The perpetual virginity of Mary is a doctrine of faith of Roman and Eastern Orthodox Catholic Christianity, as well of Islam, stating that Mary, the mother of Jesus, remained an actual virgin, implying both "virginal disposition" and "physical integrity", before, during, and after the birth of Jesus, and thus is titled ever-Virgin (in Greek ἀειπάρθενος). This included the conception and birth of Jesus, and the remainder of the life of Mary. God is believed to have arranged miracles in relation to the conception and birth, while Mary's own holiness and dedication to her role as the supposed mother of God are the basis for her having remained a virgin throughout her life. The word faith has various uses; its central meaning is similar to belief, trust or confidence, but unlike these terms, faith tends to imply a transpersonal rather than interpersonal relationship – with God or a higher power. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Pentecost is considered in Eastern Orthodoxy to be the birth of the Church. ... For other uses, including people named Islam, see Islam (disambiguation). ... Saint Mary and Saint Mary the Virgin both redirect here. ... In Roman times, Vestal Virgins were strictly celibate or they were punished by death. ... Jesus (8-2 BC/BCE — 29-36 AD/CE),[1] also known as Jesus of Nazareth, is the central figure of Christianity. ... God denotes the deity believed by monotheists to be the sole creator and ruler of the universe. ... According to many religions, a miracle, derived from the old Latin word miraculum meaning something wonderful, is a striking interposition of divine intervention by God in the universe by which the operations of the ordinary course of Nature are overruled, suspended, or modified. ...

Scope of belief

The Eastern Orthodox churches venerate Mary partly in relation to this doctrine, as do Catholics. Protestants such as Luther¹ and Zwingli believed that Mary remained virgin as well, without seeing that as a reason for veneration [1]. [2] Among modern-day Protestants, doctrinal (or official) belief is varied. Most Protestant churches do not have this doctrine. Among ecclesial communions which cleave to this doctrinal position, the actual faithful do not all give it their positive assent, which may be related to sociologists' observations that religion is now less important on a daily basis to the people than it was in earlier centuries. Research by many groups, including Christian Research, indicates that among both the clergy and the laity (in all branches of Christianity) belief in central Catholic tenets of the faith such as Virgin Birth or bodily Resurrection is highly variable: for example, among male clergy in the English Affirming Catholicism group less than 25% believe in the Virgin Birth^{[citation needed]}. Mary's perpetual virginity is also a doctrine of Islam, stated in the Qur'an. Eastern Orthodoxy (also called Greek Orthodoxy and Russian Orthodoxy) is a Christian tradition which represents the majority of Eastern Christianity. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... For images related to Martin Luther, his life and times, see also Images of Martin Luther. ... Zwinglis Successor Zwinglis successor, Heinrich Bullinger, was elected on December 9, 1531, to be the pastor of the Great Minster at Zürich, a position which he held to the end of his life (1575). ... Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given religion. ... In religious organizations, the laity comprises all lay persons collectively. ... Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as recounted in the Gospels. ... The Virgin Birth is a key doctrine of the Christian faith, and is also held to be true by Muslims (Quran 3. ... This article concerns itself with Jewish, Christian , Islamic and other religious interpretations of the concept of the resurrection of the dead. ... For other uses, including people named Islam, see Islam (disambiguation). ... The , (Arabic: recitation, also transliterated as Quran, Koran, and Al-Quran, Turkish Kuran), is the central religious text of Islam. ...

Spiritual significance of the doctrine

Those who do believe sing hymns and say prayers daily or weekly in relation to Mary, usually mentioning her perpetual virginity. In some modern spiritual writings, Mary's virginity is cited as a counter-example to current sexual mores. In spiritual writings more generally, her virginity is cited as an expression of holiness, devotion, and loving self-denial. In some of St. Augustine's writings he gives her virginity as an example of the mystery of God. Other spiritual writings have mentioned Mary's great humility, which is connected with the sparse mention of her in Scripture and with her willingness to be virginal in order to carry out a part of God's plan. Some writers give Mary as an example of spiritual integrity, of which her virginal integrity is a sign. Over the centuries, it has been a tradition for some of the faithful to consecrate themselves to God, partly by remaining virgins, which is called the "charism of virginity" (or "gift of virginity"). The term mores (IPA ) as used in sociology is a plural noun. ... Aurelius Augustinus, Augustine of Hippo, or Saint Augustine (November 13, 354 – August 28, 430) was one of the most important figures in the development of Western Christianity. ...

History and details of the doctrine

Earliest centuries

The virgin birth was, from post apostolic time, considered as hidden a mystery as the death of the Savior. "The virginity of Mary, her giving birth, and also the death of the Lord, were hidden from the prince of this world: — three mysteries loudly proclaimed, but wrought in the silence of God" (St. Ignatius of Antioch [3], died c. 107, Jurgens §42). Aristides of Athens ([4], [5]), c. 140, stated of Jesus: "He was born of a holy Virgin" (Jurgens §112). These elements of faith are, in this very early example, given some sense of equality, and the former thereby strongly affirmed in terms of the central event. The doctrine of perpetual virginity soon became a very important doctrine as well; among the Church fathers, Tertullian may be unusual in accepting the virgin birth (Jurgens §277) but also the notion of later childbearing by Mary (Jurgens §359). For other uses, see number 107. ... Events Pope Pius I succeeded Pope Hyginus. ... Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus, anglicized as Tertullian, (ca. ...

An apocryphal work, titled the Protoevangelium of James, believed to have been written c. 150, is concerned with the character and purity of Mary [6] and is thought to be consistent with her perpetual virginity because it claims that Joseph had children from a previous marriage prior to his marriage with Mary (chs. 7-8; see Origen, Commentary on Matthew, §10.17, assuming he refers to the same work); however, it does not explicitly assert perpetual virginity and the narrative ends with the birth of Jesus. The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... The Gospel of James also sometimes known as the Infancy Gospel of James or the Protevangelium of James probably written about AD 150. ... For other uses, see number 150. ...

Athanasius, in Orations against the Arians, II:70 written 362 refers in passing to Mary as "Mary Ever-Virgin", implying all three areas of virginity. Athanasius of Alexandria (also spelled Athanasios) was a Christian bishop of Alexandria in the fourth century. ... Events February 21 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. ...

The teaching of Jovinian, that as a virgin Mary conceived, but that the act of childbirth ended her physical virginity was rejected at a synod at Milan (390), presided over by Ambrose, which recalled the Apostles' Creed, "born of the Virgin Mary". St. Pope Siricius [7], wrote in 392 to the Bishop of Thessalonica: "Surely, we cannot deny that regarding the sons of Mary the statement is justly censured, and your holiness has rightly abhorred it, that from the same virginal womb, from which according to the flesh Christ was born, another offspring was brought forth" (Denziger §91). Jovinian, or Jovinianus, the Epicurus of Christianity according to his enemy Jerome, was condemned as a heretic at a synod convened in Milan by Ambrose, in 390. ... Events In response to the murder of his general Butheric, Theodosius I orders a massacre of the inhabitants of Thessalonica. ... Saint Ambrose, mosaic in church St. ... The Apostles Creed (Latin: Symbolum Apostolorum), sometimes titled Symbol of the Apostles, is an early statement of Christian belief, creed, or symbol. ... Events August 22 - Arbogast elevates Eugenius as Roman Emperor. ... This page is about the title or the Divine Person. For the Christian figure, see Jesus. ...

Jerome described Mary in relation to virginity in his famous essay Against Helvetius, ch. 21: Jerome (ca. ...

"But as we do not deny what is written, so we do reject what is not written. We believe that God was born of the Virgin, because we read it. That Mary was married after she brought forth, we do not believe, because we do not read it. Nor do we say this to condemn marriage, for virginity itself is the fruit of marriage; but because when we are dealing with saints we must not judge rashly. If we adopt possibility as the standard of judgment, we might maintain that Joseph had several wives because Abraham had, and so had Jacob, and that the Lord's brethren were the issue of those wives, an invention which some hold with a rashness which springs from audacity not from piety. You say that Mary did not continue a virgin: I claim still more, that Joseph himself on account of Mary was a virgin, so that from a virgin wedlock a virgin son was born. For if as a holy man he does not come under the imputation of fornication, and it is nowhere written that he had another wife, but was the guardian of Mary whom he was supposed to have to wife rather than her husband, the conclusion is that he who was thought worthy to be called father of the Lord, remained a virgin."

To Eustochium, Jerome wrote: "For me, virginity is consecrated in the persons of Mary and of Christ." He encouraged others to "[s]et before you the blessed Mary, whose surpassing purity made her meet to be the mother of the Lord."

Relevant scriptural citations

A partial list of common reference points:

• Isaiah 7:14 ("a virgin shall conceive..." although this translation is disputed by some.)
• Matthew 1:18 ("with child, of the Holy Ghost")
• Matthew 12:46 {"his mother and his brothers appeared outside, wishing to speak with him"}
• Matthew 13:55-56 {"Is not his mother named Mary and his brothers James, Joseph, Simon, and Judas? Are not his sisters all with us?"}
• Luke 1:27 ("the virgin's name was Mary")
• Luke 1:34 ("How shall this be done, because I know not man?")
• Luke 2:41-51 (No other children mentioned as Jesus and parents go to Jerusalem for the pasch)
• John 19:26 (Entrusted Mary to John not to a sibling.)

Jerusalem (Hebrew: Yerushalayim; Arabic: al-Quds; Greek Ιεροσόλυμα; Latin Aelia Capitolina) is an ancient Middle Eastern city on the watershed between the Mediterranean Sea and the Dead Sea at an elevation of 650-840 meters. ... Passover, also known as Pesach or Pesah (פסח pesaḥ), is a Jewish holiday (lasting seven days in Israel and among some liberal Diaspora Jews, and eight days among other Diaspora Jews) that commemorates the exodus and freedom of the Israelites from Egypt; it is also observed by some Christians to...

Continuity over time

In A.D. 649 (the Lateran Synod) a statement covering the three specific aspects of virginity — before, during, and after the birth of Jesus — was issued. St. Thomas Aquinas (d. 1274) taught (Summa Theologiae III.28.2), in reply to three objections based on logic and observed facts of nature, that Mary gave birth painlessly in miraculous fashion without opening of the womb and without injury to the hymen. Pope Paul IV affirmed the three-fold belief in an ecclesiastical constitution, Cum quorundam, August 7, 1555, at the Council of Trent (Denziger §993). The doctrine has been affirmed by the Roman Catholic Church as recently as the 1990s. [8] Events July 5 - Martin I becomes pope Arabs conquer Cyprus Reccaswinth succeeds his father Chindaswinth as king of the Visigoths. ... A saint is a term to refer to someone who is a holy person. ... Saint Thomas Aquinas [Thomas of Aquin, or Aquino] (c. ... Events May 7 - In France the Second Council of Lyons opens to consider the condition of the Holy Land and to agree to a union with the Byzantine church. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Illustration of the female sex organs with hymen The hymen (or maidenhead) is a ring of tissue around the vaginal orifice. ... Paul IV, né Giovanni Pietro Carafa (June 28, 1476 – August 18, 1559) was Pope from May 23, 1555 until his death. ... August 7 is the 219th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (220th in leap years), with 146 days remaining. ... Events Russia breaks 60 year old truce with Sweden by attacking Finland February 2 - Diet of Augsburg begins February 4 - John Rogers becomes first Protestant martyr in England February 9 - Bishop of Gloucester John Hooper is burned at the stake May 23 - Paul IV becomes Pope. ... The Council of Trent is the Nineteenth Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. ...

Expressed in iconography

In many icons, Mary's perpetual virginity is signified by three stars that appear on her left, her right, and above her or on her head. These three stars represent her virginity before giving birth, while giving birth, and after giving birth in iconography. Iconography usually refers to the design, creation, and interpretation of the symbolism within religious art. ...

Historical veracity

The doctrine is susceptible to historical inquiry. While the reformers and the body of the protestant creeds (e.g. the Second Helvetic Confession[9]) emphasize the virginity of Mary at Jesus' birth based on the biblical report, the Reformation principle of "sola scriptura" kept any reference to the tradition of perpetual virginity of Mary out of the Reformation creeds. While the virgin birth of Jesus was seen as important element of the divinity of Christ, there was a strong reaction on one side against the veneration of Mary and the other saints (seen as sacrilege, Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion I,12,3)[10], but also against an excessive elevation of the state of virginity and celibacy because this implied, they argued, a degradation of the holy creation order of marriage and led to an unbiblical and unbearable burden for many priests (Calvin: Institutes, IV,12,27-28)[11]. The reformers claimed support for their view not only in the Bible (see below) but also in the early church historians, and also referred to Chrysostom's preaching: "The first degree of chastity is pure virginity; the second, faithful marriage. Therefore, a chaste love of matrimony is the second species of virginity" (Chrysost. Hom. de Invent. Crucis). Accordingly, Protestants do not venerate Mary as they see her as a normal woman in need of redemption by Christ, although with a special role in redemptive history and with an exemplary faith; they attribute little importance to the question of her virginity after her giving birth to Jesus, although the most widespread protestant interpretation of the Bible is in favor of the plain reading of biblical texts like Matthew 13:54ff [12]. Helvetic Confessions, the name of two documents expressing the common belief of the Reformed churches of Switzerland. ... Sola scriptura (Latin By Scripture alone) is one of five important slogans of the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century. ... John Calvin (July 10, 1509 – May 27, 1564) was an important French Christian theologian during the Protestant Reformation and is the namesake of the system of Christian theology called Calvinism. ... Institutes of the Christian Religion is John Calvins seminal work on Protestant theology. ... Institutes of the Christian Religion is John Calvins seminal work on Protestant theology. ... John Chrysostom (347 - 407) was a notable Christian bishop and preacher from the 4th and 5th centuries in Syria and Constantinople. ...

Protestant interpretation [13] (also shared by some contemporary Roman Catholics: Meier §316-332) points to the New Testament references of Jesus' "brothers" and "sisters," who were known after the Crucifixion, especially among Christians in Jerusalem, as the Desposyni. This is cited as a basis for believing that Mary and Joseph, her spouse, had normal marital relations. Besides his mother Mary and his earthly father Joseph, the Desposyni included Jesus' unnamed sister or sisters, and his brothers James the Just, Joses, Simon and the "twin" Jude Thomas. That the books repeatedly refer to the "brothers of Jesus" are explained in Catholic tradition as other blood relatives (possibly children by an earlier marriage of Joseph for Eastern Orthodoxy or cousins for Roman Catholicism) or to relatives in a "spiritual" sense only, not literal brothers and a sister in the typical English connotation of the term. Protestants point especially to Matthew 1:25 that describes Jesus as "her firstborn son" and that Joseph "had no marital relations with her until she had borne a son" states that the virginity persisted until the birth of Jesus and seems to imply that they did have marital relations afterward. John 21:1 Jesus Appears to His Disciples--Alessandro Mantovani: the Vatican, Rome. ... Artistic depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus, whom they regard as a/the Christ. ... Jerusalem (Hebrew: Yerushalayim; Arabic: al-Quds; Greek Ιεροσόλυμα; Latin Aelia Capitolina) is an ancient Middle Eastern city on the watershed between the Mediterranean Sea and the Dead Sea at an elevation of 650-840 meters. ... The Desposyni (from Greek (desposunos) of or belonging to the master or lord[1]) was a sacred name reserved only for Jesus blood relatives. ... Joseph led his family to safety in Egypt to escape from Herod, as depicted by Lorenzo Monaco According to the Christian Gospel accounts Joseph of the House of David – in tradition also called Joseph the Betrothed and Saint Joseph – was the husband of Mary (Matthew 1:16) and the legal... Saint James the Just (יעקב Holder of the heel; supplanter; Standard Hebrew YaÊ¿aqov, Tiberian Hebrew Yaʿăqōḇ), also called James Adelphos or the Brother of the Lord and sometimes identified with James the Lesser, (died AD 62) was an important figure in Early Christianity. ... This entry discusses problems of the identity of Jude Thomas Didymus. ...

Catholics and Orthodox refer to the Old Testament law of "first borns" (Exodus 13, Numbers 18:15), which post-Temple Jews still adhere to in "redeeming" their first-borns in a "pidyon ha-ben." In this sense "first born" would include an only child. They also believe the Greek "heos", which was translated to "until" for lack of a better English word, does not imply that sexual relations began after the birth of Jesus. Catholics, and most Protestants, believe that the "coming together" prior to the birth of Jesus in Matthew 1:18 and 1:24 refers to the Old Testament and post-Temple Jewish rite of "home-taking" ("nisuin") which comes one year after a betrothal ("kuddushin"), said betrothal being legally binding, but an "actual but incomplete marriage." Exodus is the second book of the Torah (the Pentateuch) and also the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible), and the Christian Old Testament. ... The Book of Numbers is the fourth of the books of the Pentateuch, called in the Hebrew ba-midbar במדבר, i. ...

The Qur'an says Mary remained a virgin; for Christians this is not indicative as Muslim teaching related to Jesus and his family appears to draw from both orthodox Christian and Gnostic teachings of the time. The , (Arabic: recitation, also transliterated as Quran, Koran, and Al-Quran, Turkish Kuran), is the central religious text of Islam. ... Main article: Jesus Islam holds Jesus (Arabic: ‎ `Īsā) to have been a messenger and a prophet of God and the Masih. ...

See also

• Assumption of Mary
• Blessed Virgin Mary
• Immaculate Conception
• Theotokos
• Panagia
• Antidicomarianites, ancient sects who believed Jesus had siblings

The Assumption has been a subject of Christian art for centuries. ... Blessed Virgin Mary A traditional Catholic picture sometimes displayed in homes. ... Mary Immaculate This article refers to the dogma of the immaculate conception of Mary, Mother of Jesus. ... Theotokos of Kazan Theotokos (Greek Θεοτόκος) is a title of Mary, the mother of Jesus. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... The Antidicomarianites were an ancient Eastern sect which flourished about 200–400 CE, and which was so designated as being the opponents of Mary. ...

External references

• Catholic Answers: Brethren of the Lord
• Catholic Encyclopedia: Virginity; the Roman Catholic doctrine
• Catholic Encyclopedia: Mary, the Blessed Virgin, section on Perpetual Virginity of Mary
• Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae: III.28.2
• Mariology.com
• St. Jerome on the Perpetual Virginity of Mary

Footnotes

¹ Luther in Works 45, 206f: Scripture does not quibble or speak about the virginity of Mary after the birth of Christ, a matter about which the hypocrites are greatly concerned, as if it were something of the utmost importance on which our whole salvation depended. Actually, we should be satisfied simply to hold that she remained a virgin after the birth of Christ because Scripture does not state or indicate that she later lost her virginity... But the Scripture stops with this, that she was a virgin before and at the birth of Christ; for up to this point God had need of her virginity in order to give us the promised blessed seed without sin. ² Lower range from Protoevangelium of St. James, from "The Orthodox Web Site for information about the faith, life and worship of the Orthodox Church", [14], retrieved 14 June 2004; Mary, Ever Virgin, from "Catholic Answers",[15], retrieved 14 June 2004 (suggests ca. 120 authorship). Later date commonly mentioned in other sources. For other uses, see number 120. ...

Bibliography

• Ludwig Ott, Fundamentals of Catholic Dogma, 1955.
• Jurgens, Faith of the Early Fathers.
• Douay-Rhiems Bible.
• Thomas Dubay, S.M., ...And You Are Christ's, 1987, ISBN 0898701619
• J.P. Meier, A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, Vol. 1 (New York: Doubleday, 1991)