A diary or journal is a book for writing discrete entries arranged by date reporting on what has happened over the course of a day or other period. Such logs play a role in many aspects of human civilization, including governmental, business ledgers, and military records. In more personal diaries, the writer may detail crushes or complaints. Look up diary in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... An appointment diary A personal organizer, day planner, or personal planner is a small book/binder usually containing a calendar, address book, and notebook paper. ... For other uses, see Book (disambiguation). ... “Write” redirects here. ... A date in a calendar is a reference to a particular day represented within a calendar system. ... Look up log in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A ledger (from the English dialect forms liggen or leggen, to lie or lay; in sense adapted from the Dutch substantive logger), is the principal book for recording transactions. ... A service record is a collection of either electronic or printed material which provides a record and history of a persons activities and accomplishments while serving as a member of a given organization. ... Look up Limerence in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Diaries by type and function

Diaries run the spectrum from business notations, to listings of weather and daily personal events, through to inner exploration of the human psyche, a place to express one's deepest self, or record one's thoughts and ideas. In economics, a business is a legally-recognized organizational entity existing within an economically free country designed to sell goods and/or services to consumers, usually in an effort to generate profit. ... For the geological process, see Weathering or Erosion. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... Freedom of speech is the right to freely say what one pleases, as well as the related right to hear what others have stated. ... Freedom of thought (also called freedom of conscience and freedom of ideas) is the freedom of an individual to hold or consider a fact, viewpoint, or thought, regardless of anyone elses view. ...

Some use the words "diary" and "journal" interchangeably while others apply strict differences to journals, diaries and the practice of journaling (dated vs. undated, inner focused vs. outer focused, sporadic entries vs. regular entries, etc.). While traditionalist preferred the use of the term diary, the current preference (based on book and article titles) is to use the word "journal." The phrase "journaling" is often used to describe such hobby writing, similar to the term "scrapbooking." This article is about the journal as a written medium. ... A hobby is a spare-time recreational pursuit. ... Scrapbooking is a method for preserving a legacy of written history in the form of photographs, printed media, and memorabilia contained in decorated albums, or scrapbooks. ...

Some diarists think of their diaries as a special friend, even going so far as to name them. For example, Anne Frank called her diary "Kitty". There is a strong psychological effect of having an audience for one's self-expression, a personal space, or a "listener," even if this is the book one writes in, only read by oneself. Friedrich Kellner, a justice inspector in the Third Reich, thought of his diary as a weapon for any future fight against tyrants and terrorism, and he fittingly named it "Mein Widerstand" - "My Opposition." The German word Tagebücher (a literal translation being 'day book') is normally rendered as diary in English, thus leading to what are really work books being included as diaries; the notebooks of the Austrian writer Robert Musil being an example of this. Annelies Marie Anne Frank ( ) (June 12, 1929 – early March, 1945) was a European Jewish girl (born in Germany, stateless since 1941, but she claimed to be Dutch as she grew up in the Netherlands) who wrote a diary while in hiding with her family and four friends in Amsterdam during... Friedrich Kellner in Kaisers army 1914 During the First World War Friedrich Kellner was a soldier in a Hessian infantry regiment fighting in the trenches in France, getting wounded for Kaiser and Fatherland. ... My Opposition (German: ) is a diary secretly written by the German social democrat Friedrich Kellner (1885 - 1970) during World War II to describe life under Nazi Germany and to expose the propaganda and the crimes of the Nazi dictatorship. ... Robert Musil (November 6, 1880, Klagenfurt, Austria – April 15, 1942, Geneva, Switzerland) was an Austrian writer. ...

Social aspects

As known forms of personal information management, diaries and personal journals are part of the culture and may be appropriated by individuals in imitation of what they observe. However, social influence can play a large role in this process. Schools or parents may teach or require diary-keeping. There are husbands and wives, brothers and sisters, etc., who have journaled in various forms of tandem. There are numerous examples of diarist families as well, including those of Sir Walter Scott, Bronson Alcott, Leo Tolstoy and Henry James.

History

The word diary comes from the Latin diarium ("daily allowance", from dies, "day", more often in the plural form diaria). The word journal comes from the same root (diurnus, "of the day") through Old French jurnal (modern French for day is jour). For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... Old French was the Romance dialect continuum spoken in territories corresponding roughly to the northern half of modern France and parts of modern Belgium and Switzerland from around 1000 to 1300. ...

The oldest extant diaries come from East Asian cultures, pillowbooks of Japanese court ladies and Asian travel journals being some of the oldest surviving specimens of this genre of writing. The 9th century scholar Li Ao, for example, kept a diary of his journey through southern China. This article lacks information on the importance of the subject matter. ... For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation). ... As a means of recording the passage of time the 9th century was the century that lasted from 801 to 900. ... Lǐ Áo 李翱, styled Xizhi 习之 (772-841) was a Tang Dynasty philosopher and scholar. ...

Sales of "page a day" diaries go back hundreds of years (Letts, for example, is over 200 years old). At first, most of these books were used as ledgers, or business books. Samuel Pepys is the earliest diarist who is well-known today, although he had contemporaries who were also keeping diaries, such as John Evelyn. Pepys also was apparently at a turning point in diary history, for he took it beyond mere business transaction notation, into the realm of the personal. Letts may be the town Letts, Iowa a diary brand an alternative name for Latvians a residence hall at American University This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... A ledger (from the English dialect forms liggen or leggen, to lie or lay; in sense adapted from the Dutch substantive logger), is the principal book for recording transactions. ... Samuel Pepys, FRS (23 February 1633 – 26 May 1703) was an English naval administrator and Member of Parliament, who is now most famous for his diary. ... John Evelyn. ...

Until, it seems, around the turn of the 20th century, with greater literacy and industrialization throughout the globe, particularly the Western world, diary writing was mostly limited to the members of the higher social classes. In the West, at least, a high proportion of historical and literary figures from the Renaissance to the 20th century seem to have kept a diary. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... Occident redirects here. ... Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions between individuals or groups in societies or cultures. ... Occident redirects here. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...

Tristine Rainer's 1978 The New Diary expanded awareness of diary-keeping as a literary genre, particularly among feminists. Acknowledging key figures in the resurgence of diary writing such as Carl Jung, Marion Milner, Ira Progoff and Anaïs Nin, she identified techniques that people use either spontaneously or have employed in their daily writing to explore themselves and their experience of the world. Rainer's idea, as expressed in the title, is that a diary is much more than a dry record of weather or daily events—it allows the writer to communicate deep and often spiritual realizations. Social historians were particularly interested in this, as it expanded greatly the number of historical texts available to them. Feminists redirects here. ... Jung redirects here. ... Ira Progoff (1921-1998) was an American psychotherapist, best known for his development of the Intensive Journal Method while at Drew University. ... Anaïs Nin in the mid-1970s. ... Å…Social history is an area of historical study considered by some to be a social science that attempts to view historical evidence from the point of view of developing social trends. ... Historiography studies the processes by which historical knowledge is obtained and transmitted. ...

In the United States during the 1990s, various K-12 educators used a variety of journals across subject areas to encourage and document student progress, including pre-literate picture journals and "math journals" to aid in developing mathematical concepts in an individualized way, in accordance with Lev Vygotsky's concepts of instructional scaffolding. Another popular adaptation of the diary is the personal use of time management tools such as the Filofax or Franklin Planner. K-12 (Pronounced Kay through twelve or just Kay twelve) is the North American designation for primary and secondary education. ... For other meanings of mathematics or uses of math and maths, see Mathematics (disambiguation) and Math (disambiguation). ... Lev Vygotsky Lev Semenovich Vygotsky (Лев Семенович Выготский) (November 17 (November 5 Old Style), 1896 – June 11, 1934) was a Soviet developmental psychologist and the founder of the Cultural-historical psychology. ... Instructional Scaffolding is the provision of sufficient supports to promote learning when concepts and skills are being first introduced to students. ... Time management is straightforwardly defined as the management of time in order to make the most out of it. ... filoFAX is a company based in the UK that produces a range of personal organisers that are traditionally leather bound and have a six-ring loose-leaf binder system. ... The Franklin Planner is a time management system marketed by the Franklin-Covey company, largely designed and promoted by Stephen Covey. ...

Appeal

Qualities that some find appealing regarding diaries include that anyone can write one; the only educational prerequisite is literacy, with proper spelling and grammar not required. The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of using a specific writing system to write the language. ... For the rules of English grammar, see English grammar and Disputes in English grammar. ...

The word "diary" has fallen into disrepute in recent decades. The modern Western stereotype of a diary is a record kept by teenage girls, usually concerning such matters as school, parents, and immature attempts at romantic liaisons. For many years, the only inexpensive diaries on the market featured pastel covers with naively romantic cover art and flimsy locks and keys, thus perpetuating this illusion. However, this type of diary and the accompanying cultural associations did not exist until the 1940s. Many people now prefer the word "journal" so as to avoid this stereotype and to expand the diary's use beyond a mere catalog of events. A separate article is about the punk band called The Adolescents. ... For other uses, see Girl (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see illusion (disambiguation). ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Keeping a record of one's daily life provides the diarist with a tool with which to "time travel" to times gone by, providing a snapshot of past thoughts, feelings, and life events. In this case, the diary or journal can be used not only as a tool to fuel nostalgia, but also as a cure for nostalgia; if one feels nostalgic for certain times gone by, then he or she may use the journal to see his or her perspective of those times as they were being experienced, perhaps casting light upon negative features that the diarist had previously overlooked due to idealism. Time travel is a concept that has long fascinated humanity—whether it is Merlin experiencing time backwards, or religious traditions like Mohammeds trip to Jerusalem and ascent to heaven, returning before a glass knocked over had spilt its contents. ... One may feel nostalgic for the familiar routine of school, conveniently forgetting the painful experiences such as bullying. ... This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedias quality standards. ...

Healing

See also: List of writing techniques and List of books on diaries and journals

In the 1960s Ira Progoff pioneered the use of diaries in psychotherapy, publishing on his Intensive Journal Method in 1975. Rainer and Progoff's work helped to increase the use of journals in personal or psychotherapy, and a small library of books on various journal techniques, into the present day. The Intensive Journal Method is the most famous, but there are dozens, mostly building on techniques mentioned or described by Progoff and Rainer. Many of these books focus on using the journal or diary for "self-awareness", "finding your true self", and healing from any number of personal troubles (including physical illness and trauma). Popular among creative writers, several of these entered into the formal teaching of composition as "prewriting" techniques or adapted for notetaking. The literature on journalling and creative writing has generated various writing techniques to encourage self-discovery and self-expression for those who may wish to expand their techniques or address issues of writers block. ... This article is intended to be a chronological list of books on diaries and journals, including how-to, self-help and discussions of the diary or journal as a genre of literature. ... The 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969. ... Psychotherapy is an interpersonal, relational intervention used by trained psychotherapists to aid clients in problems of living. ... Intensive Journal Method The Intensive Journal Method is psychotherapeutic technique largely developed by 1966 at Drew University and popularized by Dr. Ira Progoff (1921-1998). ... Creative writing is a term used to distinguish certain imaginative or different types of writing from technical writing. ... A mind map connects ideas together visually Notetaking is the practice of writing pieces of information, often in an informal or unstructured manner. ...

Internet diaries

Main article: Online diary

As Internet access has become commonly available, people have adopted it as another medium with which to chronicle their lives with the added dimension of an audience (negating, to some, the very definition of diary). The first online diary is thought to be Claudio Pinhanez's "Open Diary", published at the MIT Media Lab website from 14 November 1994 until 1996.^[1] Other early online diarists include Justin Hall, who began eleven years of personal online diary-writing in 1994, ^[2], Carolyn Burke, who started publishing "Carolyn's Diary"^[3] on 3 January 1995, and Bryon Sutherland, who announced his diary The Semi-Existence of Bryon in a USENET newsgroup on On 19 April 1995 ^[4]. An online diary is a personal diary or journal that is published on the world wide web on a personal website or a diary hosting website. ... An online diary is a personal diary or journal that is published on the world wide web on a personal website or a diary hosting website. ... The building interior near the entrance The MIT Media Lab in the School of Architecture and Planning at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology engages in education and research in the digital technology used for expression and communication. ... Justin Hall, 2007 Justin Hall (born December 16, 1974 in Chicago, Illinois), is an American freelance journalist who is best known as a pioneer blogger (internet-based diarist), and for writing reviews from game conferences such as E3 and the Tokyo Game Show. ... Usenet (USEr NETwork) is a global, decentralized, distributed Internet discussion system that evolved from a general purpose UUCP architecture of the same name. ...

The number of people publishing web journals grew quickly. Initially the practice was limited to people who had both Internet access and a familiarity with HTML. Several diverse communities of web diarists eventually developed. HTML, short for Hypertext Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for web pages. ...

Blogs

Web-based services soon appeared to streamline and automate online publishing, but the great explosion in personal storytelling came with the emergence of weblogs, or "blogs." While the format first focused on external links and topical commentary, widespread weblog tools were quickly used to create web journals, thought of as short, spontaneous entries rather than crafted essays. The weblog community was more naturally comfortable with networking and linking, creating an online community. As had been the case in the web-diarist community, there were cliques and protests over a supposed A-list of authors. Like online journals, "personal weblogs" are frequently maligned in the broader weblog community as a form of "navel gazing". Electronic publishing can refer to the publication of ebooks and electronic articles, and the development of digital libraries. ... This article is about a type of web application. ... This article is about social groups, for other uses see Clique (disambiguation). ... The A-list is the roster of the most bankable movie stars in Hollywood. ... Hesychasts ($1v(acrai or ilaux4ovres, from avxos, quiet, also called &ﾵc/mMﾑlivxoe, Umbilicanimi, and sometimes referred to as Euchites, Massalians or Palamites), a quietistic sect which arose, during the later period of the Byzantine empire, among the monks of the Greek church, especially at Mount Athos, then at the...

Some weblog services are small and offer simply a way to publish one's writing, while others have become true communities offering opportunities for feedback and communication with fellow diarists. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Feedback loop. ...

A study of blogging in the United States, released by the Pew Internet & American Life Project in July 2006, found that 12 million adults (8% of U.S. Internet users; 4% of the U.S. population) kept blogs, while 57 million adults (39% of Internet users) read blogs. Thirty-seven percent of bloggers used blogs as personal journals, but 50% said their major reason for blogging was to record their personal experience; 54% were under age 30; men and women used blogs equally; 60% were white, while 74% of all American users of the Internet were white.^[5] This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Journal writing software

While some people use standard word processing software to keep electronic journals or diaries there are computer programs that are designed specifically for journal writing. Many have templates for daily, weekly, monthly or random entries. These programs have been designed to allow journal and diary writers to capture their thoughts as well as images, links or other notable information easily and in one location. It should be remembered that all such software is an aid in the keeping of a journal or diary and not the actual creation of it. A number of these programs offer the ability to post journal entries to Blogs. Some examples of journal & diary software are: LifeJournal, MacJournal, WinJournal & Alpha Journal. Some organizer software like Outlook and GoBinder have the ability to make diary entries. A word processor (also more formally known as a document preparation system) is a computer application used for the production (including composition, editing, formatting, and possibly printing) of any sort of viewable or printed material. ... A computer program is a collection of instructions that describe a task, or set of tasks, to be carried out by a computer. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... MacJournal is Journaling & Bloging software originally developed for Macintosh Mac OS 8 and now for Mac OS X. It is published by Mariner Software. ... WinJournal is Journaling & Blogging software developed for Microsoft Windows Vista, XP, 2003 Server, 2000. ... Screenshot of Outlook 2003 Microsoft Outlook is a personal information manager from Microsoft, and is part of the Microsoft Office. ... GoBinder is a Windows based mobile content organizer for students. ...

Travel journals

Main article: Travel journal

A travel journal, or road journal, is an initialliy blank book carried by a traveler for the purpose of documenting a journey. Clippings, tokens, or tickets may be included as they are collected. The journal may also include notes written by acquaintances. A travel journal, or road journal or travelogue , is an initially blank book carried by a traveler for the purpose of documenting a journey. ...

Workout journals

A workout journal, or exercise tracker, is a journal where one registers what kind of workouts one has done. One usually also writes down the length of workout and writes a comment about the workout. Workout journals can also be online; one might be able to share experiences and find new workout partners.

Audio journals

An audio journal records the spoken word instead of the written word. Some people use tape recorders or voice recorders to document their life. There is also a company called LifeOnRecord that allows people to make a journal entry by making a call from any phone. Those recordings can then be preserved onto CD. LifeOnRecord is a service that allows subscribers to make voice recordings from any phone, and preserve those recordings electronically and save them to CD. The service is part of an emerging trend dubbed by TrendWatching as Life Caching. ...

Unusual Diaries

Some officer cadets at the Royal Military College of Canada wrote their diary on their t-square in india ink. The Royal Military College of Canada Museum retains examples of college diaries from the 1890s. Officer Cadet is a rank held by military cadets during their training to become commissioned officers. ... The Royal Military College of Canada (RMC), is the military academy of the Canadian Forces and is a full degree-granting university. ... == c programming[[a--203. ... A T-square is a technical drawing instrument primarily a guide for drawing horizontal lines on a drafting table. ...

See also

• Inventor's notebook
• Escribitionist
• List of writing techniques
• List of books on diaries and journals
• List of diarists
• List of dream diaries
• List of fictional diaries

An inventors notebook is used by inventors, scientists and engineers to record their ideas, invention process, experimental tests and results and observations. ... An escribitionist is a person who keeps a diary or journal via electronic means, and in particular, publishes their entries on the web. ... The literature on journalling and creative writing has generated various writing techniques to encourage self-discovery and self-expression for those who may wish to expand their techniques or address issues of writers block. ... This article is intended to be a chronological list of books on diaries and journals, including how-to, self-help and discussions of the diary or journal as a genre of literature. ... This is a list of diarists. ... This is a list of published diaries devoted specifically to dreams. ... This is a list of works of fiction written in diary format: Bridget Joness Diary by Helen Fielding Diary of a Madman by Nikolai Gogol Diary of a Nobody by George and Weedon Grossmith For Love or Money by Michael J. Ritchie From the Files of Madison Finn series...

External links

• The Diary Junction - links for over 500 literary and historical diarists.
• Journaling Tips - How to start and maintain a journal.
• Journal Writing and Adult Learning. - Link from the ERIC Clearinghouse on Adult Career and Vocational Education.

References and notes

1. ^ a copy of his "open diary" is still in existence
2. ^ Time to get a life — pioneer blogger Justin Hall bows out at 31. SFgate (2005-02-20). Retrieved on 2006-06-09.
3. ^ "Carolyn's Diary"
4. ^ USENET announcement
5. ^ [1]

• The New Diary: How to Use a Journal for Self-Guidance and Expanded Creativity by Tristine Rainer, 1978.