NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Pepsi

Pepsi-Cola is a carbonated beverage that is produced and manufactured by PepsiCo. It is sold in stores, restaurants and from vending machines. The drink was first made in the 1890s by pharmacist Caleb Bradham in New Bern, North Carolina. The brand was trademarked on June 16, 1903. There have been many Pepsi variants produced over the years since 1903, including Diet Pepsi, Crystal Pepsi, Pepsi Twist, Pepsi Max, Pepsi Samba, Pepsi Blue, Pepsi Gold, Pepsi Holiday Spice, Pepsi Jazz, Pepsi X (available in Finland and Brazil), Pepsi Next (available in Japan and South Korea), Pepsi Raw, Pepsi Retro in Mexico, Pepsi One, and Pepsi Ice Cucumber in Japan. For other uses, see Cola (disambiguation). ... PepsiCo, Incorporated (NYSE: PEP) is the largest global American beverage and snack company. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1903 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... The wave shape (known as the dynamic ribbon device) present on all Coca-Cola cans throughout the world derives from the contour of the original Coca-Cola bottles. ... R.C. Cola (or Royal Crown Cola) is a cola soft drink developed in 1905 by Columbus, Georgia pharmacist Claude A. Hatcher. ... Dr Pepper is a caramel-colored, carbonated soft drink marketed in North America by Cadbury Schweppes Americas Beverages (CSAB), a unit of Cadbury Schweppes. ... Inca Kola is a very successful cola soft drink made in Peru. ... For the chemical reaction forming calcium carbonate, see carbonatation. ... PepsiCo, Incorporated (NYSE: PEP) is the largest global American beverage and snack company. ... Soda pop and snack machines A vending machine is a machine that dispenses merchandise when a customer deposits money sufficient to purchase the desired item (as opposed to a shop, where personnel is required for every purchase). ... For other uses, see Pharmacy (disambiguation). ... Caleb Davis Bradham (May 27, 1867 â€” February 19, 1934) invented the soft drink Pepsi-Cola. ... New Bern redirects here. ... Official language(s) English Demonym North Carolinian Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Largest metro area Charlotte metro area Area Ranked 28th in the US - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 kmÂ²) - Width 150 miles (340 km) - Length 560[1] miles (900 km) - % water 9. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1903 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... PepsiCo has produced a number of variations on its primary cola, Pepsi, over the years, including: Pepsi Fire, one of many different types of Pepsi-Cola. ... Diet Pepsi is a low-calorie carbonated cola. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Pepsi Twist is a lemon flavored cola, marketed by PepsiCo as an alternative to regular Pepsi. ... Pepsi Max is a low-calorie, sugar-free cola, marketed by PepsiCo as an alternative to regular Pepsi and Diet Pepsi. ... Pepsi Samba is a Tropical Flavoured Cola containing the flavours Mango & Tamarind, distributed in Australia. ... Pepsi Blue was a soda made by PepsiCo and launched in mid-2002. ... Pepsi Fire, one of many different types of Pepsi-Cola. ... Pepsi Holiday Spice is a limited edition of Pepsi-Cola which the company began selling November 1, 2004 in the U.S.A. for an eight-week period (to the end of the year). ... Pepsi Fire, one of many different types of Pepsi-Cola. ...

History

Origins

Pepsi was first made in New Bern, North Carolina, in the United States in the early 1890s by pharmacist Caleb Bradham. In 1898, "Brad's drink" was changed to "Pepsi-Cola" and later trademarked on June 16, 1903.^[1] There are several theories on the origin of the word "pepsi". New Bern redirects here. ... For other uses, see Pharmacy (disambiguation). ... Caleb Davis Bradham (May 27, 1867 â€” February 19, 1934) invented the soft drink Pepsi-Cola. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1903 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ...

The word Pepsi comes from the Greek word "pepsi" (πέψη), which is a medical term, describing the food dissolving process within one's stomach. It is also a medical term, that describes a problem with one's stomach to dissolve foods properly. For the game, see Anagrams. ...

Another theory is that Caleb Bradham and his customers simply thought the name sounded good or the fact that the drink had some kind of "pep" in it because it was a carbonated drink, they gave it the name "Pepsi".

It was made of carbonated water, sugar, vanilla, rare oils, and kola nuts. Whether the original recipe included the enzyme pepsin is disputed.^[2]^[3] Effervescence from soda. ... This article is about sugar as food and as an important and widely-traded commodity. ... For other uses, see Vanilla (disambiguation). ... An essential oil is any concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants, which are called aromatic herbs or aromatic plants. ... Species See text Kola nut (Cola) is a genus of about 125 species of trees native to the tropical rainforests of Africa, classified in the family Malvaceae, subfamily Sterculioideae (or treated in the separate family Sterculiaceae). ... Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ... Pepsin is a digestive protease (EC 3. ...

In 1903, Bradham moved the bottling of Pepsi-Cola from his drugstore into a rented warehouse. That year, Bradham sold 7,968 gallons of syrup. The next year, Pepsi was sold in six-ounce bottles and sales increased to 19,848 gallons. In 1924, Pepsi received its first logo redesign since the original design of 1905. In 1926, the logo was changed again. In 1929, automobile race pioneer Barney Oldfield endorsed Pepsi-Cola in newspaper ads as "A bully drink...refreshing, invigorating, a fine bracer before a race". In cooking, a syrup (from Arabic Ø´Ø±Ø§Ø¨ sharab, beverage, via Latin siropus) is a thick, viscous liquid, containing a large amount of dissolved sugars, but showing little tendency to deposit crystals. ... Barney Oldfield (June 3, 1878-October 4, 1946) was an automobile racer and pioneer; born in a farmhouse on the outskirts of Wauseon, Ohio. ...

In 1929, the Pepsi-Cola Company went bankrupt during the Great Depression- in large part due financial losses incurred by speculating on wildly fluctuating sugar prices as a result of World War I. Assets were sold and Roy C. Megargel bought the Pepsi trademark.^[4] Eight years later, the company went bankrupt again. Pepsi's assets were then purchased by Charles Guth, the President of Loft Inc. Loft was a candy manufacturer with retail stores that contained soda fountains. He sought to replace Coca-Cola at his stores' fountains after Coke refused to give him a discount on syrup. Guth then had Loft's chemists reformulate the Pepsi-Cola syrup formula. For other uses, see The Great Depression (disambiguation). ... â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... The wave shape (known as the dynamic ribbon device) present on all Coca-Cola cans throughout the world derives from the contour of the original Coca-Cola bottles. ...

Rise in popularity

During the Great Depression, Pepsi gained popularity following the introduction in 1929 of a 10-ounce bottle. Initially priced at 10 cents, sales were slow, but when the price was slashed to five cents, sales increased substantially. With a radio advertising campaign featuring the jingle "Pepsi cola hits the spot / Twelve full ounces, that's a lot / Twice as much for a nickel, too / Pepsi-Cola is the drink for you," Pepsi encouraged price-watching consumers to switch, obliquely referring to the Coca-Cola standard of six ounces a bottle for the price of five cents (a nickel), instead of the 12 ounces Pepsi sold at the same price.^[5] Coming at a time of economic crisis, the campaign succeeded in boosting Pepsi's status. In 1936 alone 500,000,000 bottles of Pepsi were consumed. From 1936 to 1938, Pepsi-Cola's profits doubled.^[6] For other uses, see The Great Depression (disambiguation). ... This article is about Ounce (unit of mass). ... Â¢ c A United States cent, or 1Â¢ or a penny In currency, the cent is a monetary unit that equals 1/100 of various countries basic monetary units. ... A jingle is a memorable slogan, set to an engaging melody, mainly broadcast on radio and sometimes on television commercials. ... The United States five-cent coin, commonly called a nickel, is a unit of currency equaling one-twentieth, or five hundredths, of a United States dollar. ...

Pepsi's success under Guth came while the Loft Candy business was faltering. Since he had initially used Loft's finances and facilities to establish the new Pepsi success, the near-bankrupt Loft Company sued Guth for possession of the Pepsi-Cola company. A long legal battle, Guth v. Loft, then ensued, with the case reaching the Delaware Supreme Court and ultimately ending in a loss for Guth. Loft now owned Pepsi, and the two companies did a merger, then immediately spun off the Loft company.^{[citation needed]} The Supreme Court of Delaware is the sole appellate court in the United States state of Delaware. ...

Niche marketing

Walter Mack was named the new President of Pepsi-Cola and guided the company through the 1940s. Mack, who supported progressive causes, noticed that the company's strategy of using advertising for a general audience either ignored African Americans or used ethnic stereotypes in portraying blacks. He realized African Americans were an untapped niche market and that Pepsi stood to gain market share by targeting its advertising directly towards them.^[7] To this end, he hired Hennan Smith, an advertising executive "from the Negro newspaper field"^[8] to lead an all-black sales team, which had to be cut due to the onset of World War II. In 1947, Mack resumed his efforts, hiring Edward F. Boyd to lead a twelve-man team. They came up with advertising portraying black Americans in a positive light, such as one with a smiling mother holding a six pack of Pepsi while her son (a young Ron Brown, who grew up to be Secretary of Commerce^[9]) reaches up for one. Another ad campaign, titled "Leaders in Their Fields", profiled twenty prominent African Americans such as Nobel Peace Prize winner Ralph Bunche and photographer Gordon Parks. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 437 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (490 Ã— 672 pixel, file size: 32 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) I, User:Howcheng, believe the use of this image qualifies for the exemption doctrine policy in the articles Edward F. Boyd and Pepsi for the following... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 437 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (490 Ã— 672 pixel, file size: 32 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) I, User:Howcheng, believe the use of this image qualifies for the exemption doctrine policy in the articles Edward F. Boyd and Pepsi for the following... For other uses, see Progressivism (disambiguation). ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... A niche market also known as a target market is a focused, targetable portion (subset) of a market sector. ... Market share, in strategic management and marketing, is the percentage or proportion of the total available market or market segment that is being serviced by a company. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Edward Francis Ed Boyd (June 27, 1914â€“April 30, 2007) was an American marketing executive who was responsible for the marketing of products specifically to African Americans in an era when racial discrimination was rampant and blacks had either been ridiculed or systematically ignored in advertising. ... Six-pack has more than one meaning: Six-pack refers to a set of six canned or bottled drinks sold together: aluminum cans are held together by a yoke, and bottles are stored in cardboard carriers with three on either side of a handle in the middle. ... Ronald Harmon Brown (August 1, 1941 â€“ April 3, 1996), was the United States Secretary of Commerce, serving during the first term of President Bill Clinton. ... The office of the U.S. Secretary of Commerce in the mid-20th century. ... Generally speaking, advertising is the paid promotion of goods, services, companies and ideas by an identified sponsor. ... Lester B. Pearson after accepting the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is the name of one of five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel. ... Dr. Ralph Johnson Bunche (August 7, 1903 â€“ December 9, 1971) was an American political scientist, diplomat who received the 1950 Nobel Peace Prize for his late 1940s mediation in Palestine. ... Gordon Parks at Civil Rights March on Washington, 1963. ...

Boyd also led a sales team composed entirely of African Americans around the country to promote Pepsi. Racial segregation and Jim Crow laws were still in place throughout much of the U.S., so Boyd's team faced a great deal of discrimination as a result,^[8] from insults by Pepsi co-workers to threats by Ku Klux Klan.^[9] On the other hand, they were able to use racism as a selling point, attacking Coke's reluctance to hire blacks and support by the chairman of Coke to segregationist Governor of Georgia Herman Talmadge.^[7] As a result, Pepsi's market share as compared to Coke's shot up dramatically. After the sales team visited Chicago, Pepsi's share in the city overtook that of Coke for the first time.^[7] Racial segregation characterised by separation of different races in daily life, such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a rest room, attending school, going to the movies, or in the rental or purchase of a home. ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial... Members of the second Ku Klux Klan at a rally during the 1920s. ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Ethnocracy Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial quota... This is a list of Governors of the state of Georgia, including governors of the British colony of Georgia. ... Herman Eugene Talmadge (August 9, 1913 â€“ March 21, 2002) was an American politician who served as Governor of the U.S. state of Georgia briefly in 1947 and again from 1948 to 1955, and as a U.S. Senator from 1957 until 1981. ... For other uses, see Chicago (disambiguation). ...

This focus on the African American market caused some consternation within the company and among its affiliates. They did not want to seem focused on black customers for fear white customers would be pushed away.^[7] In a meeting at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, Mack tried to assuage the 500 bottlers in attendance by pandering to them, saying, "We don't want it to become known as the nigger drink."^[10] After Mack left the company in 1950, support for the black sales team faded and it was cut. For the peoples actually from the Caucasus, see Peoples of the Caucasus. ... The hotels name with a single hyphen is engraved and gilded over the entrance. ... A Bottler is an IRC client (or a plugin for an IRC client) that scans text sent from IRC offer bots such as XDCC offers, and also queries bots for file lists. ... // Nigger is a racial slur used to refer to dark-skinned people, especially those of African ancestry. ...

Marketing

In 1975, Pepsi introduced the Pepsi Challenge marketing campaign where PepsiCo set up a blind tasting between Pepsi-Cola and rival Coca-Cola. During these blind taste tests the majority of participants picked Pepsi as the better tasting of the two soft drinks. PepsiCo took great advantage of the campaign with television commercials reporting the test results to the public.^[11]. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (946x1309, 201 KB) taken by William Wesen File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (946x1309, 201 KB) taken by William Wesen File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Nickelodeon Universe is an expanded Nickelodeon Central area at Paramounts Kings Island. ... Mall of America (also MOA, MoA, or the Megamall) is a shopping mall located in the Twin Cities suburb of Bloomington, Minnesota. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1905x2285, 1900 KB) Pepsis new can design. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1905x2285, 1900 KB) Pepsis new can design. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...

In 1996, PepsiCo launched the highly successful Pepsi Stuff marketing strategy. By 2002, the strategy was cited by Promo Magazine as one of 16 "Ageless Wonders" that "helped redefine promotion marketing."^[12] Pepsi Stuff refers to a promotion launched by PepsiCo, first in North America and then around the world, in the 1990s and continuing into the 2000s featuring merchandise that could be purchased with Pepsi Points. ...

In 2007, PepsiCo redesigned their cans for the fourteenth time, and for the first time, included more than thirty different backgrounds on each can, introducing a new background every three weeks.^[13]

Celebrity endorsers

Like Coca-Cola, Pepsi and its associated beverages have had various celebrity endorsers and continue to use them. Pepsi, the carbonated beverage, has had many advertising spokespersons over the years. ... For other uses, see Celebrity (disambiguation). ...

Slogans

For other persons named Michael Jackson, see Michael Jackson (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Michael Jackson song. ... Tina Turner (born Anna Mae Bullock) November 26, 1939) is an 11 time Grammy Award-winning (sharing three), American Singer, Dancer, Record Producer, Executive Producer, Film Producer, Actress, Writer, Performer, Songwriter, Author and occasional Painter whose career has spanned from 1956 to present. ... The Spice Girls are a BRIT Award-winning English pop group formed in 1994. ... Britney Jean Spears (born December 2, 1981) is a Grammy Award-winning[1] American pop singer, dancer, actress, author and songwriter. ... Mary Jane Blige (born January 11, 1971) is an American R&B, soul, and hip hop soul singer-songwriter, occasional rapper, record producer, actress, and hip hop icon who has sold more than 40 million records and over 10 million singles worldwide. ... For the meteorologist of The Weather Channel, see The Weather Channel (United States). ... BeyoncÃ© Giselle Knowles (pronounced [1]) (born September 4, 1981) is an American R&B singer, songwriter, record producer, music video director, actress, dancer, and fashion designer. ... Mary Jane Blige (born January 11, 1971) is an American R&B, soul, and hip hop soul singer-songwriter, occasional rapper, record producer, actress, and hip hop icon who has sold more than 40 million records and over 10 million singles worldwide. ...

Bans in India

Pepsi was banned from import in India in 1970 for having refused to release the list of its ingredients.^{[citation needed]} In 1988, the ban was lifted^{[citation needed]}, with Pepsi arriving on the market shortly afterwards.^[14] In 2003 and again in 2006, the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), a non-governmental organization in New Delhi, claimed that soda drinks produced by manufacturers in India, including both Pepsi and Coca-Cola, had dangerously high levels of pesticides in their drinks.^[15] ^[16] Both PepsiCo and The Coca-Cola Company maintain that their drinks are safe for consumption and have published newspaper advertisements that say pesticide levels in their products are less than those in other foods such as tea, fruit and dairy products.^[17] In the Indian state of Kerala, sale and production of Pepsi-Cola, along with other soft drinks, were banned in 2006^[18] following partial bans on the drinks in schools, colleges and hospitals in five other Indian states.^[18] On September 22, 2006, the High Court in Kerala overturned the Kerala ban ruling that only the central government can ban food products.^[19] PepsiCo, Incorporated (NYSE: PEP) is the largest global American beverage and snack company. ... The Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) is an Indian non-governmental organization seeking to create public awareness in India about science, technology, the environment, and sustainable development. ... NGO redirects here. ... , This article is about the capital city of India. ... , Kerala ( ; Malayalam: à´•àµ‡à´°à´³à´‚; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of southwestern India. ... is the 265th day of the year (266th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Health concerns

Pepsi and similar products contain large amounts of sugar. Excessive sugar intake is thought to be a contributing factor in the development of certain types of diabetes. Sugar is also a leading contributor to tooth decay. This article is about the disease that features high blood sugar. ...

Rivalry with Coca-Cola

According to Consumer Reports, in the 1970s, the rivalry continued to heat up the market. Pepsi conducted blind taste tests in stores, in what was called the "Pepsi Challenge". These tests suggested that more consumers preferred the taste of Pepsi (which is believed to have more lemon oil, less orange oil, and uses vanillin rather than vanilla) to Coke. The sales of Pepsi started to climb, and Pepsi kicked off the "Challenge" across the nation. Blind tasting of wine involves tasting and evaluating wines without any knowledge of their identities. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article is about the fruit. ... Binomial name (L.) Osbeck[1] Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. ... Vanillin, methyl vanillin, or 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde, is an organic compound with the molecular formula C8H8O3. ... For other uses, see Vanilla (disambiguation). ...

In 1985, The Coca-Cola Company, amid much publicity, changed its formula. Some authorities believe that New Coke, as the reformulated drink came to be known, was invented specifically in response to the Pepsi Challenge. However, a consumer backlash led to Coca-Cola quickly introducing a modified version of the original formula (removing the expensive Haitian lime oil and changing the sweetener to corn syrup) as Coke "Classic". The Coca-Cola Company (NYSE: KO) is the worlds largest beverage company, largest manufacturer, distributor and marketer of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups in the world, and one of the largest corporations in the United States. ... A glass of Coca-Cola The Coca-Cola formula is The Coca-Cola Companys secret recipe for Coca-Cola. ... New Coke was the unofficial name of the sweeter formulation introduced in 1985 by The Coca-Cola Company to replace its flagship soft drink, Coca-Cola or Coke. ...

Comedian Dave Chappelle starred in ads for both Coca-Cola and Pepsi, an act which drew controversy. When referring to it in his show, Chappelle said, "I can't even taste the difference: all I know is Pepsi paid me most recently, so it tastes better." David Khari Webber Chappelle (born August 24, 1973) is an American stand-up comedian, screenwriter, television/film producer, and actor. ...

In the U.S., Pepsi's total market share was about 31.7 percent in 2004, while Coke's was about 43.1 percent.^[20]

Overall, Coca-Cola continues to outsell Pepsi in almost all areas of the world. Saudi Arabia, Pakistan (Pepsi has been a dominant sponsor of the Pakistan cricket team since the 1990s), the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Prince Edward Island and the U.S. states of Michigan and South Carolina are the exceptions.^[21] The Pakistani cricket team is a national cricket team representing Pakistan. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about the Canadian province. ... This article is about the Canadian province. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Official language(s) English Capital Columbia Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Columbia Area Ranked 40th - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 kmÂ²) - Width 200 miles (320 km) - Length 260 miles (420 km) - % water 6 - Latitude 32Â° 2â€² N to 35Â° 13â€² N - Longitude 78Â° 32â€² W to 83...

Pepsi had long been the drink of Canadian Francophones and it continues to hold its dominance by relying on local Québécois celebrities (especially Claude Meunier, of La Petite Vie fame) to sell its product.^[22] "Pepsi" eventually became an offensive nickname for Francophones. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article is about the use of the term. ... La Petite Vie was first a stage sketch of the comedy duo Ding et Dong, formed by Claude Meunier and Serge Thériault, and later a hit Quebec television sitcom from 1993 to 1999. ... // A nickname is a name of an entity or thing that is not its proper name. ...

By most accounts, Coca-Cola was India's leading soft drink until 1977 when it left India after a new government ordered The Coca-Cola Company to turn over its secret formula for Coke and dilute its stake in its Indian unit as required by the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA). In 1988, PepsiCo gained entry to India by creating a joint venture with the Punjab government-owned Punjab Agro Industrial Corporation (PAIC) and Voltas India Limited. This joint venture marketed and sold Lehar Pepsi until 1991 when the use of foreign brands was allowed; PepsiCo bought out its partners and ended the joint venture in 1994. In 1993, The Coca-Cola Company returned in pursuance of India's Liberalization policy.^[23] In 2005, The Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo together held 95% market share of soft-drink sales in India. Coca-Cola India's market share was 52.5%.^[24] In general, liberalization refers to a relaxation of previous government restrictions, usually in areas of social or economic policy. ...

In Russia, Pepsi initially had a larger market share than Coke but it was undercut once the Cold War ended. In 1972, Pepsico company struck a barter agreement with the then government of the Soviet Union, in which Pepsico was granted exportation and Western marketing rights to Stolichnaya vodka in exchange for importation and Soviet marketing of Pepsi-Cola. ^[25] ^[26] This exchange led to Pepsi-Cola being the first foreign product sanctioned for sale in the U.S.S.R.. ^[27] For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... An early Stolichnaya promotional image. ... The current Pepsi logo Pepsi-Cola (often shortened to Pepsi), is a carbonated cola soft drink manufactured by PepsiCo, and the principal rival of Coca-Cola. ... Soviet redirects here. ...

Reminiscent of the way that Coca-Cola became a cultural icon and its global spread spawned words like "coca colonization", Pepsi-Cola and its relation to the Soviet system turned it into an icon. In the early 1990s, the term, "Pepsi-stroika", began appearing as a pun on "perestroika", the reform policy of the Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev. Critics viewed the policy as a lot of fizz without substance and as an attempt to usher in Western products in deals there with the old elites. Pepsi, as one of the first American products in the Soviet Union, became a symbol of that relationship and the Soviet policy.^[28] This was reflected in Russian author Victor Pelevin's book "Generation P". Cocacolonization or coca-colonization is a term for Americanization. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev[1] (Russian: , IPA: ; born 2 March 1931) is a Russian politician. ...

In 1992, following the Soviet collapse, Coca-Cola was introduced to the Russian market. As it came to be associated with the new system, and Pepsi to the old, Coca-Cola rapidly captured a significant market share that might otherwise have required years to achieve. By July 2005, Coca-Cola enjoyed a market share of 19.4 percent, followed by Pepsi with 13 percent.^[29] The rise of Gorbachev Although reform stalled between 1964–1982, the generational shift gave new momentum for reform. ... Market share, in strategic management and marketing, is the percentage or proportion of the total available market or market segment that is being serviced by a company. ...

Rarely, though, has the Coke-Pepsi rivalry gone so far as in Thailand, where it has now led to two deaths (source: [1].

Both Pepsi and Coke have campaigned vigorously for the Thai market. Tropical thirsts have driven consumption of soft drinks there up to a strong 50 to 60 bottles per person per year, despite an annual per capita income of only $350. Although Coke's overall sales, including those of Sprite and Fanta, top Pepsi's total market share 46% to 34%, Coke alone has long trailed Pepsi by a wide margin.

In recent years, Coke had begun closing the gap, but the Thai government hurt the company's sales a year ago when it raised the excise tax on soft drinks by more than 100%. That made Coke and Pepsi raise their prices from a dime to 15¢ a bottle. Thai peasants, who leaned toward Pepsi but occasionally bought both drinks, were forced by the higher prices to cut their consumption and choose one or the other. More often than not, they chose Pepsi.

Coke salesmen became increasingly nervous. One of them, identified only as Tin, spotted Pepsi Salesman Thongyu Meksuk putting up Pepsi posters in a small open-air restaurant on the outskirts of Khampaeng Phet, about 200 miles northwest of Bangkok. Such point-of-purchase advertising is important in Thailand, since about 96% of soft drinks are consumed where they are bought. Coke and Pepsi have long squabbled over prime space in cafés and other public places.

An angry Tin began tearing down his rival's posters. Enraged, Thongyu shouted at Tin. The two men then agreed to settle the matter with a fistfight and departed in clattering bottle trucks for a field near by. On the way, though, Tin pulled his truck alongside Thongyu's and, according to witnesses, blasted him with a shotgun. Thongyu was left dead at his wheel; Tin disappeared.

This was not the first murder in Thailand's cola wars. A few years ago, a Pepsi distributor stabbed a Coke man to death. A court later ruled that the Pepsi employee had acted in self-defense. Such violence is common in provincial Thailand, where political instability has imparted a certain Wild West atmosphere.

But local officials of the two companies deplored the recent murder. Said Coke's Win Mumby: "Both Pepsi and Coke have reasonable managements who try to prevent this kind of thing." Added Pepsi's Leonard DuBoff: "A poster certainly isn't worth a man's life." Thongyu's death did accomplish one thing. For a few moments, it got Coke and Pepsi to think seriously about the limits of their rivalry.

Ingredients

Pepsi-Cola contains basic ingredients found in most other similar drinks including carbonated water, high fructose corn syrup, sugar, colorings, phosphoric acid, caffeine, citric acid, and natural flavors. The caffeine-free Pepsi-Cola contains the same ingredients minus the caffeine. High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) refers to a group of corn syrups which have undergone enzymatic processing in order to increase their fructose content and are then mixed with pure corn syrup (100% glucose) to reach their final form. ... Color is an important part of the visual arts. ... This article is about orthophosphoric acid. ... For other uses, see Caffeine (disambiguation). ... Citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits. ... This article is about flavor as a sensory impression. ...

The original Pepsi-Cola recipe was available from documents filed with the court at the time that the Pepsi-Cola Company went bankrupt in 1929. The original formula contained neither cola nor caffeine.

Competitors

The wave shape (known as the dynamic ribbon device) present on all Coca-Cola cans throughout the world derives from the contour of the original Coca-Cola bottles. ... R.C. Cola (or Royal Crown Cola) is a cola soft drink developed in 1905 by Columbus, Georgia pharmacist Claude A. Hatcher. ...

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