Army has not always used ranks or insignia. ... Throughout the history of the Peoples Republic of China, the position that effectively reigned as the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces changed from time to time. ... The Peoples Armed Police Force (Abbreviation: PAP; Simplified Chinese: 人民武装警察部队; pinyin: Renmin wuzhuang jingcha budui) is a paramilitary police force primarily responsible for law enforcement within the Peoples Republic of China. ...

• Military history of China
• Naval history of China
• History of the People's Liberation Army

Lists ... There was archieve dating back very early about the ancient navy of China. ... PLA flag The History of the Peoples Liberation Army is that of the military of mainland China. ...

• List of Chinese battles
• List of officers of the People's Liberation Army

Other The following is a list of Chinese wars and battles, organized by date. ... Here is a list of some of the notable people in the Peoples Liberation Army of the Peoples Republic of China. ...

• PLA Daily
• 301 Military Hospital
• Norinco
• Poly Technologies
• Timeline of Cox Report controversy
• Titan Rain

PLA Daily is China based media outlet for the Peoples Liberation Army of China. ... The 301 Military Hospital, located in Beijing, China, is the largest general hospital under the auspices of the Peoples Liberation Army. ... The China North Industries Corporation (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; literally North Industries), official English name Norinco, manufactures vehicles (trucks, cars and motorcycles), machinery, optical-electronic products, oil field equipment, chemicals, light industrial products, explosives and blast materials, civil and military firearms and ammunition, etc. ... Poly Technologies Corporation (保利科技有限公司) (also known as Baoli and Poly Group) is a company based in Beijing, China that deals in missile and other arms sales. ... The Timeline of the Cox Report controversy is a chronology of information relating to the Peoples Republic of Chinas (PRC) alleged nuclear espionage against the United States detailed in the Congressional Cox Report. ... Titan Rain is the U.S. governments designation given to a series of coordinated attacks on American computer systems since 2003. ...

Further reading

• Squadron Leader KK Nair, Space: The Frontiers of Modern Defence, Knowledge World Publishers, New Delhi. 2006

International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance 2006. The International Institute for Strategic Studies is a British think tank based in London. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

People's Liberation Army

Wikinews has multiple stories related to this topic:

• Global annual military spending tops $1.2 trillion
• Pentagon report reflects concerns over China's increased military

• Chinese Defence Today based in UK, run by volunteers.
• Liberation Daily, the official newspaper of the PLA in Chinese
• English edition of Liberation Daily
• China-Defense.com - Articles on the Chinese military
• Chinese Defense Today - Detailed discuss of the Chinese military
• The People's Liberation Army as Organization: Reference Volume v1.0
• 2005 annual report to Congress (PDF file) on current Chinese military capability
• Globalsecurity.org
• China's Rise as a Regional Superpower (PDF file)
• US claims that China has used high-energy lasers to interfere with US satellites Janes Defence
• China jamming test sparks U.S. satellite concerns USA Today
• Beijing secretly fires lasers to disable US satellites The Telegraph
• China Has Not Attacked US Satellites Says DoD SpaceWar.com website
• Cultural Revolution Propaganda Poster (WITH PLA POSTERS)
• Chinese military hacked into Pentagon The Financial Times