Doping drugs on display at The Olympic Museum in Lausanne, Switzerland

In sports, doping refers to the use of performance-enhancing drugs, such as anabolic steroids, particularly those that are forbidden by the organizations that regulate competitions. Some doping substances, however, are permitted in low doses (alcohol and caffeine). Another form of doping is blood doping, either by blood transfusion or use of the hormone erythropoietin (EPO). Also considered "doping" by many is the use of substances that mask other forms of doping. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1524x758, 1126 KB) doping drugs on display at the Olympic Museum in Lausanne, Switzerland photographer: Arne Koehler File links The following pages link to this file: Doping (sport) ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1524x758, 1126 KB) doping drugs on display at the Olympic Museum in Lausanne, Switzerland photographer: Arne Koehler File links The following pages link to this file: Doping (sport) ... The Olympic Museum in Lausanne, Switzerland houses permanent and temporary exhibits relating to sport and the Olympic movement. ... A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical that alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness, or behaviour. ... Anabolic steroids are a class of natural and synthetic steroid hormones that promote cell growth and division, resulting in growth of muscle tissue and sometimes bone size and strength. ... In general usage, alcohol (from Arabic al-kukhūl الكحول = the spirit, the chemical.) refers almost always to ethanol, also known as grain alcohol, and often to any beverage that contains ethanol (see alcoholic beverage). ... Flash point N/A RTECS number EV6475000 Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Caffeine, or theine, is a xanthine alkaloid found in the leaves and beans of the coffee tree, in tea, yerba mate... Blood doping is the practice of illicitly boosting the number of red blood cells (RBCs) in the circulation in order to enhance athletic performance. ... Blood transfusion is the taking of blood or blood-based products from one individual and inserting them into the circulatory system of another. ... Erythropoietin Erythropoietin (or EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone that is a growth factor for erythrocyte (red blood cell) precursors in the bone marrow. ...

Currently, tetrahydrogestrinone (THG) and modafinil are causing controversy throughout the sporting world, with many high profile cases attracting major press coverage as prominent United States athletes have tested positive for doping substances. Some athletes that were found to have used modafinil protested as the drug was not on the prohibited list at the time of their offence; however, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) maintains it is a substance related to those already banned, so the decisions stand. Modafinil was added to the list of prohibited substances on August 3, 2004, ten days before the start of the 2004 Summer Olympics. Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG) is an anabolic steroid that was obtained through palladium-charcoal catalyzed hydrogenation from Gestrinone, a substance used in gynecology for treatment of endometriose (e. ... Modafinil (Provigil®; Vigicer®; Alertec®) is a drug produced by the pharmaceutical company Cephalon. ... (this page is about the World Anti-Doping Agency. ... August 3 is the 215th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (216th in leap years), with 150 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The 2004 Summer Olympics are officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad (the 28th Summer Olympic Games). ...

In recent years, gene doping has been reported as being an emerging form of doping. Gene doping would be very difficult to detect and when used it will last for many years. Gene doping is defined by the World Anti-Doping Agency as the non-therapeutic use of cells, genes, genetic elements, or of the modulation of gene expression, having the capacity to improve athletic performance. ...

Reaction from sports organisations

The International Amateur Athletics Federation, now the International Association of Athletics Federations, were the first international governing body of sport to take the situation seriously. In 1928 they banned participants from doping, but with little in the way of testing available they had to rely on the word of the athlete that they were clean. The International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) is the international governing body for the sport of athletics (known in the US as track and field). It was founded in 1912 at its first Congress in Stockholm, Sweden by representatives from 17 national athletics federations as the International Amateur Athletics Federation. ... 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... An athlete is a person who has above average physical skills (strength, agility, and endurance) and is thus suitable for physical activities, in particular, contests. ...

It was not until 1966 that FIFA (football (soccer)) and Union Cycliste Internationale (cycling) joined the IAAF in the fight against drugs, closely followed by the International Olympic Committee the following year. 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link goes to calendar) // Events January January 1 - In a coup, Colonel Jean-Bédel Bokassa ousts president David Dacko and takes over the Central African Republic. ... The Fédération Internationale de Football Association, universally known by its acronym FIFA, is the international governing body of football (soccer). ... Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) Asian Football Confederation (AFC) Confederation of African Football (CAF) Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF) Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL) Oceania Football Confederation (OFC) The Current Laws of the Game (LOTG) The Rec. ... Entrance of UCI headquarter at Aigle (Switzerland) Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) is a professional cycling union that oversees cycling events in the international community. ... Cycling is a recreation, a sport, and a means of transport across land. ... The International Olympic Committee is an organisation based in Lausanne, Switzerland, created by Pierre de Coubertin in 1894 to reinstate the Ancient Olympic Games held in Greece, and organise this sports event every four years. ...

Progression in pharmacology has always outstripped the ability of sports federations to implement rigorous testing procedures but since the creation of the World Anti-Doping Agency in 1999 more and more sportspeople are being caught. Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon (φάρμακον) meaning drug, and logos (λόγος) meaning science) is the study of how chemical substances interact with living systems. ... (this page is about the World Anti-Doping Agency. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ...

The first tests for athletes were at the 1966 European Championships and two years later the IOC implemented their first drug tests at both the Summer and Winter Olympics. Anabolic steroids became prevalent during the 1970s and after a method of detection was found they were added to the IOC's prohibited substances list in 1976. 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link goes to calendar) // Events January January 1 - In a coup, Colonel Jean-Bédel Bokassa ousts president David Dacko and takes over the Central African Republic. ... The Games of the XIX Olympiad were held in Mexico City in 1968. ... See also: 1968 Winter Paralympics The X Olympic Winter Games were held in 1968 Grenoble, France and opened on February 6. ... Anabolic steroids are a class of natural and synthetic steroid hormones that promote cell growth and division, resulting in growth of muscle tissue and sometimes bone size and strength. ... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, inclusive. ...

Notable drug scandals in professional sport

• The first modern incident of doping was in 1865, when Dutch swimmers used stimulants. In the late 19th century European cyclists were using substances like caffeine and ether-coated sugar cubes to reduce pain and delay fatigue.
• In the 1904 Olympics, Thomas Hicks (USA) won the marathon at St. Louis and collapsed. It took hours to revive him; he had taken brandy mixed with strychnine to help him win his gold medal.
• A famous case of illicit drug use in a competition was Canadian Ben Johnson's victory in the 100 m at the 1988 Summer Olympics. He subsequently failed the drug test when stanozolol was found in his urine. He later admitted to using the steroid as well as Dianabol, Cypionate, Furazabol, and human growth hormone amongst other things. Carl Lewis was then promoted one place to take the Olympic title home.
• In 1998 the entire Festina team were excluded from the Tour de France following the discovery of a team car containing large amounts of various performance-enhancing drugs. The team director later admitted that some of the cyclists were routinely given banned substances. Six other teams pulled out in protest including Dutch team TVM who left the tour still being questioned by the police. The Festina scandal overshadowed cyclist Marco Pantani's tour win, but he himself later failed a test. More recently David Millar, the 2003 World-Time Trial Champion, admitted using EPO, and was stripped of his title and suspended for two years. Still later, Roberto Heras was stripped of his victory in the 2005 Vuelta a España and suspended for two years after testing positive for EPO.
• In the 1970s and 1980s, many athletes from Eastern bloc nations were suspected to be augmenting their ability with some kind of pharmacological help. After the fall of communism in Eastern Europe and the reunification of Germany, documents surfaced proving that the East German sport establishment had conducted systematic doping of virtually all of its world-class athletes.

1865 is a common year starting on Sunday. ... Swimming is the method by which humans (or other animals) move themselves through water. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... A cyclist is a person who engages in cycling whether as a sport or rides a bicycle for recreation or transportation. ... Flash point -45 °C Autoignition temperature 170 °C R/S statement R: 12-19-22-66-67 S: 9-16-29-33 RTECS number KI5775000 Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Pain is an unpleasant sensation which may be associated with actual or potential tissue damage and which may have physical and emotional components. ... Fatigue is a state, following a period of mental or physical activity, characterized by a lessened capacity for work and reduced efficiency of accomplishment, usually accompanied by a feeling of weariness, sleepiness, or irritability. ... The 1904 Summer Olympics, formally known as the Games of the III Olympiad, were held in St. ... This article is about Thomas Hicks, the athlete. ... Modern day marathon runners 1896 Olympic marathon The word marathon refers to a long-distance road running event of 42. ... Saint Louis (pronounced in English, in French), frequently spelled St. ... Strychnine (pronounced (British) or (U.S.)) is a very toxic (LD50 = 1 mg/kg), colourless crystalline alkaloid used as a pesticide, particularly for killing small vertebrates such as rodents. ... Gold Medal is an album by American band The Donnas, released in 2004. ... Benjamin Sinclair Ben Johnson (born December 30, 1961) was a Canadian athlete, best known for his disqualification for doping use after winning the 100 m final in the 1988 Summer Olympics. ... The Games of the XXIV Olympiad were held in 1988 in Seoul, South Korea. ... Stanozolol, sold under the name Winstrol, was developed by Winthrop Laboratories in 1962. ... Dianabol is an anabolic steroid. ... For physiology of human growth hormone, see growth hormone. ... Frederick Carlton Carl Lewis (born July 1, 1961) was a controversial American athlete who won 10 Olympic medals (9 golds) during his career (1984 to 1996), and 8 World Championship gold medals, and 1 bronze (1983 to 1993) but around whom there has always been rumours of performance enhancing drugs... 1998 (MCMXCVIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. ... Festina is a Spanish watch manufacturer. ... The Tour de France (French for Tour of France), often referred to as La Grande Boucle, Le Tour or The Tour, is an epic long distance road bicycle racing competition for professionals held over three weeks in July in and around France. ... TVM was a Dutch road bicycle racing team. ... Marco Pantani Marco Pantani (Cesena, January 13, 1970 – February 14, 2004) was an Italian cyclist widely regarded as being one of the best climbers of his generation in professional road bicycle racing. ... David Millar (born January 4, 1977 in Malta, and grew up in many places including Hong Kong, although claiming Scottish nationality) is, or until mid-2004 was, Britains finest road racing cyclist. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Erythropoietin Erythropoietin (or EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone that is a growth factor for erythrocyte (red blood cell) precursors in the bone marrow. ... Roberto Heras Hernández (born 1 February 1974 in Béjar, Spain) is a professional cyclist who has won the Vuelta a España (Tour of Spain) a record four times. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Vuelta a España bicycle race is one of the three Grand Tours of Europe and, after the Tour de France and the Giro dItalia, the third most important road cycling stage race in the world. ... The 1980s decade refers to the years from 1980 to 1989, inclusive. ... Eastern bloc During the Cold War, the Eastern Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) comprised the following Central and Eastern European countries: Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Albania (until the early 1960s, see below), the Soviet Union, and Czechoslovakia. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium orange) and other former communist regimes (light orange). ... German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung) took place on October 3, 1990, when the areas of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR, in English often called East Germany) were incorporated into the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, or West Germany). After the GDRs first free elections on 18 March 1990, negotiations... National motto: none Official languages German Capital East Berlin Largest city East Berlin Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 106th 108,333 km² Negligible Creation -Unified 7 October 1949 3 October 1990 Currency East German mark Time zone  â€“ in summer CET (UTC+1) CEST (UTC+2) National anthem Auferstanden aus Ruinen Internet...

See also

• List of athletes found guilty of using banned drugs
• Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative (BALCO), a sports nutrition center in California allegedly linked to doping of many high-profile athletes.

The use of drugs in sport has been around since the turn of 20th century although there are many earlier reports of use going back to the Ancient Greeks use of stimulating potions. ... The Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative (BALCO) is a controversial sports nutrition center in Burlingame, California, USA. The company achieved infamy due to a long investigation in accusations that the lab provided anabolic steroids and other banned performance-enhancing drugs to athletes, many famous. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 3rd 410,000 km² 402. ...

External links

• World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Homepage
• List of Drugs Prohibited by the WADA (for year 2005)
• IAAF Anti-Doping Page.
• Olympic Movement Anti-doping Code (PDF)
• Genetically Modified Athletes, by Dr Andy Miah.
• Bioethics & Sport blog.
• Doping Journal (ISSN 1812-948x), free scholar journal on doping science and anti-doping
• Doping in Cycling - an historical perspective