Peritoneum
The peritoneum, coloured in blue
The epiploic foramen, greater sac or general cavity (red) and lesser sac, or omental bursa (blue). (Areas outlined in blue and red correspond to above diagram.)
Gray's	subject #246 1149
MeSH	Peritoneum
Dorlands/Elsevier	p_14/12629236

In higher vertebrates, the peritoneum is the serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity - it covers most of the intra-abdominal organs. It is composed of a layer of mesothelium supported by a thin layer of connective tissue. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (800x816, 226 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Wikipedia:Grays Anatomy images with missing articles 21 List of images in Grays Anatomy: XI. Splanchnology... Image File history File links Greater_and_lesser_sac_1035. ... The foramen of Winslow, greater sac or general cavity (red) and lesser sac, or omental bursa (blue). ... The greater sac or general cavity (red) and lesser sac, or omental bursa (blue). ... The lesser sac, also known as the omental bursa, is the cavity in the abdomen that is formed by the lesser and greater omentum. ... Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. ... Elseviers logo. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A serous membrane is a very thin layer of cells (usually one row) covering internal body cavity. ... For the human abdomen, see human abdomen. ... The mesothelium is a membrane that forms the lining of several body cavities: the pleura (thoracal cavity), peritoneum (abdominal cavity) and pericardium (heart sac). ... Connective tissue is one of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications (the others being epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissue. ...

The peritoneum both supports the abdominal organs and serves as a conduit for their blood and lymph vessels and nerves. Human blood smear: a - erythrocytes; b - neutrophil; c - eosinophil; d - lymphocyte. ... In mammals including humans, the lymphatic vessels (or lymphatics) are a network of thin tubes that branch, like blood vessels, into tissues throughout the body. ... A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of nerve fibers or axons, which includes the glia that ensheath the axons in myelin. ...

Structure

Layers

Do not confuse the abdominal cavity (the space bounded by the vertebrae, abdominal muscles, diaphragm and pelvic floor) with the intraperitoneal space (located within the abdominal cavity, but wrapped in peritoneum). For example, a kidney is inside the abdominal cavity, but is retroperitoneal.

Although they ultimately form one continuous sheet, two types or layers of peritoneum and a potential space between them are referenced:

• The outer layer, called the parietal peritoneum, is attached to the abdominal wall.
• The inner layer, the visceral peritoneum, is wrapped around the internal organs that are located inside the intraperitoneal cavity.
• The potential space between these two layers is the peritoneal cavity; it is filled with a small amount (about 50 ml) of slippery serous fluid that allows the two layers to slide freely over each other.
• The term mesentery is often used to refer to a double layer of visceral peritoneum. There are often blood vessels, nerves, and other structures between these layers. It should be noted that the space between these two layers is technically outside of the peritoneal sac, and thus not in the peritoneal cavity.

The abdomen (from the Latin word meaning belly) is the part of the body between the pelvis and the thorax. ... In biology, an organ is a group of tissues which perform some function. ... The millilitre is the equivalent of a cubic centimetre. ... In physiology, the term serous fluid is used for various bodily fluids that are typically pale yellow and transparent, and of a benign nature. ... In anatomy, a mesentery is a part of the peritoneum that connects an internal organ, such as the small intestine, to the abdominal wall. ...

Subdivisions

There are two main regions of the peritoneum, connected by the epiploic foramen: The foramen of Winslow, greater sac or general cavity (red) and lesser sac, or omental bursa (blue). ...

• the greater sac (or general cavity of the abdomen), represented in red in the diagrams above.
• the lesser sac (or omental bursa), represented in blue. The lesser sac is divided into two "omenta":
  • The lesser omentum (or gastrohepatic) is attached to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the liver.
  • The greater omentum (or gastrocolic) hangs from the greater curve of the stomach and loops down in front of the intestines before curving back upwards to attach to the transverse colon. In effect it is draped in front of the intestines like an apron and may serve as an insulating or protective layer.

The mesentery is the part of the peritoneum through which most abdominal organs are attached to the abdominal wall and supplied with blood and lymph vessels and nerves. The greater sac or general cavity (red) and lesser sac, or omental bursa (blue). ... The lesser sac, also known as the omental bursa, is the cavity in the abdomen that is formed by the lesser and greater omentum. ... In higher vertebrates, the peritoneum is the serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity - it covers most of the intra-abdominal organs. ... In anatomy, the stomach is a bean-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. ... The liver is an organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. ... The greater omentum (great omentum; gastrocolic omentum; epiploon) is a large fold of peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach, and extends from the stomach to the transverse colon. ... The intestine is the portion of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Large intestine. ... In anatomy, a mesentery is a part of the peritoneum that connects an internal organ, such as the small intestine, to the abdominal wall. ... The abdomen (from the Latin word meaning belly) is the part of the body between the pelvis and the thorax. ... Human blood smear: a - erythrocytes; b - neutrophil; c - eosinophil; d - lymphocyte. ... In mammals including humans, the lymphatic vessels (or lymphatics) are a network of thin tubes that branch, like blood vessels, into tissues throughout the body. ...

Structures include:

In addition, in the pelvic cavity there are several structures that are usually named not for the peritoneum, but for the areas defined by the peritoneal folds: In higher vertebrates, the peritoneum is the membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity - it covers most of the intra-abdominal organs. ... The portion of this mesentery attached to the greater curvature of the stomach is named the dorsal mesentery (or dorsal mesogastrium, when referring to the portion at the stomach), and the part which suspends the colon is termed the mesocolon. ... The greater omentum (great omentum; gastrocolic omentum; epiploon) is a large fold of peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach, and extends from the stomach to the transverse colon. ... In anatomy, the stomach is a bean-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. ... The spleen is an organ located in the abdomen, where it functions in the destruction of old red blood cells and holding a reservoir of blood. ... The gastrosplenic ligament is part of the greater omentum; embryonically the gastrosplenic ligament is derived from the dorsal mesogastrium; it may also be know as the gastrolienal ligament. ... In anatomy, the stomach is a bean-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. ... The spleen is an organ located in the abdomen, where it functions in the destruction of old red blood cells and holding a reservoir of blood. ... The short gastric arteries (vasa brevia) consist of from five to seven small branches, which arise from the end of the lienal artery, and from its terminal divisions. ... The left gastro-omental artery (or left gastroepiploic artery), the largest branch of the splenic artery, runs from left to right about a finger’s breadth or more from the greater curvature of the stomach, between the layers of the greater omentum, and anastomoses with the right gastroepiploic. ... The postero-inferior surface of the stomach is covered by peritoneum, except over a small area close to the cardiac orifice; this area is limited by the lines of attachment of the gastrophrenic ligament, and lies in apposition with the diaphragm, and frequently with the upper portion of the left... In anatomy, the stomach is a bean-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. ... For other types of diaphragm, see Diaphragm. ... The gastrocolic ligament is a portion of the greater omentum connecting to the transverse colon. ... In anatomy, the stomach is a bean-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. ... In anatomy of the digestive system, the colon is the part of the intestine from the cecum to the rectum. ... The splenorenal ligament (or lienorenal ligament, or phrenicolienal ligament in older texts), is derived from the peritoneum, where the wall of the general peritoneal cavity comes into contact with the omental bursa between the left kidney and the spleen; the lienal vessels pass between its two layers. ... The spleen is an organ located in the abdomen, where it functions in the destruction of old red blood cells and holding a reservoir of blood. ... The kidneys are organs that filter wastes (such as urea) from the blood and excrete them, along with water, as urine. ... Branches of the celiac artery. ... The tail of the pancreas, located anatomically left near the hilum of the spleen, is not simply an antomical distinction. ... The cephalic portion of the septum takes part in the formation of the diaphragm, while the caudal portion into which the liver grows forms the ventral mesentery (or ventral mesogastrium, when referring to the portion at the stomach). ... In higher vertebrates, the peritoneum is the serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity - it covers most of the intra-abdominal organs. ... In anatomy, the stomach is a bean-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. ... In anatomy of the digestive system, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube connecting the stomach to the jejunum. ... The portion of the lesser omentum extending between the liver and stomach is termed the hepatogastric ligament. ... In anatomy, the stomach is a bean-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. ... The liver is an organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. ... The portion of the lesser omentum extending between the liver and duodenum is the hepatoduodenal ligament. ... In anatomy of the digestive system, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube connecting the stomach to the jejunum. ... The liver is an organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. ... The hepatic artery proper (also proper hepatic artery), arises from the common hepatic artery and joins the portal vein and the common bile duct to form the portal triad. ... The portal vein is a major vein in the human body draining blood from the digestive system and its associated glands. ... A bile duct is any of a number of long tube-like structures that carry bile. ... Mesentery is an anatomical term that specifically refers to the double layer of peritoneum that connects a part of the small intestine to the posterior wall of the abdomen. ... In biology the small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract (gut) between the stomach and the large intestine and includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. ... Diagram of the Human Intestine In anatomy of the digestive system, the jejunum is the central of the three divisions of the small intestine and lies between the duodenum and the ileum. ... Grays Fig. ... The abdomen (from the Latin word meaning belly) is the part of the body between the pelvis and the thorax. ... In human anatomy, the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) arises from the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta, just inferior to the origin of the celiac trunk, and supplies the intestine from the lower part of the duodenum to the left colic flexure and the pancreas. ... The transverse mesocolon is a broad, meso-fold of peritoneum, which connects the transverse colon to the posterior wall of the abdomen. ... In anatomy of the digestive system, the colon is the part of the intestine from the cecum to the rectum. ... The abdomen (from the Latin word meaning belly) is the part of the body between the pelvis and the thorax. ... The middle colic artery is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery that mostly supplies the transverse colon. ... The sigmoid mesocolon is the fold of peritoneum which retains the sigmoid colon in connection with the pelvic wall. ... The pelvis (pl. ... The Sigmoid Arteries, two or three in number, run obliquely downward and to the left behind the peritoneum and in front of the Psoas major, ureter, and internal spermatic vessels. ... The mesoappendix is the portion of the mesentery connecting the mesentary proper to the appendix. ... Grays Fig. ... Look up appendix in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The appendicular artery descends behind the termination of the ileum and enters the mesenteriole of the vermiform process; it runs near the free margin of this mesenteriole and ends in branches which supply the vermiform process. ... The falciform ligament is a broad and thin antero-posterior peritoneal fold, falciform in shape, its base being directed downward and backward, its apex upward and backward. ... The liver is an organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. ... For other types of diaphragm, see Diaphragm. ... The abdomen (from the Latin word meaning belly) is the part of the body between the pelvis and the thorax. ... For other structures with similar name, see round ligament. ... Paraumbilical veins - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Fetal circulation; the umbilical vein is the large, red vessel at the far left The umbilical vein is a blood vessel present during fetal development that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the growing fetus. ... For other structures with similar name, see round ligament. ... The liver is an organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The coronary ligament consists of an upper and a lower layer. ... The liver is an organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. ... For other types of diaphragm, see Diaphragm. ... In the fetus, the ductus venosus connects the left umbilical vein with the upper inferior vena cava. ... The ligamentum venosum is the fibrous remnant of the ductus venosus of the fetal circulation. ... The liver is an organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. ... The liver is an organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. ... A fold of peritoneum, the phrenicocolic ligament, is continued from the left colic flexure to the diaphragm opposite the tenth and eleventh ribs; it passes below and serves to support the spleen, and therefore has received the name of sustentaculum lienis. ... A colic flexure is a flexure (a bend) in the colon. ... For other types of diaphragm, see Diaphragm. ... The left triangular ligament is a fold of some considerable size, which connects the posterior part of the upper surface of the left lobe to the diaphragm; its anterior layer is continuous with the left layer of the falciform ligament. ... The right triangular ligament is situated at the right extremity of the bare area, and is a small fold which passes to the diaphragm, being formed by the apposition of the upper and lower layers of the coronary ligament. ... The liver is an organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. ... In the urinary bladder, anteriorly there are three folds: the middle umbilical fold on the middle umbilical ligament, and two lateral umbilical folds on the obliterated hypogastric arteries. ... In anatomy, the urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular, and distensible (or elastic) organ that sits on the pelvic floor in mammals. ... The inferior ileocecal fossa is situated behind the angle of junction of the ileum and cecum. ... Grays Fig. ... The cecum or caecum (from the Latin caecus meaning blind) is a pouch connected to the ascending colon of the large intestine and the ileum. ... The broad ligament of the uterus refers to the wide fold of peritoneum that connects the sides of the uterus to the walls and floor of the pelvis. ... This article is about female reproductive anatomy. ... The pelvis (pl. ... At first the mesonephros and genital ridge are suspended by a common mesentery, but as the embryo grows the genital ridge gradually becomes pinched off from the mesonephros, with which it is at first continuous, though it still remains connected to the remnant of this body by a fold of... The portion of the broad ligament which stretches from the uterine tube to the level of the ovary is known by the name of the mesosalpinx. ... The mesometrium is the mesentery of the uterus. ... The ovarian ligament (also called the utero-ovarian ligament or proper ovarian ligament) is a fibrous ligament that connects the ovary to the lateral surface of the uterus. ... This article is about female reproductive anatomy. ... The inguinal canal is a passage in the anterior abdominal wall which in men conveys the spermatic cord and in women the round ligament. ... The suspensory ligament of the ovary (also infundibulopelvic ligament) is a fold of peritoneum that surrounds the ovarian artery and vein as they extend out from the ovary. ... // For ovary as part of plants see ovary (plants) An ovary is an egg-producing reproductive organ found in female organisms. ... The pelvis (pl. ... In human anatomy, the ovarian artery is a blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the ovary. ... The Pelvic cavity is a body cavity that is bounded by the bones of the pelvis and which primarily contains reproductive organs. ...

Between the rectum and the bladder the peritoneal cavity forms, in the male, a pouch, the rectovesical excavation (or rectovesical pouch), the bottom of which is slightly below the level of the upper ends of the vesiculae seminales—i. ... The rectum (from the Latin rectum intestinum, meaning straight intestine) is the final straight portion of the large intestine in some mammals, and the gut in others, terminating in the anus. ... In anatomy, the urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular, and distensible (or elastic) organ that sits on the pelvic floor in mammals. ... The rectouterine pouch (or rectouterine excavation, or rectovaginal) is the extension of the peritoneal cavity between the rectum and back wall of the uterus in the female human body. ... The rectum (from the Latin rectum intestinum, meaning straight intestine) is the final straight portion of the large intestine in some mammals, and the gut in others, terminating in the anus. ... This article is about female reproductive anatomy. ... The peritoneum over the rectum and the bladder is continued over the intestinal surface and fundus of the uterus on to its vesical surface, which it covers as far as the junction of the body and cervix uteri, and then to the bladder, forming here a second, but shallower, pouch... In anatomy, the urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular, and distensible (or elastic) organ that sits on the pelvic floor in mammals. ... This article is about female reproductive anatomy. ... In the male, the peritoneum encircles the sigmoid colon, from which it is reflected to the posterior wall of the pelvis as a fold, the sigmoid mesocolon. ... The rectum (from the Latin rectum intestinum, meaning straight intestine) is the final straight portion of the large intestine in some mammals, and the gut in others, terminating in the anus. ... The peritoneum of the anterior pelvic wall covers the superior surface of the bladder, and on either side of this viscus forms a depression, termed the paravesical fossa, which is limited laterally by the fold of peritoneum covering the ductus deferens. ... In anatomy, the urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular, and distensible (or elastic) organ that sits on the pelvic floor in mammals. ...

Development

The peritoneum develops ultimately from the mesoderm of the trilaminar embryo. As the mesoderm differentiates, one region known as the lateral plate mesoderm splits to form two layers separated by an intraembryonic coelom. These two layers develop later into the visceral and parietal layers found in all serous cavities, including the peritoneum. The mesoderm is one of the three germ layers in the early developing embryo, the other two layers being the ectoderm and the endoderm. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Embryogenesis. ... Lateral plate mesoderm (or hypomere) is a type of mesoderm that is found at the periphery of the embryo. ... In anatomy, a serous membrane or serosa is a smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells which excrete a fluid, known as serous fluid. ...

As an embryo develops, the various abdominal organs grow into the abdominal cavity from structures in the abdominal wall. In this process they become enveloped in a layer of peritoneum. The growing organs "take their blood vessels with them" from the abdominal wall, and these blood vessels become covered by peritoneum, forming a mesentery. For other uses, see Embryo (disambiguation). ...

Clinical aspects

Pathology

• Pneumoperitoneum is the presence of gas within the peritoneal cavity, as may occur when a perforation forms in the stomach or intestines, and heralds a perilous situation.
• Peritonitis refers to inflammation of the peritoneal lining or cavity, as may occur with either a perforation or by spread of infection through the wall of one of the abdominal organs. This too is a serious condition, and often requires emergency surgery.
• Ascites is an accumulation of excess fluid within the peritoneal cavity.

Pneumoperitoneum is air or gas in the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity, usually seen on x-ray. ... An abscess on the skin, showing the redness and swelling characteristic of inflammation. ...

Peritoneal dialysis

In one form of dialysis, the peritoneal dialysis, a glucose solution is run through a tube into the peritoneal cavity. The fluid is left there for a prescribed amount of time to absorb waste products, and then removed through the tube. The reason for this effect is the high number of arteries and veins in the peritoneal cavity. Through the mechanism of diffusion, waste products are removed from the blood. Peritoneal dialysis In medicine, peritoneal dialysis is a method for removing waste such as urea and potassium from the blood, as well as excess fluid, when the kidneys are incapable of this (i. ... In medicine, dialysis is a type of renal replacement therapy which is used to provide an artificial replacement for lost kidney function due to renal failure. ... Peritoneal dialysis In medicine, peritoneal dialysis is a method for removing waste such as urea and potassium from the blood, as well as excess fluid, when the kidneys are incapable of this (i. ... diffusion (disambiguation). ...

Classification of abdominal structures

The structures in the abdomen are classified as intraperitoneal, retroperitoneal or infraperitoneal depending on whether they are covered with visceral peritoneum and have a mesentery or not. Retroperitoneal is an anatomical term that refers to the relationship of the contents of the abdominal cavity to the peritoneal space. ...

Structures that are intraperitoneal are generally mobile, while those that are retroperitoneal are relatively fixed in their location. In anatomy, the stomach is a bean-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. ... Diagram of the Human Intestine In anatomy of the digestive system, the jejunum is the central of the three divisions of the small intestine and lies between the duodenum and the ileum. ... Grays Fig. ... In anatomy of the digestive system, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube connecting the stomach to the jejunum. ... The cecum or caecum (from the Latin caecus meaning blind) is a pouch connected to the ascending colon of the large intestine and the ileum. ... In human anatomy, the vermiform appendix (or appendix, pl. ... In anatomy of the digestive system, the colon is the part of the intestine from the cecum to the rectum. ... The sigmoid colon is the part of the large intestine after the descending colon and before the rectum. ... In anatomy of the digestive system, the colon or large intestine or large bowel is the part of the intestine from the cecum to the rectum. ... The Descending Colon passes downward through the left hypochondriac and lumbar regions along the lateral border of the left kidney. ... The rectum (from the Latin rectum intestinum, meaning straight intestine) is the final straight portion of the large intestine in some mammals, and the gut in others, terminating in the anus. ... The rectum (from the Latin rectum intestinum, meaning straight intestine) is the final straight portion of the large intestine in some mammals, and the gut in others, terminating in the anus. ... The rectum (from the Latin rectum intestinum, meaning straight intestine) is the final straight portion of the large intestine in some mammals, and the gut in others, terminating in the anus. ... The pancreas is a gland organ in the digestive and endocrine systems of vertebrates[2]. It is both exocrine (secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes) and endocrine (producing several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin). ... The liver is an organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. ... The spleen is an organ located in the abdomen, where it functions in the destruction of old red blood cells and holding a reservoir of blood. ... The pancreas is a gland organ in the digestive and endocrine systems of vertebrates[2]. It is both exocrine (secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes) and endocrine (producing several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin). ... The kidneys are organs that filter wastes (such as urea) from the blood and excrete them, along with water, as urine. ... In mammals, the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped endocrine glands that sit atop the kidneys. ... Transverse section of ureter. ... Human kidneys viewed from behind with spine removed The renal arteries normally arise off the abdominal aorta and supply the kidneys with blood. ... In anatomy, the urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular, and distensible (or elastic) organ that sits on the pelvic floor in mammals. ... Transverse section of ureter. ... This article is about female reproductive anatomy. ... The Fallopian tubes, also known as oviducts, uterine tubes, and salpinges (singular salpinx) are two very fine tubes leading from the ovaries of female mammals into the uterus. ... // For ovary as part of plants see ovary (plants) An ovary is an egg-producing reproductive organ found in female organisms. ... The term gonadal artery is a generic term for a paired artery, with one arising from the abdominal aorta for each gonad. ...

Some structures, such as the kidneys, are "primarily retroperitoneal", while others such as the majority of the duodenum, are "secondarily retroperitoneal", meaning that structure developed intraperitoneally but lost its mesentery and thus became retroperitoneal. In anatomy, a mesentery is a part of the peritoneum that connects an internal organ, such as the small intestine, to the abdominal wall. ...

Etymology

Peritoneum is derived from Greek. Peri- means around, while -ton- refers to stretching. Thus, peritoneum means stretched around or stretched over.

Additional images

Bladder Image File history File links Illu_bladder. ...	Median sagittal section of pelvis, showing arrangement of fasciæ. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (650x615, 57 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Rectum Wikipedia:Grays Anatomy images with missing articles 9 Urogenital diaphragm Transversus perinei superficialis muscle List of...	Horizontal disposition of the peritoneum in the lower part of the abdomen. Image File history File links Gray1038. ...	Sagittal section through posterior abdominal wall, showing the relations of the capsule of the kidney. Image File history File links Gray1125. ...
Topography of thoracic and abdominal viscera. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (553x650, 118 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Liver Urinary bladder Stomach Peritoneum Cecum Small intestine Gallbladder Thoracic diaphragm Wikipedia:Grays Anatomy images with missing...	Horizontal disposition of the peritoneum in the upper part of the abdomen Image File history File links Gray1039. ... For the human abdomen, see human abdomen. ...

References

• Tortora, Gerard J., Anagnostakos, Nicholas P. (1984) Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, Harper & Row Publishers, New York ISBN 0-06-046656-1

External links

• SUNY Labs 37:03-0102
• Overview and diagrams at colostate.edu