NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Perpetual war

Perpetual war is a war with no clear ending conditions. It also describes a situation of ongoing tension that seems likely to escalate at any moment, similar to the Cold War. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... For other uses, see War (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ...

In past history

Examples of wars that seemed perpetual during their course included the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453), Eighty Years' War (1568–1648), the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), the Crusades (a series of nine related episodes over a long period 1095–1291), and the Northern Crusades (beginning 1193 and ongoing through the 16th century). Combatants France Castile Scotland Genoa Majorca Bohemia Crown of Aragon Brittany England Burgundy Brittany Portugal Navarre Flanders Hainaut Aquitaine Luxembourg Holy Roman Empire The Hundred Years War was a conflict between France and England, lasting 116 years from 1337 to 1453. ... Combatants Dutch rebels Spanish Empire The Eighty Years War, or Dutch Revolt (1568[1]â€“1648), was the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Netherlands against the Spanish (Habsburg) Empire. ... Combatants Sweden (from 1630) Bohemia Denmark-Norway (1625-1629) Dutch Republic France Scotland England Saxony Holy Roman Empire ( Catholic League) Spain Austria Bavaria Denmark-Norway (1643-1645) Commanders Frederick V Buckingham Leven Gustav II Adolf â€ Johan Baner Cardinal Richelieu Louis II de Bourbon Turenne Christian IV of Denmark Bernhard of... This article is about the medieval crusades. ... The Teutonic knights in Pskov in 1240. ...

In recent history

The Cold War, lasting almost 50 years, is an example of such a war, although largely fought by the major powers through a large number of small proxy wars, where the major powers provided aid to various local factions engaged in so-called "wars of national liberation". When the major powers became directly involved, as the U.S. in the war in Vietnam, or the Soviet Union in Afghanistan, the results were generally a disaster for the major power. Another example of protracted conflict were the Indochina Wars, wherein Vietnamese forces fought from 1947 until 1979 against a variety of external foes (including Japan, France, the United States, Cambodia, and China) as well against other Vietnamese factions. For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... A proxy war is a war where two powers use third parties as a supplement or a substitute for fighting each other directly. ... Combatants Republic of Vietnam United States Republic of Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam Peopleâ€™s Republic of China Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Strength US 1,000,000 South Korea 300,000 Australia 48,000... The Indochina Wars refers to wars of national liberation that erupted in the wake of World War II, fought in Southeast Asia from 1947 until 1979, between nationalist Vietnamese against French, American, and Chinese forces. ...

The dispute over Kashmir between India and Pakistan, and over various Himalayan regions between China and India, ongoing since 1947 in the former case and 1962 in the latter, have led to the formation of the line of control and the Line of Actual Control respectively. Along these theaters the armed forces of the involved countries stand in continuous preparedness on such battlegrounds as the Siachen glacier. Major flare-ups from time to time have resulted in the Indo-Pakistani Wars and the Sino-Indian War. Kashmir (or Cashmere) may refer to: Kashmir region, the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent India, Kashmir conflict, the territorial dispute between India, Pakistan, and the China over the Kashmir region. ... Shown in green is the Kashmiri region under Pakistani control. ... Line of Actual Control is the current border dividing Indian and Chinese occupied zones in the contested territories after the 1962 Sino-Indian War. ... The Siachen Glacier is located in the eastern Karakoram range in the Himalaya Mountains along the disputed India-Pakistan border at approximately . ... Since both nations achieved independence in August 1947, there have been three major wars and one minor war between India and Pakistan. ... Combatants China India Commanders Zhang Guohua[4] Brij Mohan Kaul Strength 80,000[5][6] Casualties Killed 1,460 (Chinese sources)[7] None captured[8][9][10][11] Wounded 1,697[7] Killed 3,128 (Indian sources)[12] Captured 3,968[2] Wounded 548[13] The Sino-Indian War (Simplified...

The Arab-Israeli Conflict has been a continuous issue since 1948. Disputes between Jews and their Arab neighbors in the area go back at least to the early twentieth century. Combatants Arab nations Israel Arab-Israeli conflict series History of the Arab-Israeli conflict Views of the Arab-Israeli conflict International law and the Arab-Israeli conflict Arab-Israeli conflict facts, figures, and statistics Participants Israeli-Palestinian conflict Â· Israel-Lebanon conflict Â· Arab League Â· Soviet Union / Russia Â· Israel, Palestine and the... Year 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ...

Ever since the end of the second world war, Japan and Russia remain in a state of war; due to the Kuril Islands dispute, there was never a peace agreement ending the war due to the dispute. Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... The Kuril Islands with the disputed islands highlighted The Kuril Island conflict is a dispute between Japan and Russia over sovereignty over the southernmost Kuril Islands. ...

In current events

Through more than fifty years of cease-fire, the North Korean government has promoted a military-centered culture on the grounds that war with the United States is imminent.^{[citation needed]} North Korea, officially the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (DPRK; Korean: Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk; Hangul: 조선민주주의인민공화국; Hanja: 朝鮮民主主義人民共和國), is a country in eastern Asia...

Robert Fisk, a British journalist and critic of Western policies in the Middle East, conjectures^[1] that recent Western conflicts against the Middle East after the end of the Cold War have been part of a new perpetual war. He suggests that U.S. President George Bush launched attacks on Iraq, Sudan, and Afghanistan to distract the population from his domestic political problems, and points out that despite victorious claims after the first Gulf War that Saddam Hussein had been "defanged," he was again the target of Western war-making in 2003. Robert Fisk during a lecture at Carleton University, Canada, 2004 Robert Fisk (born July 12, 1946 in Maidstone, Kent) is a British journalist and is currently a Middle East correspondent for the British newspaper The Independent. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ...

Many critics suggest that the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States were all that was needed as a pretense for the U.S. government to launch an "eternal" War on Terrorism. These critics draw support for this idea from the 2006 Quadrennial Defense Review Report that labeled the U.S. War on Terrorism as a "long war". Support for this theory is also found in the fact that terrorism is a tactic, not a physical target that can be fought and defeated.^{[citation needed]} A sequential look at United Flight 175 crashing into the south tower of the World Trade Center The September 11, 2001 attacks (often referred to as 9/11â€”pronounced nine eleven or nine one one) consisted of a series of coordinated terrorist[1] suicide attacks upon the United States, predominantly... This article is about U.S. actions, and those of other states, after September 11 2001. ... The Long War was fought between the Habsburgs and the Ottoman Empire from 1593 to 1606, mostly in the Balkans. ... Terrorist redirects here. ... A tactic is a method employed to help achieve a certain goal. ...

Critics have used the term "perpetual war" in reference to non-military "wars" like Ronald Reagan's War on Drugs, Lyndon B. Johnson's War on Poverty, Richard Nixon's War on Cancer. Reagan redirects here. ... Massive mark-ups for drugs, areas/drugs/index. ... LBJ redirects here. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Nixon redirects here. ... War on Cancer was a term used by President Richard Nixon in 1971 to describe efforts by the United States to develop methods to diagnose, prevent and treat cancer and was announced along with the enactment of the National Cancer Act. ...

In socieconomics and politics

Some analysts, such as Noam Chomsky, posit that a state of perpetual war is an aid to (and is promoted by) the powerful members of dominant political and economic classes, helping maintain their positions of economic and political superiority. Avram Noam Chomsky (Hebrew: ××‘×¨× × ×•×¢× ×—×•×ž×¡×§×™) (born December 7, 1928) is an American linguist, philosopher, political activist, author, and lecturer. ...

Some have also suggested that entering a state of perpetual war becomes progressively easier in a modern democratic republic such as the United States due to the continuing development of interlocking relationships between those who benefit directly from war and the large and powerful companies that indirectly benefit and shape the presentation of the effects and consequences of war (i.e., the formation of a military-industrial complex). For other uses, see Democracy (disambiguation). ... Look up republic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... President Dwight Eisenhower famously referred to the military-industrial complex in his farewell address. ...

There has been some criticism from anti-war activists and Bush critics, for example, that the Bush administration's ties to Halliburton influenced the decision to go to war in Iraq and Afghanistan. These claims have been pointedly rejected by the George W. Bush White House. For other uses, see Haliburton. ...

However, the concept of a military-industrial complex was first suggested by President Eisenhower and the idea that military action can be seen as a form of market-creation goes at least as far back as the publication of War Is a Racket. The economic make-up of the 5th century BC Athens-led Delian League also bears resemblance to the economic ramifications of preparing for perpetual war (such as that seen in North Korea, with satellite states to contribute resources). President Dwight Eisenhower famously referred to the military-industrial complex in his farewell address. ... War is a Racket (1935) is a short work by former U.S. Marine Brigadier General Smedley Darlington Butler, where Butler discusses how business interests have commercially benefited from warfare. ... The 5th century BC started the first day of 500 BC and ended the last day of 401 BC. // The Parthenon of Athens seen from the hill of the Pnyx to the west. ... Delian League (Athenian Empire), right before the Peloponnesian War in 431 BC. Corcyra was not part of the League The Delian League was an association of Greek city-states in the 5th century BC. It was led by Athens. ...

In literature

The 1948 novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell was written from the viewpoint of a citizen of one of three fictional world-dominating superstates. These nations are in a state of perpetual war with each other. The state of war is used by each of the states to justify the control of their populations using Stalinist or other methods. By artificially creating fear and hate of an enemy, the actual existence of which is never made completely certain, the governments provided an excuse for their failures and, in the case of Oceania, enforced obedience to Big Brother. Moreover, eternal war formed the bedrock of the economy, as people could be kept busy manufacturing goods that would not improve their living standards, but would instead be destroyed on the battlefields. Thus perpetual war not only kept the population busy, it also encouraged a "siege mentality" in which hatred of the enemy and love for the government's protection were social norms. Year 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the Orwell novel. ... Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 [1] [2] â€“ 21 January 1950), better known by the pen name George Orwell, was an English author and journalist. ... A superstate is an agglomeration of nations, often linguistically and ethnically diverse, under a single political-administrative structure. ... Stalinism is a brand of political theory, and the political and economic system implemented by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union. ... Big Brother as portrayed in the BBCs 1954 production of Nineteen Eighty-Four. ... A siege mentality is a shared feeling of helplessness, victimization and defensiveness. ...

In fictional universes

In the science-fiction/fantasy universe of Warhammer 40,000, the Imperium of Man has been at war for over 10,000 years against numerous alien races and human traitor factions. Warhammer 40,000 (informally known as Warhammer 40K, WH40K, W40K or just 40K) is a science fantasy game produced by Games Workshop. ... The Imperium of Man is a fictional galactic empire that contains the majority of humanity, set in the Warhammer 40K universe created by Games Workshop. ...

In "Passport to Sirius" Robert Silverberg wrote of a future Earth with endless, but totally fictitious distant space wars. Their purpose was to regulate consumer spending. The idea was that people would buy more (thus increasing production) when the news was bad, and less (thus controlling inflation) when the news was good. At the 63rd World Science Fiction Convention in Glasgow, August 2005 Robert Silverberg (January 15, 1935, Brooklyn, New York) is a prolific American author best known for writing science fiction, a multiple winner of both the Hugo and Nebula Awards. ...

In the science-fiction/ sentai manga Cyborg 009, the main antagonist is the Black Ghost Organization, a secretive collection of world leaders and arms dealers whose goal is to create a perpetual World War in order to continuously sell their prototype weapons of mass destruction, without fear of there ever being the "threat" of world peace. Cyborg 009 (ã‚µã‚¤ãƒœãƒ¼ã‚°ï¼ï¼ï¼™ SaibÅgu Zero-Zero-Nain) is a manga created by Shotaro Ishinomori and serialized in the manga magazine Shonen Magazine and ShÅjo Comic in Japan. ... A world war is a war affecting the majority of the worlds major nations. ...

In BBC TV's Doctor Who - Genesis of the Daleks - The Kaleds and the Thals are in a state of perpetual war for 1000 years. All types of weapons were in use - Chemical, Biological and Nuclear, causing some inhabitants to become mutants (Mutos). The Daleks came about as a result of the Kaled Scientist Davros discovering what the eventual fate of the Kaled race was to be and creating a survival suit for their eventual form, eventually corrupting this project by creating a race of creatures that were answerable to no one, eventually not even Davros. This article is about the television series. ... Genesis of the Daleks is a serial in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was originally broadcast in six weekly parts from March 8 to April 12, 1975. ... The Kaleds (or Dals) are a fictional race of humanoid aliens from the British science fiction television series Doctor Who and the forebears of the Daleks. ... The Thals are a fictional race of humanoid aliens from the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, originating on the planet Skaro. ... For the Big Finish Audio of the same name, see Davros (Doctor Who audio). ...

In Doctor Who, the Sontaran Empire and Rutan Host have waged an interstellar war against each other for millenia. This article is about the television series. ... The Sontarans are a fictional extraterrestrial race from the British science fiction television series Doctor Who. ... The Rutan Host, or Rutans are a fictional extraterrestrial race from the British science fiction television series Doctor Who. ...

The Forever War by Joe Haldeman depicts an interstellar war between humans and aliens, who do not succeed to communicate and end the fighting until over a millennia has gone by in constant warfare. In the meantime, the human race comes under control of an autocratic military buereaucracy, and is eventually changed into a race of clones. For the related comic series of the same name, see The Forever War (comics). ... Joseph William Haldeman is an American science fiction author. ...

In the 1960 film version of The Time Machine by H. G. Wells, when the Traveller George, gets to the far future, he finds out that the world ends up like it is (divided into the Morlocks and the Eloi) due to an atomic war that lasted over 300 years (since 1960) until the last factory that produced oxygen was destroyed in an attack. Then some survivors went underground to eventually become the Morlocks and others survived above ground to become the Eloi. The Time Machine is a novel by H. G. Wells, first published in 1895, later made into two films of the same title. ... Herbert George Wells (September 21, 1866 â€“ August 13, 1946), better known as H. G. Wells, was an English writer best known for such science fiction novels as The Time Machine, The War of the Worlds, The Invisible Man, The First Men in the Moon and The Island of Doctor Moreau. ...

In the 2000AD comic strip Rogue Trooper the Southers are committed to a perpetual war against the Norts on the planet of Nu-Earth. The war included biological and chemical weapons and so polluted the planet that the Southers created the Genetic Infantry who could fight on the planet without the need for protective suits. (Redirected from 2000AD) Note: This is an article about the British comic book 2000 AD, rather than the year 2000 2000 AD logo 2000 AD is a weekly British science fiction oriented comic. ... // 2000 AD prog 228, the first appearance of Rogue Trooper Rogue Trooper is a science fiction strip in the British comic 2000 AD, created by Gerry Finley-Day and Dave Gibbons. ... // Nu-Earth is the name of a planet near 2 suns and a wormhole that is the main setting for the Rogue Trooper fictional universe. ...

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