The People's Republic of Mongolia (Mongolian: Бугд Найрамдах Монгол Ард Улс (БНМАУ)) was a communist state in central Asia which existed between 1924 and 1992 and changed to a capitalist country, Mongolia, in 1992. Throughout its history, the state remained an ally of the Soviet Union. Image File history File links Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_Mongolia_(1949-1992). ... Image File history File links Coat_of_Arms_of_the_People's_Republic_of_Mongolia_(1960-1991_version). ... The Flag of Mongolia, 1:2 The current flag of Mongolia was adopted on February 12, 1992. ... Coat of Arms of Mongolia See Also Flag of Mongolia External links Categories: Mongolia | National coats of arms ... This article is about a form of government in which the state operates under the control of a Communist Party. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ...

Formation

Main article: History of Mongolia

Outer Mongolia was ruled by the Qing Dynasty under the Manchus from 1691 to 1911, along with modern-day China. As Manchu authority in China waned, and as Russia and Japan confronted each other, Russia gave arms and diplomatic support to nationalists among the Mongol religious leaders and nobles. The Mongols accepted Russian aid and proclaimed their independence from Chinese rule in 1911, shortly after a successful Chinese revolt against the Manchus. By agreements signed in 1913 and 1915, the Russian Government forced the new Chinese Republican Government to accept Mongolian autonomy under continued Chinese control, presumably to discourage other foreign powers from approaching a newly independent Mongolian state that might seek support from as many foreign sources as possible. These agreements were subsequently repudiated by the Republic of China government when relations with the USSR worsened. Although people have inhabited Mongolia since the Stone Age, Mongolia only became politically important after iron weapons entered the area in the 3rd century B.C. In general, Mongolia at this point had a similar history to the rest of the nomadic steppe that lies between Siberia Northern Russia to... Outer Mongolia makes up Mongolia (presently a sovereign state) and Tannu Uriankhai (the majority of which is the modern-day Tuva Republic, a federal subject of the Russian Federation), while Inner Mongolia (内蒙古; Nèi MÄ›nggÇ”) is an autonomous region of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Qing Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: QÄ«ng cháo; Wade-Giles: Ching chao; Manchu: daicing gurun), occasionally known as the Manchu Dynasty, was a dynasty founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what is today northeast China, expanded into China and the surrounding territories, establishing the Empire... The Manchu (Manchu: Manju; Simplified Chinese: , Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: MÇŽnzú, Mongolian: Манж) are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria (todays Northeast China). ... Events March 5 - French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of Mons March 20 - Leislers Rebellion - New governor arrives in New York - Jacob Leisler surrenders after standoff of several hours March 29 - Siege of Mons ends to the city’s surrender May 6... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ... 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Motto: Three Principles of the People (三民主義 San-min Chu-i) Anthem: National Anthem of the Republic of China Capital Taipei (de facto)  Nanking (de jure)1  Largest city Taipei Mandarin (GuóyÇ”) Government Semi-presidential system  - President Chen Shui-bian  - Vice President Annette Lu  - Premier Su Tseng-chang Establishment Xinhai...

Between 1911 and 1919, Mongolia was a puppet state of Russia. However, Russia's entry into the First World War and political unrest led to a relaxation of Russian control. The Russian revolution of 1917 and the resulting civil war allowed Chinese warlords an opportunity to reestablish their rule in Mongolia, and Chinese troops were dispatched there in 1919. Mongolia declared independence from China (for the second time) on March 13, 1921 after Roman von Ungern-Sternberg's troops drove the Chinese out of the Mongolian capital of Urga. Following Red Army and Mongolian People's Army victories over White Russian and Sternberg's forces in the early 1920s, and the occupation of Urga in July 1921, Moscow again became the major outside influence on Mongolia. The Mongolian People's Republic was proclaimed on November 25, 1924, under the control of a communist state dominated by the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), after the death of Mongolia's last king, the Bogd Khan. 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... Bolshevik (1920), by Boris Kustodiev. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... Combatants Red Army (Bolsheviks) White Army (Monarchists, SRs, Anti-Communists) Green Army (Peasants and Nationalists) Black Army (Anarchists) Commanders Leon Trotsky Mikhail Tukhachevsky Semyon Budyonny Lavr Kornilov, Alexander Kolchak, Anton Denikin, Pyotr Wrangel Alexander Antonov, Nikifor Grigoriev Nestor Makhno Strength 5,427,273 (peak) +1,000,000 Casualties 939,755... Warlord is a term that refers to one who has de facto military control of a subnational area, due to armed forces which are personally obedient to — somewhat circularly — that warlord. ... 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... March 13 is the 72nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (73rd in leap years). ... 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Roman Fyodorovich Ungern von Sternberg, ca 1919 Baron Roman (or Robert) Nicolaus von Ungern-Sternberg, in Russian: Roman Fyodorovich Ungern von Shternberg (Роман Фёдорович Унгерн фон Штернберг; although born von Ungern-Sternberg, in later life he used an incorrect Ungern von Sternberg name) (January 22, 1886, new style — September 15, 1921) a. ... Ulaanbaatar (Mongolian: Улаанбаатар) or Ulan Bator is the capital of Mongolia. ... The short forms Red Army and RKKA refer to the Workers and Peasants Red Army, (in Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия - Raboche-Krestyanskaya Krasnaya Armiya), the armed forces first organized by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918. ... The Mongolian Peoples Army (Red Mongolian Army) was a secondary army under the Soviet Red Army command during the 1920s and during World War II. // One of the first actions of the new Mongolian Peoples Revolutionary Party authorities was the creation of a native communist army in 1920... The White movement, whose military arm is known as the White Army (Белая Армия) or White Guard (Белая Гвардия, белогвардейцы) and whose members are known as Whites (Белые, or the derogatory Беляки) or White Russians (a term which has other meanings) comprised some of the Russian forces, both political and military, which opposed the Bolsheviks after the... 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... November 25 is the 329th (in leap years the 330th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... This article is about a form of government in which the state operates under the control of a Communist Party. ... Official logo of the Mongolian Peoples Revolutionary Party The Mongolian Peoples Revolutionary Party (Mongolian: Mongol Ardyn Khuvsgatt Nam, Монгол Ардын Хувьсгалт Нам) is a ex-communist political party in Mongolia. ... Bogda Khan, (also Bogd Khan or Bogdo Khan or the Eighth Jebtsundamba (1869-1924), assumed the title of Emperor of Mongolia as northern Mongolia began its independence movement. ...

Consolidation of power (1925 - 1938)

Between 1925 and 1928, the new regime became established. However, a considerable inter-party power struggle between pro-Soviet and independent minded factions took place. Peljidiyn Genden, an independent thinker and moderate communist, led Mongolia from 1932 to 1936. Genden scaled back the implementation of a command economy, refused permission for Soviet troops to be based in Mongolia, and refused an order from Stalin to "liquidate" Buddhist monks. In 1936, Horloogiyn Choybalsan became the leader of the MPRP and the government with Soviet backing. Genden was arrested and executed, and his followers were sidelined. Choybalsan was a follower of Joseph Stalin and emulated many of the policies Stalin implemented in the USSR in Mongolia. The MPRP gradually undermined rightist elements, seizing control of the party and the government. During this period, the nation still remained largely nomadic and illiterate. There was no industry. What little wealth the country possessed was controlled by the aristocracy and the religious establishment. 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Peljidiyn Genden (1892 - November 26, 1937) was a Prime Minister of Mongolia. ... The Prime Minister of Mongolia is the highest member of the Mongolian governments executive arm, and heads the Mongolian cabinet. ... 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will take you to a full 1932 calendar). ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Horloogiyn Choybalsan Horloogiyn Choybalsan (Mongolian: Хорлоогийн Чойбалсан;February 8, 1895–January 26, 1952) was the Communist leader of Mongolia from the 1930s until his death. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... World illiteracy rates by country Literacy is the ability to read and write. ... The Ancient Greek term aristocracy meant a system of government with rule by the best. This is the first definition given in most dictionaries. ...

Unfortunately for the regime, the MPRP lacked popular support. Obedience to traditional authorities (such as tribal leaders) was widespread, the party lacked grassroots support, and the government had little organization or experience. In an effort at swift socioeconomic reform, the government applied extreme measures which attacked the two most dominant institutions in the country: the aristocracy and the religious establishment. Between 1932 and 1945, their methods led to anticommunist uprisings. In the late 1930s, purges directed especially at the Lamaist monasteries resulted in the destruction of all but four monasteries and killing of more than 10,000 people. 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will take you to a full 1932 calendar). ... 1945 (MCMVL) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... Tibetan Buddhism, (formerly also called Lamaism after their religious gurus known as lamas), is the body of religious Buddhist doctrine and institutions characteristic of Tibet and the Himalayan region. ... Monastery of St. ...

World War II (1939-1945)

During World War II, because of a growing Japanese threat over the Mongolian-Manchurian border, the Soviet Union reversed the course of Mongolian socialism in favor of a new policy of economic gradualism and buildup of the national defense. The Soviet-Mongolian army defeated Japanese forces that had invaded eastern Mongolia in the summer of 1939 at the Battle of Halhin Gol, and a truce was signed setting up a commission to define the Mongolian-Manchurian border in the autumn of that year. Combatants Major Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Major Axis powers: Nazi Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Harry Truman Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Battle of Halhin Gol, sometimes spelled Khalkhin Gol or Khalkin Gol and alternately known as the Nomonhan Incident (after a nearby village) in Japan, was the decisive engagement of the undeclared Soviet-Japanese Border War (1939), or Japanese-Soviet War. ...

In late 1945, the Soviet Union used Mongolia as a base for launching Operation August Storm, a successful attack against the Japanese. The preceding buildup brought 1.5 million Soviet soldiers to Mongolia, along with massive amounts of equipment. The Mongolian army played a limited support role in the conflict. Combatants Soviet Union Japan Commanders Alexandr Vasilevskij Otsuzo Yamada Strength Soviet Union 1,577,225 men, 26,137 artillery, 1,852 sup. ...

Cold War politics (1945 - 1985)

Choybalsan died in Moscow in 1952. He was succeeded by Yumjaagiyn Tsedenbal, another Soviet loyalist. Following Nikita Khrushchev's denunciation of the policies of Joseph Stalin, the Mongolian government did the same of Choybalsan in 1956. The personality cult of Choybalsan was condemned as were many of his hardline policies. 1952 (MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Yumjaagiyn Tsedenbal (1916 - 1991) was the communist leader of Mongolia from the 1940s to the 1980s. ... Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (Russian: ; IPA: ); surname more accurately romanized as Khrushchyov; April 17, 1894 [O.S. April 5]–September 11, 1971) was the leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. ... Adolf Hitler built a strong cult of personality, based on the Führerprinzip. ...

Secure in its relations with Moscow, the Mongolian Government shifted to postwar development, focusing on civilian enterprise. International ties were expanded, and Mongolia established relations with North Korea and the new Communist states in Eastern Europe. Mongolia and the People's Republic of China (PRC) recognized each other in 1949, and PRC renounced all territorial pretensions towards Outer Mongolia . PRC even provided laborers to help construct much of the infrastructure built in the postwar period. Mongolia also increased its participation in communist-sponsored conferences and international organizations. In 1955, Mongolia attempted to join the United Nations, but the request was vetoed by Republic of China (ROC), who still maintained their claim over Mongolia. Mongolia became a member of in 1961. Although the constitution still defines Mongolia as a part of China, ROC amended a law to exclude Mongolia from their definition of mainland China in 2002. This article is about a form of government in which the state operates under the control of a Communist Party. ... Regions of Europe as delineated by the United Nations (UN definition of Eastern Europe marked salmon):  Northern Europe  Western Europe  Eastern Europe  Southern Europe Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium... 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1949 calendar). ... The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, and social equity. ... The word veto comes from Latin and literally means I forbid. ... Motto: Three Principles of the People (三民主義 San-min Chu-i) Anthem: National Anthem of the Republic of China Capital Taipei (de facto)  Nanking (de jure)1  Largest city Taipei Mandarin (GuóyÇ”) Government Semi-presidential system  - President Chen Shui-bian  - Vice President Annette Lu  - Premier Su Tseng-chang Establishment Xinhai... 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1961 calendar). ... The highlighted area in the map is what is commonly known as mainland China. Mainland China (Simplified Chinese: 中国大陆; Traditional Chinese: 中國大陸; pinyin: Zhōnggúo Dàlù; literally The Chinese Massive Landmass or Continental China) is an informal (disputed — see talk page) geographical term which is usually synonymous with the area...

In the early 1960s, Mongolia attempted to maintain a neutral position amidst increasingly contentious Sino-Soviet dispute; this orientation changed in the middle of the decade. Mongolia and the Soviet Union signed an agreement in 1966 that introduced large-scale Soviet ground forces as part of Moscow's general buildup along the Sino-Soviet frontier. Relations between Mongolia and China deteriorated. In 1983, Mongolia systematically began expelling some of the 7,000 ethnic Chinese in Mongolia to China. Many of them had lived in Mongolia since the 1950s, when they were sent there to assist in construction projects. The Sino-Soviet split was a major diplomatic conflict between the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), beginning in the late 1950s, reaching a peak in 1969 and continuing in various ways until the late 1980s. ... 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1966 calendar). ... 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Han Chinese (Simplified Chinese: 汉族; Traditional Chinese: 漢族; Pinyin: hànzú) is a term which refers to the majority ethnic group within China and the largest single human ethnic group in the world. ...

Collapse (1985 - 1990)

After Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the USSR, he implemented the policies of perestroika and glasnost. The relaxing atmosphere in the Soviet Union prompted a similar relaxation in Mongolia. Following mass demonstrations in the winter of 1990, the MPRP began to loosen its controls of the political system. The Politburo of the MPRP resigned in March, and in May the constitution was amended, deleting reference to the MPRP's role as the guiding force in the country, legalizing opposition parties, creating a standing legislative body, and establishing the office of president. On July 29, 1990, the first free, multiparty elections in Mongolia were held. The election results returned a majority for the MPRP, which won with 85% of the vote. It was not until 1996 that the reformed MPRP would be voted out of office. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov ( , Mihail Sergeevič Gorbačëv, IPA: , commonly written as Mikhail Gorbachev; born March 2, 1931) was leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991. ... Poster showing Mikhail Gorbachev Perestroika ( , Russian: ) is the Russian word (which passed into English) for the economic reforms introduced in June 1987 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Politburo is short for Political Bureau. ... July 29 is the 210th day (211th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 155 days remaining. ... This article is about the year. ... 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ...

See also

• Economy of the People's Republic of Mongolia

On the eve of the 1921 revolution, Mongolia had an underdeveloped, stagnant economy based on nomadic animal husbandry. ...

References