Enteric nervous system: Meissner's plexus - Auerbach's plexus For the Physics term GUT, please refer to Grand unification theory The gastrointestinal or digestive tract, also referred to as the GI tract or the alimentary canal or the gut, is the system of organs within multicellular animals which takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and... Human physiology is the science of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of normal humans or human tissues or organs. ... Gastrointestinal physiology is a branch of human physiology addressing the physical function of the gastrointestinal system. ... The enteric nervous system (ENS) is an interdependent part of the autonomic nervous system. ... The nerves of the small intestines are derived from the plexuses of sympathetic nerves around the superior mesenteric artery. ... Part of the enteric nervous system, Auerbachs plexus exists between the longitudinal and circular layers of muscle in the gastrointestinal tract and provides motor innervation to both layers and secretomotor innervation to the mucosa. ...

exocrine: Chief cells (Pepsinogen) - Parietal cells (Gastric acid, Intrinsic factor) - Goblet cells (Mucus) A gastric chief cell (or peptic cell, or gastric zymogenic cell) is a cell in the stomach that releases pepsinogen and rennin. ... Parietal cells (also called oxyntic cells) are cells located in the stomach epithelium. ... Gastric acid is, together with several enzymes and the intrinsic factor, one of the main secretions of the stomach. ... Intrinsic factor is a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. ... Goblet cells are glandular simple columnar epithelial cells whose sole function is to secrete mucus. ... Mucus is a slippery secretion of the lining of various membranes in the body (mucous membranes). ...

endocrine/paracrine: G cells (gastrin), D cells (somatostatin) - ECL cells (Histamine) - enterogastrone: I cells (CCK), K cells (GIP), S cells (secretin) In medicine, the G cell is a type of cell in the stomach that secrets gastrin. ... In humans, gastrin is a hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid by the stomach. ... Delta cells are somatostatin producing cells. ... Somatostatin is a hormone. ... Enterochromaffin-like cells or ECL cells are a type of neuroendocrine cells found in the gastric mucosa beneath the epithelium, particularly in the vicinity of parietal cells. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... An enterogastrone is a substance in the lower gastrointestinal tract which opposes the caudad (or forward) motion of the contents of chyme when exposed to lipids. ... Cholecystokinin (from Greek chole, bile; cysto, sac; kinin, move; hence, move the bile-sac (gall bladder)) is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein. ... Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is a member of the secretin family of hormones. ... S cells are cells which release secretin, found in the jejunum and duodenum. ... Secretin is a peptide hormone produced in the S cells of the duodenum. ...

Brunner's glands - Paneth cells - Enterocytes Brunners glands are submucosal glands located throughout the duodenum. ... paneth cells Paneth cells provide host defense against microbes in the small intestine. ... Enterocyte is a type of epithelial cell of the superficial layer of the small and large intestine tissue. ...

Saliva - Bile - Intestinal juice - Gastric juice - Pancreatic juice Saliva is the watery and usually somewhat frothy substance produced in the mouths of humans and some animals. ... Bile (or gall) is a bitter, greenish-yellow alkaline fluid secreted by hepatocytes from the liver of most vertebrates. ... Intestinal juice (succus entericus) refers to the clear to pale yellow watery secretions from the glands lining the small intestine walls. ... Gastric juice is a strong acidic liquid, pH 1 to 3, which is close to being colourless. ... Pancreatic juice is a juice produced by the pancreas. ...

Swallowing - Vomiting - Peristalsis - Interstitial cell of Cajal - Migrating motor complex - Borborygmus - Gastrocolic reflex - Segmentation contractions - Defecation Swallowing, known scientifically as deglutition, is the reflex in the human body that makes something pass from the mouth, to the pharynx, into the esophagus, with the shutting of the epiglottis. ... Vomiting (also throwing up or emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of ones stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose. ... In much of the digestive tract, muscles contract in sequence to produce a peristaltic wave which forces food (called bolus while in the esophagus and chyme below the esophagus) along the alimentary canal. ... Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are found in the Gastrointestinal tract (GI). ... Migrating motor complexes are waves of activity which sweep through the intestines in a regular cycle during fastening state. ... Borborygmus (plural borborygmi) is the rumbling sound produced by the movement of gas through the intestines of animals. ... The gastrocolic reflex or gastrocolic response is one of a number of physiological reflexes controlling the motility, or peristalsis, of the gastrointestinal tract. ... Segmentation contractions (or movements) are a type of gastric motility. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Endopeptidase, Exopeptidase (Angiotensin-converting enzyme) In biochemistry, a hydrolase is an enzyme that can break a chemical bond by hydrolysis. ... Proteases (proteinases, peptidases, or proteolytic enzymes) are enzymes that break peptide bonds between amino acids of proteins. ... The Enzyme Commission number (EC number) is a numerical classification scheme for enzymes, based on the chemical reactions they catalyze. ... Peptidases (proteases [pronounced pro-tea-aces] and proteolytic enzymes are also commonly used) are enzymes which break peptide bonds of proteins. ... An exopeptidase is an enzyme that catalyses the removal of an amino acid from the end of a polypeptide chain. ... Angiotensin converting enzyme Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE, EC 3. ...

Serine proteases Crystal structure of Trypsin, a typical serine protease. ...

Cysteine protease: Papain, Cathepsin (B, C, K), Caspase, Calpain Proteases are enzymes that degrade polypeptides. ... Papain is a protease enzyme (EC 3. ... A cathepsin is a type of protease, ie a type of protein that breaks apart other proteins. ... Cathepsin B seems to actually break down the proteins which cause amyloid plaque the root of Alzheimers symptoms, and may even be a pivotal part of the natural defense against this disease used by people who do not get it. ... Cathepsin C is a type of cathepsin implicated in Papillon-Lefevre disease. ... A cathepsin is one of a family of proteases, a type of protein that breaks apart other proteins, found in many types of cells including those in all animals. ... Caspases are a group of cysteine proteases, enzymes with a crucial cysteine residue that can cleave other proteins after an aspartic acid residue, a specificity which is unusual among proteases. ... Calpain is calcium-dependent, non-lysosomal proteolytic enzyme found in the brain (Castillo and Babson, 1998). ...

Metalloproteinases The metalloendopeptidases (also called metalloproteinases or metalloproteases) are a class of enzymes from the group of endopeptidases. ...

Aspartic acid protease: Pepsin - Chymosin - Renin - Plasmepsin - Signal peptide peptidase Aspartic acid Aspartic acid proteases are protease enzymes which have an aspartic acid residue in the active site of the enzyme. ... Rennet, also called rennin or chymosin (EC 3. ... Renin, also known as angiotensinogenase, is a circulating enzyme (EC 3. ... Plasmepsins are a class of at least 10 enzymes produced by the plasmodium parasite. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...