NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Peru

Peru (Spanish: Perú, Quechua: Piruw, Aymara: Piruw), officially the Republic of Peru (Spanish: República del Perú (help· info), IPA: [reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu]), is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru (Spanish: PerÃº or El PerÃº) is a country in South America. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Peru. ... Image File history File links Escudo_nacional_del_PerÃº.svgâ€Ž Sumario Origen Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Peru Gallery of sovereign state coats of arms Coat of arms of Peru Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Peru/Archive 1 ... The flag of Peru was created by JosÃ© de San MartÃn and adopted by the government of Peru in 1825. ... the ... A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognized either by a countrys government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. ... The Peruvian National Anthem is the national anthem of Peru. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Not to be confused with capitol. ... Almost half of all Peruvians are Amerindian, or 45 percent of the total population. ... For other uses, see Lima (disambiguation). ... An official language is a language that is given a special legal status in the countries, states, and other territories. ... A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a people or the inhabitants of a place. ... A presidential system, also called a congressional system, is a system of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term) separately from the legislature, to which it is not accountable and which cannot in normal circumstances dismiss it. ... Established in the Constitution of 1993, the President of the Republic is the Chief of the State and represents the republic in official international matters. ... Alan Gabriel Ludwig GarcÃa PÃ©rez (born May 23, 1949 in Lima) is the current President of Peru, having won the 2006 elections on June 4, 2006 in a run-off against Union for Peru candidate Ollanta Humala. ... Judicial System Supreme Court of the Republic Superior Courts of Justice Courts of First Instance Courts of Peace Elections Presidential elections National elections Peruvian Constituent Assembly elections, 1978 Political Parties A.P.R.A. List of political parties in Peru Region & Local government Regional Governments Governors Provinces, Cities, and Districts... Luis Giampietri Rojas is a retired admiral of the Peruvian Navy and a politician with the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance party. ... // Prime Ministers of Peru (1963â€“1980) The Morales BermÃºdez Administration (1975â€“1980) Prime Ministers of Peru (1980â€“2000) The Belaunde 2th Administration (1980â€“1985) The Garcia Administration (1985â€“1990) The Fujimori Administration (1990â€“2000) Prime Ministers of Peru (2000â€“2020) The Paniagua Administration (2000â€“2001) The Toledo Administration (2000... Jorge Alfonso Alejandro del Castillo GÃ¡lvez (Lima, July 2, 1950) is a Peruvian lawyer and politician. ... Congress (Spanish: Congreso) is the name given to Perus unicameral legislature under the current (1993) constitution. ... Luis Javier Gonzales Posada Eyzaguirre is a Peruvian politician. ... is the 209th day of the year (210th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1821 (MDCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 343rd day of the year (344th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1824 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the physical quantity. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different surface areas here is a list of areas between 1 million kmÂ² and 10 million kmÂ². See also areas of other orders of magnitude. ... This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by area. ... A square mile is an English unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (â‰ˆ1,609 m) in length. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... A percentage is a way of expressing a proportion, a ratio or a fraction as a whole number, by using 100 as the denominator. ... Map of countries by population for the year 2007 This is a list of countries ordered according to population. ... Population density per square kilometre by country, 2006 Population density map of the world in 1994. ... Population density by country, 2006 List of countries and dependencies by population density in inhabitants/kmÂ². The list includes sovereign states and self-governing dependent territories that are recognized by the United Nations. ... PPP of GDP for the countries of the world (2003). ... There are three lists of countries of the world sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year). ... Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head. ... This article includes two lists of countries of the world[1] sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita, the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year divided by the average population for the same year. ... World map of GDP (Nominal and PPP). ... Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head. ... Map of countries by 2006 GDP (nominal) per capita (IMF, October 2007). ... Graphical representation of the Gini coefficient The Gini coefficient is a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth distribution. ... This page talks about Human Development Index, for other HDIs see HDI (disambiguation) World map indicating Human Development Index (2007). ... This talks about the countries in the Human Development Index, for information on the Human Development Index, please Click Here World map indicating Human Development Index (2007) (Colour-blind compliant map) For red-green color vision problems. ... ISO 4217 Code PEN User(s) Peru Inflation 2. ... ISO 4217 is the international standard describing three letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ... Timezone and TimeZone redirect here. ... UTC redirects here. ... A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is a top-level domain used and reserved for a country or a dependent territory. ... .pe is the Internet country code top-level domain ( ccTLD) for Peru. ... This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E.164. ... Most area codes in Peru changed on 1 March 2003, providing an area code for each region (national subdivision). ... Quechua (Runa Simi in Quechua; Runa, human + Simi, speech, literally mouth; i. ... Aymara is an Aymaran language spoken by the Aymara of the Andes. ... Quechua (Runa Simi in Quechua; Runa, human + Simi, speech, literally mouth; i. ... Aymara is an Aymaran language spoken by the Aymara of the Andes. ... Image File history File links Es_-_RepÃºblica_del_PerÃº.oggâ€Ž File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Peru ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ...

Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, and to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of stability and economic upswing. The Norte Chico civilization (also Caral or Caral-Supe civilization) was a complex Pre-Columbian society that included as many as 30 major population centers in what is now the Norte Chico region of north-central coastal Peru. ... For the a general view of Inca civilisation, people and culture, see Incas. ... The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continents. ... An anachronous map of the overseas Spanish Empire (1492-1898) in red, and the Spanish Habsburg realms in Europe (1516-1714) in orange. ... Created in 1542, the Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del PerÃº) contained most of Spanish-ruled South America until the creation of the separate viceroyalties of New Granada (now Colombia, Ecuador, PanamÃ¡ and Venezuela, the last-named previously in the Viceroyalty of New Spain) in 1717 and RÃo... The economic crisis favored the indigenous rebellion from 1780 to 1781. ...

Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its geography varies from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the peaks of the Andes mountains and the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country with a medium Human Development Index score and a poverty level around 45%. Its main economic activities include agriculture, fishing, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles. Representative democracy is a form of democracy founded on the exercise of popular sovereignty by the peoples representants. ... Look up republic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Subdivisions of Peru have changed from time to time, since the nation gained independence from Spain in the early 19th century. ... This article is about the mountain system in South America. ... Amazon River basin The Amazon Basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries. ... Newly industrialized countries Other emerging markets Other developing economies High income Upper-middle income Lower-middle income Low income A developing country is that country which has a relatively low standard of living, an undeveloped industrial base, and a moderate to low Human Development Index (HDI) score and per capita...

The Peruvian population, estimated at 28 million, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Indigenous peoples in Peru (pueblos indÃgenas in Spanish) comprise a large number of distinct ethnic groups who inhabited the countrys present territory prior to its discovery by Europeans around 1500. ... The European peoples are the various nations and ethnic groups of Europe. ... Though most indigenous Africans possess relatively dark skin, they exhibit much variation in physical appearance. ... The term Asian can refer to something or someone from Asia. ... Indigenous languages of the Americas (or Amerindian Languages) are spoken by indigenous peoples from the southern tip of South America to Alaska and Greenland, encompassing the land masses which constitute the Americas. ...

1 Etymology
2 History
3 Government
4 Regions
5 Geography
6 Economy
7 Demographics
8 Culture
9 See also
10 Notes
11 Bibliography
12 External links

Etymology

The word Peru is derived from Birú, the name of a local ruler who lived near the Bay of San Miguel, Panama, in the early 16th century.^[1] When his possessions were visited by Spanish explorers in 1522, they were the southernmost part of the New World yet known to Europeans.^[2] Thus, when Francisco Pizarro explored the regions farther south, they came to be designated Birú or Peru.^[3] The Spanish Crown gave the name legal status with the 1529 Capitulación de Toledo, which designated the newly encountered Inca Empire as the province of Peru.^[4] Under Spanish rule, the country adopted the denomination Viceroyalty of Peru, which became Republic of Peru after independence. The Bay of San Miguel is located on the Pacific coast of Darien, a district of eastern Panama. ... Francisco Pizarro Francisco Pizarro GonzÃ¡lez should not be confused with another Francisco Pizarro who joined HernÃ¡n CortÃ©s to conquer the Aztecs. ... During the reign of Emperor Charles V (Carlos I of Spain), who ascended the thrones of the kingdoms of Spain after the death of his grandfather Ferdinand, Habsburg Spain controlled territory ranging from Philippines to the Netherlands, and was, for a time, Europes greatest power. ... Francisco Pizarro Francisco Pizarro GonzÃ¡lez should not be confused with another Francisco Pizarro who joined HernÃ¡n CortÃ©s to conquer the Aztecs. ... For the a general view of Inca civilisation, people and culture, see Incas. ... Created in 1542, the Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del PerÃº) contained most of Spanish-ruled South America until the creation of the separate viceroyalties of New Granada (now Colombia, Ecuador, PanamÃ¡ and Venezuela, the last-named previously in the Viceroyalty of New Spain) in 1717 and RÃo...

History

Main article: History of Peru

The earliest evidence of human presence in Peruvian territory has been dated to approximately 11,000 years BCE.^[5] The oldest known complex society in Peru, the Norte Chico civilization, flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3000 and 1800 BCE.^[6] These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures such as Chavin, Paracas, Mochica, Nazca, Wari, and Chimu. In the 15th century, the Incas emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the largest empire in pre-Columbian America.^[7] Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as irrigation and terracing; camelid husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on reciprocity and redistribution because these societies had no notion of market or money.^[8] The history of Peru spans several millennia. ... BCE redirects here. ... The Norte Chico civilization (also Caral or Caral-Supe civilization) was a complex Pre-Columbian society that included as many as 30 major population centers in what is now the Norte Chico region of north-central coastal Peru. ... The ChavÃn were an early civilization that existed in present-day Peru. ... A piece of a Paracas Textil, Ica, Peru The Paracas culture was an important Andean society between approximately 750 BCE and 100 CE that developed in the Paracas Peninsula, located in what today is the Paracas District of the Pisco Province in the Ica Region. ... Moche pottery (Image Â© PROMPERU, used with permission) The Moche civilization (aka the Mochica culture, Early Chimu, Pre-Chimu, Proto-Chimu, etc. ... Late Intermediate Period Cultures The Nazca culture flourished in the Nazca region between 300 BC and 800 AD. They created the famous Nazca lines and built an impressive system of underground aqueducts that still function today. ... Middle Horizon The Huari (or Wari) was a Middle Horizon civilization that flourished in the Andes in the south of modern day Peru, from about 500 to 1200 A.D. The capital city of the same name is located near the modern city of Ayacucho, Peru. ... The ChimÃº were the residents of Chimor with its capital at the city of Chan Chan, a large adobe city, in the Moche valley of Trujillo,Peru. ... For the political organization and administration of the Inca territory, see Kingdom of Cusco and Inca Empire. ... For the a general view of Inca civilisation, people and culture, see Incas. ... The term pre-Columbian is used to refer to the cultures of the New World in the era before significant European influence. ... Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops. ... Terraced vineyards near Lausanne The Incan terraces at PÃsac are still used today. ... Map of the world showing distribution of camelids. ... In cultural anthropology, reciprocity is a way of defining peoples informal trading of goods and labor; that is, peoples informal economic systems. ... In cultural anthropology and sociology, Redistribution implies the existence of a strong political centre such as kinship-based leadership, which receives and then redistributes subsistence goods according to culturally-specific principles. ... Look up Market in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Machu Picchu, the "Lost City of the Incas"

In 1532, a group of conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro defeated Inca Emperor Atahualpa and imposed Spanish rule. Ten years later, the Spanish Crown established the Viceroyalty of Peru, which included most of its South American colonies.^[9] Viceroy Francisco de Toledo reorganized the country in the 1570s with silver mining as its main economic activity and Indian forced labor as its primary workforce.^[10] Peruvian bullion provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines.^[11] However, by the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income.^[12] In response, the Crown enacted the Bourbon Reforms, a series of edicts that increased taxes and partitioned the Viceroyalty of Peru.^[13] The new laws provoked Túpac Amaru II's rebellion and other revolts, all of which were defeated.^[14] Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2048 Ã— 1536 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2048 Ã— 1536 pixel, file size: 1. ... Machu Picchu (Quechua: Machu Pikchu Old Peak) is a pre-Columbian Inca city located at 2,430 m (7,970 ft) altitude[1] on a mountain ridge above the Urubamba Valley in Peru, about 70 km (44 mi) northwest of Cusco. ... A Conquistador (Spanish: []) (English: Conqueror) was a Spanish soldier, explorer and adventurer who took part in the gradual invasion and conquering of much of the Americas and Asia Pacific, bringing them under Spanish colonial rule between the 15th and 19th centuries. ... Francisco Pizarro Francisco Pizarro GonzÃ¡lez should not be confused with another Francisco Pizarro who joined HernÃ¡n CortÃ©s to conquer the Aztecs. ... The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire was a process through which a group of Spaniards led by Francisco Pizarro succeeded in toppling the Inca Empire in the early 16th-century. ... Lifetime portrait of Atahuallpa, the last sovereign Inca emperor Atahualpa or Atawallpa (c. ... During the reign of Emperor Charles V (Carlos I of Spain), who ascended the thrones of the kingdoms of Spain after the death of his grandfather Ferdinand, Habsburg Spain controlled territory ranging from Philippines to the Netherlands, and was, for a time, Europes greatest power. ... Created in 1542, the Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del PerÃº) contained most of Spanish-ruled South America until the creation of the separate viceroyalties of New Granada (now Colombia, Ecuador, PanamÃ¡ and Venezuela, the last-named previously in the Viceroyalty of New Spain) in 1717 and RÃo... Francisco de Toledo (1515 - 1584) Born on July 10, 1515 in the village of Oropesa in Spain. ... Native Americans (also Indians, Aboriginal Peoples, American Indians, First Nations, Alaskan Natives, or Indigenous Peoples of America) are the indigenous inhabitants of The Americas prior to the European colonization, and their modern descendants. ... The Bourbon Reforms were a series of measures taken by the Spanish Crown in the 18th century (under the House of Bourbon), intended to increase political and economic control over Spain itself, and later also over its American colonies. ... For other uses, see Tupac Amaru (disambiguation). ...

In the early 19th century, while most of South America was swept by wars of independence, Peru remained a royalist stronghold. As the elite hesitated between emancipation and loyalty to the Spanish Monarchy, independence was achieved only after the military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar.^[15] During the early years of the Republic, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability.^[16] National identity was forged during this period, as Bolivarian projects for a Latin American Confederation foundered and a union with Bolivia proved ephemeral.^[17] Between the 1840s and 1860s, Peru enjoyed a period of stability under the presidency of Ramón Castilla due to increased state revenues from guano exports.^[18] However, by the 1870s, these resources had been squandered, the country was heavily indebted, and political in-fighting was again on the rise.^[19] Because Spain was virtually cut off from its colonies during the Peninsular War of 1808â€“1814, Latin America was, in these years, ruled by independent juntas. ... The economic crisis favored the indigenous rebellion from 1780 to 1781. ... JosÃ© Francisco de San MartÃn Matorras, also known as JosÃ© de San MartÃn (25 February 1778 â€“ 17 August 1850), was an Argentine general and the prime leader of the southern part of South Americas successful struggle for independence from Spain. ... This article is about the South American independence leader. ... This article is about the South American independence leader. ... The Congress of Panama (often referred to as the Amphictyonic Congress in remembrance of the Amphictyonic League of Ancient Greece) was a congress organized by SimÃ³n BolÃvar in 1826 so that Latin American countries could become closer and develop a unified policy towards Spain. ... Flag Location of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation Capital Tacna Political structure Confederation Supreme Protector AndrÃ©s de Santa Cruz History - Established May 9, 1837 - Disestablished August 25, 1839 The Peru-Bolivian Confederation (or Confederacy) was a short-lived confederated state that existed in South America between the years 1836 and... RamÃ³n Castilla y Marquesado (31 August 1797 â€“ 25 May 1867) was a Peruvian caudillo and President of Peru four times. ... The Chincha guano islands in Peru. ...

Angamos, a decisive battle during the War of the Pacific.

Peru was defeated by Chile in the 1879–1883 War of the Pacific, losing the provinces of Arica and Tarapacá in the treaties of Ancón and Lima. Internal struggles after the war were followed by a period of stability under the Civilista Party, which lasted until the onset of the authoritarian regime of Augusto B. Leguía.^[20] The Great Depression caused the downfall of Leguía, renewed political turmoil, and the emergence of the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA).^[21] The rivalry between this organization and a coalition of the elite and the military defined Peruvian politics for the following three decades.^[22] Naval Combat of Angamos File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Naval Combat of Angamos File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Combatants Chile Peru Commanders Juan Jose Latorre Miguel Grau â€ Strength 2 armoured battleships 3 corvettes 1 transport 1 turret ship Casualties 7 dead 31 dead 4 missing 162 captured 1 turret ship captured The Naval Battle of Angamos (October 8, 1879) was an important struggle in the War of the... For the conflict between Japan and the Allied powers in Asia and the Pacific Ocean from 1937 to 1945, which included World War II campaigns, see Pacific War. ... Arica is a province in Tarapacá Region in Chile. ... TarapacÃ¡ is Chiles northernmost administrative region, hence also known as I RegiÃ³n (1st Region) in the standard north-to-south numbering of Chilean regions. ... Postal Stamp that picture the Treaty The Treaty of AncÃ³n was signed by Peru and Chile on 20 October 1883, in the district of AncÃ³n, Lima, Peru. ... The Treaty of Lima solved the dispute between Peru and Chile regarding the status of the chilean administered territories of Tacna and Arica. ... The Civilista Party (Partido Civil) was a conservative party in Peru. ... Augusto Bernardino LeguÃa y Salcedo (1863 - 1932) was a Peruvian politician who twice occupied the Presidency of Peru, from 1908 to 1912 and from 1919 to 1930. ... For other uses, see The Great Depression (disambiguation). ... The American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) also known as the Partido Aprista Peruano (Peruvian Aprista Party) is a Peruvian left-wing social democratic political party. ...

In 1968, the Armed Forces, led by General Juan Velasco Alvarado, staged a coup against president Fernando Belaunde. The new regime undertook radical reforms aimed at fostering development but failed to gain widespread support.^[23] In 1975, Velasco was forcefully replaced as president by General Francisco Morales Bermúdez, who paralyzed reforms and oversaw the reestablishment of democracy.^[24] During the 1980s, Peru faced a considerable external debt, ever-growing inflation, a surge in drug trafficking, and massive political violence.^[25] Under the presidency of Alberto Fujimori (1990–2000), the country started to recover; however, accusations of authoritarianism, corruption, and human rights violations forced his resignation after the controversial 2000 elections.^[26] Since the end of the Fujimori regime, Peru has tried to fight corruption while sustaining economic growth; the current president is Alan García.^[27] Juan Francisco Velasco Alvarado (June 16, 1910 â€“ December 24, 1977) was a left-leaning Peruvian General who ruled Peru from 1968 to 1975 under the title of President of the Revolutionary Government. ... Fernando BelaÃºnde Terry (October 7, 1912 â€“ June 4, 2002) was President of Peru for two terms (1963â€“1968 and 1980â€“1985). ... Francisco Morales BermÃºdez Cerruti (born 1921) was a centrist Peruvian general who came to power in Peru in 1975 after deposing his predecessor, General Juan Velasco Alvarado. ... Combatants Republic of Peru Shining Path TÃºpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement Commanders Fernando BelaÃºnde Terry Alan GarcÃa Alberto Fujimori Abimael GuzmÃ¡n Ã“scar RamÃrez Comrade ArtemioVÃctor Polay Nestor Cerpa Cartolini It has been estimated that nearly 70,000 people died in the internal conflict in Peru... Alberto Kenya Fujimori (Spanish IPA: , Japanese IPA: ) (born in Lima, Peru on July 28, 1938), also known as Kenya Fujimori ) was President of Peru from July 28, 1990 to November 17, 2000. ... Judicial System Supreme Court of the Republic Superior Courts of Justice Courts of First Instance Courts of Peace Elections Presidential elections National elections Peruvian Constituent Assembly elections, 1978 Political Parties A.P.R.A. Union for Peru List of political parties in Peru Region & Local government Regional Governments Governors Provincial... Alan Gabriel Ludwig GarcÃa PÃ©rez (born May 23, 1949 in Lima) is the current President of Peru, having won the 2006 elections on June 4, 2006 in a run-off against Union for Peru candidate Ollanta Humala. ...

Government

Main articles: Government of Peru and Politics of Peru

Casa de Pizarro, official residence of the President.

Peru is a presidential representative democratic republic with a multi-party system. Under the current constitution, the President is the head of state and government; he or she is elected for five years and may not immediately be re-elected.^[28] The President designates the Prime Minister and, with his advice, the rest of the Council of Ministers.^[29] There is a unicameral Congress with 120 members elected for a five-year term.^[30] Bills may be proposed by either the executive or the legislative branch; they become law after being passed by Congress and promulgated by the President.^[31] The judiciary is nominally independent,^[32] though political intervention into judicial matters has been common throughout history and arguably continues today.^[33] Judicial System Supreme Court of the Republic Superior Courts of Justice Courts of First Instance Courts of Peace Elections Electoral system Peruvian Constituent Assembly elections, 1978 Political Parties APRA List of political parties in Peru Region & Local government Regional Governments Provincial Municipalities Districtal Municipalities Other countries Atlas Politics Portal The... Judicial System Supreme Court of the Republic Superior Courts of Justice Courts of First Instance Courts of Peace Elections Electoral system Peruvian Constituent Assembly elections, 1978 Political Parties APRA List of political parties in Peru Region & Local government Regional Governments Provincial Municipalities Districtal Municipalities Other countries Atlas Politics Portal Politics... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 501 pixelsFull resolution (1205 Ã— 754 pixel, file size: 217 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 501 pixelsFull resolution (1205 Ã— 754 pixel, file size: 217 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Peruvian Government Palace, Lima, Peru The Government Palace or House of Pizarro (Palacio de Gobierno or Casa de Pizarro in Spanish) is a building in Peru. ... A presidential system, also called a congressional system, is a system of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term) separately from the legislature, to which it is not accountable and which cannot in normal circumstances dismiss it. ... Representative democracy is a form of government founded on the principles of popular sovereignty by the peoples representatives. ... A multi-party system is a type of party system. ... For the comedy film of the same name, see Head of State (film). ... For unicameral alphabets, see the article letter case. For The unicameral, see Nebraska Legislature. ...

Congress sits on the Palacio Legislativo in Lima.

The Peruvian government is directly elected, and voting is compulsory for all citizens aged 18 to 70.^[34] General elections held in 2006 ended in a second round victory for presidential candidate Alan García of the Peruvian Aprista Party (52.6% of valid votes) over Ollanta Humala of Union for Peru (47.4%).^[35] Congress is currently composed of the Peruvian Aprista Party (36 seats), Peruvian Nationalist Party (23 seats), Union for Peru (19 seats), National Unity (15 seats), the Fujimorista Alliance for the Future (13 seats), the Parliamentary Alliance (9 seats) and the Democratic Special Parliamentary Group (5 seats).^[36] Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2048 Ã— 1536 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2048 Ã— 1536 pixel, file size: 1. ... Direct election is a term describing a system of choosing political officeholders in which the voters directly cast ballots for the person, persons or political party that they desire to see elected. ... Compulsory voting is a practice that requires citizens to vote in elections or to attend a polling place to get their name crossed off the electoral roll. ... Geographic distribution of Second Round votes, by winning candidate. ... Alan Gabriel Ludwig GarcÃa PÃ©rez (born May 23, 1949 in Lima) is the current President of Peru, having won the 2006 elections on June 4, 2006 in a run-off against Union for Peru candidate Ollanta Humala. ... The American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) also known as the Partido Aprista Peruano (Peruvian Aprista Party) is a Peruvian left-wing social democratic political party. ... Ollanta MoisÃ©s Humala Tasso UÃ±Ã±a (born June 26, 1963) is a Peruvian left-leaning nationalist politician. ... Union for Peru (Spanish: UniÃ³n por el PerÃº) was originally a liberal or centrist political party in Peru. ... APRA could refer to the: American Popular Revolutionary Alliance, a Peruvian political party Australian Prudential Regulation Authority Australasian Performing Rights Association This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Judicial System Supreme Court of the Republic Superior Courts of Justice Courts of First Instance Courts of Peace Elections Presidential elections National elections Peruvian Constituent Assembly elections, 1978 Political Parties A.P.R.A. List of political parties in Peru Region & Local government Regional Governments Governors Provinces, Cities, and Districts... Union for Peru (Spanish: UniÃ³n por el PerÃº) was originally a liberal or centrist political party in Peru. ... National Unity (Spanish: Unidad Nacional) is a Peruvian political party. ... Logo Alliance for the Future (Alianza por el Futuro) is a Peruvian political alliance formed by pro-Fujimori parties Cambio 90 and Nueva MayorÃa for the 2006 national election. ...

Peruvian foreign relations have been dominated by border conflicts with neighboring countries, most of which were settled during the 20th century.^[37] There is still an ongoing dispute with Chile over maritime limits in the Pacific Ocean.^[38] Peru is an active member of several regional blocs and one of the founders of the Andean Community of Nations. It is also a participant in international organizations such as the Organization of American States and the United Nations. The Peruvian military is composed of an army, a navy and an air force; its primary mission is to safeguard the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country.^[39] The armed forces are subordinate to the Ministry of Defense and to the President as Commander-in-Chief. Conscription was abolished in 1999 and replaced by voluntary military service.^[40] Judicial System Supreme Court of the Republic Superior Courts of Justice Courts of First Instance Courts of Peace Elections Electoral system Peruvian Constituent Assembly elections, 1978 Political Parties APRA List of political parties in Peru Region & Local government Regional Governments Provincial Municipalities Districtal Municipalities Other countries Atlas Politics Portal In... Recent Developments: Maritime Dispute Reignited Dating back to the 19th century and culminating in the devastating War of the Pacific, Peru and Chile have had a long and tortuous history of territorial disputes. ... â€¢ â€¢ Seat of Secretariat Lima, Peru Official language Spanish Type Trade bloc Membership 10 South American states 2 Central/North American observer states Leaders - Secretary General Freddy Ehlers Establishment - as the Andean Pact 1969 - as the CAN 1996 Website http://www. ... Headquarters Washington, D.C. Official languages English, French, Portuguese, Spanish Membership 35 countries Leaders - Secretary General JosÃ© Miguel Insulza Chile (since 26 May 2005) Establishment - Charter first signed 30 April 1948 in effect 1 December 1951 Website http://www. ... UN redirects here. ... The Peruvian Armed Forces are composed of an Army, a Navy and an Air Force. ... Judicial System Supreme Court of the Republic Superior Courts of Justice Courts of First Instance Courts of Peace Elections Presidential elections National elections Peruvian Constituent Assembly elections, 1978 Political Parties A.P.R.A. List of political parties in Peru Region & Local government Regional Governments Governors Provinces, Cities, and Districts... Commander-in-Chief (in NATO-lingo often C-in-C or CINC pronounced sink) is the commander of all the military forces within a particular region or of all the military forces of a state. ... A volunteer military or all-volunteer military is one which derives its manpower from volunteers rather than conscription or mandatory service. ...

Regions

Main article: Administrative divisions of Peru

Clickable map of the regions of Peru.

Peru is divided into 25 regions and the province of Lima. Each region has an elected government composed of a president and a council, which serves for a four-year term.^[41] These governments plan regional development, execute public investment projects, promote economic activities, and manage publi

Encyclopedia > Peru

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Regions