The Republic of Peru ( This article is about the international language known as Spanish. ...Spanish: Perú; Quechua (Quechua, Runa Simi) is an American Indian language native to South America and related to Aymará, both members of the Quechumaran linguistic stock. ...Quechua) is a country in western South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ...South America, bordering The Republic of Ecuador is a country in northwestern South America, bounded by Colombia on the north, by Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean on the west. ...Ecuador and The Republic of Colombia is a country in north_western South America. ...Colombia to the north, The Federative Republic of Brazil (República Federativa do Brasil in Portuguese) is the largest and most populous country in South America, and fifth largest in the world. ...Brazil to the east, The Republic of Bolivia is a landlocked country in central South America. ...Bolivia to the east, south_east and south, The Republic of Chile is a country located on the southwestern coast of South America. ...Chile to the south, and the The Pacific Ocean (from the Latin name Mare Pacificum, peaceful sea, bestowed upon it by the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan) is the worlds largest body of water. ...Pacific Ocean to the west. Peru is rich in cultural anthropology, and is well_known as the cradle of the For other meanings of Inca, see Inca (disambiguation). ...Inca empire.

( Flag ratio: 2:3 The flag of Peru was created by José de San Martín and adopted in 1825. ...National Flag) (National Coat of Arms)
Here is a list of state mottos for countries and their subdivisions around the world. ...National motto: Libertad y Orden ( This article is about the international language known as Spanish. ...Spanish: Liberty and Order)
An official language is something that is given a unique status in the countries, states, and other territories. ...Official languages	This article is about the international language known as Spanish. ...Spanish, Quechua (Quechua, Runa Simi) is an American Indian language native to South America and related to Aymará, both members of the Quechumaran linguistic stock. ...Quechua, Help wikipedia by translating [Spanish article] into this article. ...Aymará
In politics a capital (also called capital city or political capital — although the latter phrase has an alternative meaning based on an alternative meaning of capital) is the principal city or town associated with its government. ...Capital and largest city	This article is about Lima, Peru. ...Lima
List of presidents of Peru : The Independence War 1821_1822: José de San Martín 1822_1823: José de La Mar 1823: Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano 1823: José de la Riva Agüero 1823_1824: José Bernardo de Tagle 1824_1826: Simón Bolívar 1826_1827: Andrés...President	President Alejandro Toledo Alejandro Toledo Manrique (born 28 March 1946) is the current President of Peru. ...Alejandro Toledo Manrique
Prime Minister	Carlos Ferrero Costa
This article explains the meaning of area as a physical quantity. ...Area  _ Total  _ % water	Here is a list of the countries of the world sorted by area. ...World ranking: 20th To help compare orders of magnitude of different geographical regions, we list here surface areas between 100,000 km² and 1,000,000 km². See also areas of other orders of magnitude. ...1,285,220 km² 8.80%
In the most common sense of the word, a population is the collection of people—or organisms of a particular species—living in a given geographic area. ...Population  _ Total ( 2002 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...2002)  _ Population density can be used as a measurement of any tangible item. ...Density	This is a list of sovereign states and other territories by population. ...World ranking: 39th 27,925,628 22/km²
For other uses, see Independence (disambiguation) Independence is autonomous self_government of a country by its residents and indigenous population. ...Independence  _ Declared	From The Kingdom of Spain or Spain ( Spanish: Reino de España or España; Catalan: Regne dEspanya; Basque: Espainiako Erresuma; Galician: Reino da España) is a country located in the southwest of Europe. ...Spain July 28 is the 209th day (210th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 156 days remaining. ...July 28, Events February 23 _ The Philadelphia College of Apothecaries founds the first pharmacy college. ...1821
A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of goods and services. ...Currency	The sol (plural: soles) is the monetary unit (currency) of Peru. ...Nuevo Sol (S/.)
_1...Time zone	UTC also stands for the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Coordinated Universal Time or UTC, also sometimes referred to as Zulu time, the basis for civil time, differs by an integral number of seconds from atomic time and a fractional number of seconds from UT1. ...UTC _5
The National Anthem is the name of a song by the band Radiohead. ...National anthem	"Somos libres, seámoslo siempre" "We are free, may we always be so"
A top-level domain (TLD) is the last part of which Internet domain names consist of. ...Internet TLD	.pe is the Internet country code top_level domain ( ccTLD) for Peru. ....pe
At a glance In depth Zone 1 – North American Numbering Plan Area (nanpa. ...Calling Code	51

History

Main article: This article needs cleanup. ...History of Peru

Before the Spanish arrived, Peru was home to various This is a chart of the Peruvian cultural periods used by archaeologist studying the area. ...Pre_Inca cultures and later, to the For other meanings of Inca, see Inca (disambiguation). ...Inca Empire. Francisco Pizarro ( 1475–June 26, 1541) was a Spanish conquistador, conqueror of the Inca Empire and founder of the city of Lima. ...Francisco Pizarro landed on the Peruvian coast in Events May 16 _ Sir Thomas More resigns as Lord Chancellor of England. ...1532, and by the end of the Events June 25 _ Augsburg confession presented to Charles V of Holy Roman Empire. ...1530s Peru became a A viceroy is somebody who governs a country or province as a substitute for the monarch. ...Viceroyalty and a major source of gold and silver for the This article needs cleanup. ...Spanish Empire. Peru declared its independence from Spain on July 28 is the 209th day (210th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 156 days remaining. ...July 28, Events February 23 _ The Philadelphia College of Apothecaries founds the first pharmacy college. ...1821 thanks to an alliance between the Argentine army of José de San Martín ( 25 February 1778 _ 17 August 1850) was an Argentine general and the prime leader of the southern part of South Americas successful struggle for independence from Spain. ...José de San Martín, and the Neogranadine Army of Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios (July 24, 1783 – December 17, 1830) was a South American revolutionary leader. ...Simon Bolivar. Its first elected president, however, was not in power until Events February 20 _ Battle of Huzaingo February 28 _ The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad is incorporated, becoming the first railroad offering commercial transportation of both people and freight. ...1827. From Events January _ Book by Maria Monk claims that she was sexually exploited in a Canadian convent February 3 _ United States Whig Party holds its first convention in Albany, New York. ...1836 to 1839 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...1839 Peru and The Republic of Bolivia is a landlocked country in central South America. ...Bolivia were united in the Flag of the Peru_Bolivan Confederacy Map of the Peru_Bolivan Confederacy The Peru_Bolvian Confederacy was a Short_live stated that existed in South America between the years 1836 and 1839. ...Peru_Bolivian Confederacy, dissolved only after an armed conflict with The Republic of Chile is a country located on the southwestern coast of South America. ...Chile and Argentina is a country in southern South America, situated between the Andes in the west and the southern Atlantic Ocean in the east. ...Argentina. Between these years, political unrest didn't fade away, with the Army as an important political force. Once again, between 1879 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...1879 and Events January January 16 _ The United States Civil service, is passed January 19 _ The first electric lighting system employing overhead wires begins service (Roselle, New Jersey) It was built by Thomas Edison. ...1883, Peru and Bolivia made an alliance and fought against Chile in the The War of the Pacific was fought between Chile and the joint forces of Bolivia and Peru, from 1879 to 1884. ...War of the Pacific. After the war (and with the loss of the province of Tarapaca), political stability was achieved, during the early years of the Events and Trends Technology Lawrence Hargrave makes the first stable wing design for a heavier-than-air aircraft Orville and Wilbur Wright make the first documented flight in a powered heavier-than-air aircraft Mass production of automobile Wide popularity of home phonograph Panama Canal is built by the United...1900s; until Augusto Leguia and his dictatorship arrived.

Regions

Main article: Political division of Peru

Peru's territory is divided into 25 A region can be any area that has some unifying feature. ...regions (Spanish: regiones; singular: región). These regions are subdivided into Province is a name for a secondary, or subnational entity of government in most countries. ...provinces, which are composed of Districts are a form of local government in several countries. ...districts. There are 180 provinces and 1747 districts in Peru.

The Lima Province, located in the central coast of the country, is unique in that it doesn't belong to any of the twenty-five regions. The city of This article is about Lima, Peru. ...Lima is located in this province, which is also known as Lima Metropolitana (Metropolitan Lima).

Until 2002 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...2002, Peru was divided into 24 The départements (or departments) are administrative units of France, roughly analogous to British counties and are now grouped into 22 metropolitan and four overseas régions. ...departments (departamentos), and many people still use this term when referring to today's regions, although it is now obsolete.

Geography

Main article: Location: Western, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador Geographic coordinates: 10 00 S, 76 00 W Map references: South America Area: total: 1,285,220 km² land: 1. ...Geography of Peru

Peru is located in Western South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ...South America, bordering the The Pacific Ocean (from the Latin name Mare Pacificum, peaceful sea, bestowed upon it by the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan) is the worlds largest body of water. ...Pacific Ocean, between The Republic of Chile is a country located on the southwestern coast of South America. ...Chile and The Republic of Ecuador is a country in northwestern South America, bounded by Colombia on the north, by Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean on the west. ...Ecuador. It also shares borders with The Republic of Colombia is a country in north_western South America. ...Colombia, The Federative Republic of Brazil (República Federativa do Brasil in Portuguese) is the largest and most populous country in South America, and fifth largest in the world. ...Brazil and The Republic of Bolivia is a landlocked country in central South America. ...Bolivia.

The western coastal plains (costa) are separated from the eastern lowland jungle of the Amazon Basin (selva) by the high and rugged Note that the geology in this article currently reflects views from the first decade of the 20th century. ...Andes in the center (sierra). On the border with Bolivia lies A boat made of reeds on Lake Titicaca. ...Lake Titicaca, the world's highest navigable lake at 3821 metre or meter, see meter (disambiguation) The metre is the basic unit of length in the International System of Units. ...m.

Politics

Main article: The Government of Peru is in a state of ongoing democratization. ...Politics of Peru

The current president is President Alejandro Toledo Alejandro Toledo Manrique (born 28 March 1946) is the current President of Peru. ...Alejandro Toledo, leader of Perú Posible. This governing party is, with 45 seats, the largest in the 120-seat parliament.

The second and third largest parties are in opposition; respectively APRA banner The American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), today officially known as Partido Aprista Peruano (Peruvian Aprist Party) is Perus oldest and only well-institutionalized political party. ...Partido Aprista Peruano (short: Apra, 28 seats) and National Unity (Spanish: Unidad Nacional) is a Peruvian political party. ...Unidad Nacional (17 seats), which is led by Lourdes Flores Nano.

Economy

Main article: This article is about the economy of Peru, located in South America. ...Economy of Peru

The Peruvian economy has become increasingly market oriented, with major privatizations completed since 1990 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ...1990; in the mining, electricity, and telecommunications industries. Thanks to strong foreign investment and the cooperation between the Alberto Kenya Fujimori (born July 28, 1938) was President of Peru from July 28, 1990, to November 17, 2000. ...Fujimori government the The flag of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the international organization entrusted with overseeing global financial system‘s current trade account balances of member states. ...IMF and the The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, in Romance languages: BIRD), better known as the World Bank, is an international organization whose original mission was to finance the reconstruction of nations devastated by WWII. Now, its mission has expanded to fight poverty by means of financing states. ...World Bank, growth was strong in 1994 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ...1994– 1997 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Reef. ...97 and inflation was brought under control. In 1998 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. ...1998, El Niño is also the nickname of Sergio García. ...El Niño's impact on agriculture, the financial crisis in Asia, and instability in Brazilian markets undercut growth. And 1999 is a common year starting on Friday of the Common Era, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ...1999 was another lean year for Peru, with the aftermath of El Niño and the The Asian financial crisis was a financial crisis that started in July 1997 in Thailand, and affected currencies, stock markets, and other asset prices of several Asian countries, many part of the East Asian Tigers. ...Asian financial crisis working its way through the economy. Lima did manage to complete negotiations for an Extended Fund Facility with the IMF in June 1999 is a common year starting on Friday of the Common Era, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ...1999, although it subsequently had to renegotiate the targets. Pressure on spending grew in the run_up to the 2000 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...2000 elections.

Demographics

Main article: Peru is one of only three countries in the Americas where indigenous people constitute the majority of the population — the other two being Bolivia and Guatemala — where almost half of all Peruvians are Amerindian, or 45 percent of the total population. ...Demographics of Peru

Peru is one of only three countries in the The Americas (sometimes referred to as America) is the area including the land mass located between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, generally divided into North America and South America. ...Americas where indigenous people constitute the majority of the population — the other two being The Republic of Bolivia is a landlocked country in central South America. ...Bolivia and For the city, see Guatemala City. ...Guatemala — where almost half of all Peruvians are Native Americans (also Indians, Aboriginal Peoples, American Indians, First Nations, Alaskan Natives, or Indigenous Peoples of America) are the indigenous inhabitants of The Americas prior to the European colonization, and their modern descendants. ...Amerindian, or 45 percent of the total population. The two major indigenous ethnic groups are the Quechua (Quechua, Runa Simi) is an American Indian language native to South America and related to Aymará, both members of the Quechumaran linguistic stock. ...Quechua, followed closely by the Aymara is the name of a South_American people and of their language. ...Aymará, as well as several dozen small Amerindian ethnic tribes scattered throughout the country beyond the See also architecture with non_sequential dynamic execution scheduling (ANDES). ...Andes Mountains and in the Geography The Brazilian rainforest of Amazonia, the largest in the world, was originally covered by more than 5,000,000 km² (2 million square miles) of dense tropical forest. ...Amazon basin. Mestizo (Brazil Portuguese. ...Mestizos, a term that denotes people of mixed World map showing location of Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is geologically and geographically a peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. ...European and Amerindian ancestry, constitute around 37% of the people. Peruvians of European (Spanish, German, French and Italian) descent make up about 15% of the population. The remaining 3% is constituted by The term Ethnic Japanese usually refers to people who live outside Japan, who either emigrated from Japan or are descendants of a person who emigated from Japan. ...Japanese and Chinese Peruvian is a Chinese person born in Peru. ...Chinese, and persons of An Afro_Latin American is a Latin American person who is, at least in part, of African heritage or lineage. ...Afro_Peruvians descent. Small numbers of Eastern Europeans, and Arab diaspora refers to the numbers of Arab refugees emigrated from their native countries and now reside in non_Arab nations, primarily in Madagascar and Kenya). ...Arab Peruvians, mostly of The Lebanese Republic or Lebanon is a country in Southwest Asia, bordering the Mediterranean Sea. ...Lebanese and The Syrian Arab Republic is a country in the Middle East, bordering (from south to north) on Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Iraq and Turkey. ...Syrian origin, also reside.

Most of Peru's population (about 40% percent) lives in the Costa (coastal area), while 36% live in the This word can easily be mistaken for a girls Christian name, and has been heard that way on various occasions. ...Sierra and only 12% in the A river in the Amazon rainforest The Amazon is a rainforest in South America. ...Amazon rainforest. Almost one third of the nation's population lives in the Lima and Callao Metropolitan Area.

Peru has two official languages-- This article is about the international language known as Spanish. ...Spanish and the foremost indigenous language, Quechua (Quechua, Runa Simi) is an American Indian language native to South America and related to Aymará, both members of the Quechumaran linguistic stock. ...Quechua. Spanish is used by the government and the media and in education and commerce, although there is an increasing and organized effort to teach Quechua in public schools. Amerindians who live in the Andean highlands speak Quechua and Aymara and are ethnically distinct from the diverse indigenous groups who live on the eastern side of the Andes and in the tropical lowlands adjacent to the Amazon basin.

Culture

Main article: The relationship between Hispanic and Indian cultures has shaped the face of Peru. ...Culture of Peru

• Perú Cultural (http://www.perucultural.org.pe/)
• Native Peruvian music is dominated by the national instrument, the charango. ...Music of Peru
• Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...Peruvian Cuisine

International rankings

• Reporters Without Borders, or RWB ( French: Reporters sans frontières, or RSF) is an international non-governmental organization devoted to freedom of the press. ...Reporters without borders world-wide press freedom index 2004: Rank 123 out of 167 countries (2 way tie)
• The UN Human Development Index (HDI) measures poverty, literacy, education, life expectancy, and other factors. ...UN Human Development Index 2004: Rank 85 out of 177 countries

Miscellaneous topics

• Categories: Wikipedia cleanup | Stub ...Surfing in Peru
• Telephones - main lines in use: 1. ...Communications in Peru
• Railways: total: 1,988 km standard gauge: 1,608 km 1. ...Transportation in Peru
• Military branches: Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru; includes Naval Air, Marines, and Coast Guard), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea del Peru), National Police (includes General Police, Security Police, and Technical Police) Military manpower - military age: 20 years of age Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 7...Military of Peru
• In October 1998, Peru and Ecuador signed a peace accord which definitively resolved border differences which had, over the years, resulted in armed conflict. ...Foreign relations of Peru
• This is a list of famous Peruvians: Rulers/Presidents Pachacutec Wayna Capac Huascar Manco Inca Tupac Amaru Ramon Castilla Revolutionaries Tupac Amaru II Mateo Pumacahua Military Heroes Ollanta Calcuchimac Miguel Grau Francisco Bolognesi Andres Avelino Caceres Leoncio Prado Scientists Pedro Paulet Jorge Heraud Carlos Bustamante Alexander Grobman Tversqui Musicians Alex...List of famous Peruvians
• The South American Community of Nations (SACN) (Spanish: Comunidad Sudamericana de Naciones (CSN), Portuguese: Comunidade Sul-Americana de Nações (CSN)) will be a continent-wide free trade zone that will unite two existing free-trade organizations—Mercosur and the Andean Community—eliminating tariffs for non-sensitive products by 2014 and...South American Community of Nations
• Categories: Peru | Public holidays by country ...Public holidays in Peru
• Paddington Bear is a fictional character in childrens literature. ...Paddington Bear

External links

• Peru travel guide at Wikitravel (http://wikitravel.org/en/article/Peru)
• Peruvian Tourism Authority's Official Site (http://www.promperu.gob.pe)
• South America Pictures (http://www.geographicguide.com/south-america.htm)
• South America Map (http://www.geographicguide.com/south-america-map.htm)
• South America Satellite Images (http://www.globe-images.com/south-america.htm)
• Peru Tourist Travel Information Site and Links (http://peruinfo.org)
• Tabiviaje goes to Peru (http://www.tabiviaje.info/perou.htm)
• About Peru (http://agutie.homestead.com/files/AboutPeru.htm) Interactive introduction with animation and sound by Antonio Gutierrez from "Geometry Step by Step from the Land of the Incas"
• Climate of 60 locations among Peru (http://www.limaperunet.com/climate/climateall.html)
• Peru Photodiary, by Andrys (http://andrys.com/indox.html)
• Peru information (http://www.go2peru.com/)
• Peru Rock Music (http://www.rockperu.com/)
• Surf in Peru (http://www.peruazul.com.pe/)