Perforin is a cytolytic protein found in the granules of CD8 T-cells and NK cells. Upon degranulation, perforin inserts itself into the target cell's plasma membrane, forming a pore.
Although purified perforin is sufficient to lyse cells at high doses, the biology of perforin itself does not explain the ability of CD8 T-cells and NK cells to induce apoptosis in target cells. This induction of apoptosis may require at least one other granule protein, granzyme B.
There have been mice generated that lack perforin. Studies of these mice led to the discovery of additional mechanisms by which immune cells kill their target - through Fas-Fas Ligand interactions. This led to the discovery of additional Fas-like molecules. However, perforin continues to play an important part in CD8 T-cell and NK cell function.
Upon degranulation, perforin inserts itself into the target cell's plasma membrane, forming a pore.
Although purified perforin is sufficient to lysecells at high doses, the biology of perforin itself does not explain the ability of CD8 T-cells and NK cells to induce apoptosis in target cells.
NK cells are cytotoxic; small granules in their cytoplasm contain special proteins such as perforin and proteases known as granzymes.
Upon release in close proximity of a cell to be killed, perforin forms pores in the cell membrane of the target cell through which the granzymes and associated molecules can enter, where they induce apoptosis.
When exposed to infected/dysfunctional somatic cells, TC cells release the cytotoxins perforin and granulysin, which forms pores in the target cell's plasma membrane; this causes ions and water to flow into the target cell, making it expand and eventually lyse.
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