República del Perú  (Spanish) Republic of Peru
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: "Somos libres, seámoslo siempre"  (Spanish) "We are free, may we always be so"
Capital (and largest city)		Lima 12°2.6′S, 77°1.7′W
Official languages		Spanish1
Demonym		Peruvian
Government		Presidential republic
-	President	Alan García Pérez
-	Vice President	Luis Giampietri Rojas
-	Prime Minister	Jorge Del Castillo
-	President of Congress	Luis Gonzales Posada
Independence		from Spain
-	Declared	July 28, 1821
-	Recognized	December 9, 1824
Area
-	Total	1,285,220 km² (20th) 496,222 sq mi
-	Water (%)	8.80
Population
-	July 2007 estimate	28,674,757 (41st)
-	2005 census	27,219,266
-	Density	22/km² (183rd) 57/sq mi
GDP (PPP)		2007 estimate
-	Total	$207.985 billion (51st)
-	Per capita	$7,410 (79th)
GDP (nominal)		2007 estimate
-	Total	$101.504 billion (55th)
-	Per capita	$3,616 (87th)
Gini (2002)		54.6 (high)
HDI (2005)		▲0.773 (medium) (87th)
Currency		Nuevo Sol (PEN)
Time zone		PET (UTC-5)
Internet TLD		.pe
Calling code		+51
1	Quechua, Aymara and other indigenous languages are co-official in the areas where they are predominant.

Peru (Spanish: Perú, Quechua: Piruw, Aymara: Piruw), officially the Republic of Peru (Spanish: República del Perú (help· info), IPA: [reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu]), is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru (Spanish: Perú or El Perú) is a country in South America. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Peru. ... Image File history File links Escudo_nacional_del_Perú.svg‎ Sumario Origen Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Peru Gallery of sovereign state coats of arms Coat of arms of Peru Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Peru/Archive 1 ... The flag of Peru was created by José de San Martín and adopted by the government of Peru in 1825. ... the ... A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognized either by a countrys government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. ... The Peruvian National Anthem is the national anthem of Peru. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Not to be confused with capitol. ... Almost half of all Peruvians are Amerindian, or 45 percent of the total population. ... For other uses, see Lima (disambiguation). ... An official language is a language that is given a special legal status in the countries, states, and other territories. ... A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a people or the inhabitants of a place. ... A presidential system, also called a congressional system, is a system of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term) separately from the legislature, to which it is not accountable and which cannot in normal circumstances dismiss it. ... Established in the Constitution of 1993, the President of the Republic is the Chief of the State and represents the republic in official international matters. ... Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez (born May 23, 1949 in Lima) is the current President of Peru, having won the 2006 elections on June 4, 2006 in a run-off against Union for Peru candidate Ollanta Humala. ... Judicial System Supreme Court of the Republic Superior Courts of Justice Courts of First Instance Courts of Peace Elections Presidential elections National elections Peruvian Constituent Assembly elections, 1978 Political Parties A.P.R.A. List of political parties in Peru Region & Local government Regional Governments Governors Provinces, Cities, and Districts... Luis Giampietri Rojas is a retired admiral of the Peruvian Navy and a politician with the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance party. ... // Prime Ministers of Peru (1963–1980) The Morales Bermúdez Administration (1975–1980) Prime Ministers of Peru (1980–2000) The Belaunde 2th Administration (1980–1985) The Garcia Administration (1985–1990) The Fujimori Administration (1990–2000) Prime Ministers of Peru (2000–2020) The Paniagua Administration (2000–2001) The Toledo Administration (2000... Jorge Alfonso Alejandro del Castillo Gálvez (Lima, July 2, 1950) is a Peruvian lawyer and politician. ... Congress (Spanish: Congreso) is the name given to Perus unicameral legislature under the current (1993) constitution. ... Luis Javier Gonzales Posada Eyzaguirre is a Peruvian politician. ... is the 209th day of the year (210th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1821 (MDCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 343rd day of the year (344th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1824 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the physical quantity. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different surface areas  here is a list of areas between 1 million km² and 10 million km². See also areas of other orders of magnitude. ... This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by area. ... A square mile is an English unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (≈1,609 m) in length. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... A percentage is a way of expressing a proportion, a ratio or a fraction as a whole number, by using 100 as the denominator. ... Map of countries by population for the year 2007 This is a list of countries ordered according to population. ... Population density per square kilometre by country, 2006 Population density map of the world in 1994. ... Population density by country, 2006 List of countries and dependencies by population density in inhabitants/km². The list includes sovereign states and self-governing dependent territories that are recognized by the United Nations. ... PPP of GDP for the countries of the world (2003). ... There are three lists of countries of the world sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year). ... Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head. ... This article includes two lists of countries of the world[1] sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita, the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year divided by the average population for the same year. ... World map of GDP (Nominal and PPP). ... Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head. ... Map of countries by 2006 GDP (nominal) per capita (IMF, October 2007). ... Graphical representation of the Gini coefficient The Gini coefficient is a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth distribution. ... This page talks about Human Development Index, for other HDIs see HDI (disambiguation) World map indicating Human Development Index (2007). ... This talks about the countries in the Human Development Index, for information on the Human Development Index, please Click Here World map indicating Human Development Index (2007) (Colour-blind compliant map) For red-green color vision problems. ... ISO 4217 Code PEN User(s) Peru Inflation 2. ... ISO 4217 is the international standard describing three letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ... Timezone and TimeZone redirect here. ... UTC redirects here. ... A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is a top-level domain used and reserved for a country or a dependent territory. ... .pe is the Internet country code top-level domain ( ccTLD) for Peru. ... This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E.164. ... Most area codes in Peru changed on 1 March 2003, providing an area code for each region (national subdivision). ... Quechua (Runa Simi in Quechua; Runa, human + Simi, speech, literally mouth; i. ... Aymara is an Aymaran language spoken by the Aymara of the Andes. ... Quechua (Runa Simi in Quechua; Runa, human + Simi, speech, literally mouth; i. ... Aymara is an Aymaran language spoken by the Aymara of the Andes. ... Image File history File links Es_-_República_del_Perú.ogg‎ File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Peru ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ...

Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, and to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of stability and economic upswing. The Norte Chico civilization (also Caral or Caral-Supe civilization) was a complex Pre-Columbian society that included as many as 30 major population centers in what is now the Norte Chico region of north-central coastal Peru. ... For the a general view of Inca civilisation, people and culture, see Incas. ... The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continents. ... An anachronous map of the overseas Spanish Empire (1492-1898) in red, and the Spanish Habsburg realms in Europe (1516-1714) in orange. ... Created in 1542, the Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del Perú) contained most of Spanish-ruled South America until the creation of the separate viceroyalties of New Granada (now Colombia, Ecuador, Panamá and Venezuela, the last-named previously in the Viceroyalty of New Spain) in 1717 and Río... The economic crisis favored the indigenous rebellion from 1780 to 1781. ...

Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its geography varies from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the peaks of the Andes mountains and the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country with a medium Human Development Index score and a poverty level around 45%. Its main economic activities include agriculture, fishing, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles. Representative democracy is a form of democracy founded on the exercise of popular sovereignty by the peoples representants. ... Look up republic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Subdivisions of Peru have changed from time to time, since the nation gained independence from Spain in the early 19th century. ... This article is about the mountain system in South America. ... Amazon River basin The Amazon Basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries. ...  Newly industrialized countries  Other emerging markets  Other developing economies  High income  Upper-middle income  Lower-middle income  Low income A developing country is that country which has a relatively low standard of living, an undeveloped industrial base, and a moderate to low Human Development Index (HDI) score and per capita...

The Peruvian population, estimated at 28 million, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Indigenous peoples in Peru (pueblos indígenas in Spanish) comprise a large number of distinct ethnic groups who inhabited the countrys present territory prior to its discovery by Europeans around 1500. ... The European peoples are the various nations and ethnic groups of Europe. ... Though most indigenous Africans possess relatively dark skin, they exhibit much variation in physical appearance. ... The term Asian can refer to something or someone from Asia. ... Indigenous languages of the Americas (or Amerindian Languages) are spoken by indigenous peoples from the southern tip of South America to Alaska and Greenland, encompassing the land masses which constitute the Americas. ...

Etymology

The word Peru is derived from Birú, the name of a local ruler who lived near the Bay of San Miguel, Panama, in the early 16th century.^[1] When his possessions were visited by Spanish explorers in 1522, they were the southernmost part of the New World yet known to Europeans.^[2] Thus, when Francisco Pizarro explored the regions farther south, they came to be designated Birú or Peru.^[3] The Spanish Crown gave the name legal status with the 1529 Capitulación de Toledo, which designated the newly encountered Inca Empire as the province of Peru.^[4] Under Spanish rule, the country adopted the denomination Viceroyalty of Peru, which became Republic of Peru after independence. The Bay of San Miguel is located on the Pacific coast of Darien, a district of eastern Panama. ... Francisco Pizarro Francisco Pizarro González should not be confused with another Francisco Pizarro who joined Hernán Cortés to conquer the Aztecs. ... During the reign of Emperor Charles V (Carlos I of Spain), who ascended the thrones of the kingdoms of Spain after the death of his grandfather Ferdinand, Habsburg Spain controlled territory ranging from Philippines to the Netherlands, and was, for a time, Europes greatest power. ... Francisco Pizarro Francisco Pizarro González should not be confused with another Francisco Pizarro who joined Hernán Cortés to conquer the Aztecs. ... For the a general view of Inca civilisation, people and culture, see Incas. ... Created in 1542, the Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del Perú) contained most of Spanish-ruled South America until the creation of the separate viceroyalties of New Granada (now Colombia, Ecuador, Panamá and Venezuela, the last-named previously in the Viceroyalty of New Spain) in 1717 and Río...

History

Main article: History of Peru

The earliest evidence of human presence in Peruvian territory has been dated to approximately 11,000 years BCE.^[5] The oldest known complex society in Peru, the Norte Chico civilization, flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3000 and 1800 BCE.^[6] These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures such as Chavin, Paracas, Mochica, Nazca, Wari, and Chimu. In the 15th century, the Incas emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the largest empire in pre-Columbian America.^[7] Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as irrigation and terracing; camelid husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on reciprocity and redistribution because these societies had no notion of market or money.^[8] The history of Peru spans several millennia. ... BCE redirects here. ... The Norte Chico civilization (also Caral or Caral-Supe civilization) was a complex Pre-Columbian society that included as many as 30 major population centers in what is now the Norte Chico region of north-central coastal Peru. ... The Chavín were an early civilization that existed in present-day Peru. ... A piece of a Paracas Textil, Ica, Peru The Paracas culture was an important Andean society between approximately 750 BCE and 100 CE that developed in the Paracas Peninsula, located in what today is the Paracas District of the Pisco Province in the Ica Region. ... Moche pottery (Image © PROMPERU, used with permission) The Moche civilization (aka the Mochica culture, Early Chimu, Pre-Chimu, Proto-Chimu, etc. ... Late Intermediate Period Cultures The Nazca culture flourished in the Nazca region between 300 BC and 800 AD. They created the famous Nazca lines and built an impressive system of underground aqueducts that still function today. ... Middle Horizon The Huari (or Wari) was a Middle Horizon civilization that flourished in the Andes in the south of modern day Peru, from about 500 to 1200 A.D. The capital city of the same name is located near the modern city of Ayacucho, Peru. ... The Chimú were the residents of Chimor with its capital at the city of Chan Chan, a large adobe city, in the Moche valley of Trujillo,Peru. ... For the political organization and administration of the Inca territory, see Kingdom of Cusco and Inca Empire. ... For the a general view of Inca civilisation, people and culture, see Incas. ... The term pre-Columbian is used to refer to the cultures of the New World in the era before significant European influence. ... Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops. ... Terraced vineyards near Lausanne The Incan terraces at Písac are still used today. ... Map of the world showing distribution of camelids. ... In cultural anthropology, reciprocity is a way of defining peoples informal trading of goods and labor; that is, peoples informal economic systems. ... In cultural anthropology and sociology, Redistribution implies the existence of a strong political centre such as kinship-based leadership, which receives and then redistributes subsistence goods according to culturally-specific principles. ... Look up Market in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Machu Picchu, the "Lost City of the Incas"

In 1532, a group of conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro defeated Inca Emperor Atahualpa and imposed Spanish rule. Ten years later, the Spanish Crown established the Viceroyalty of Peru, which included most of its South American colonies.^[9] Viceroy Francisco de Toledo reorganized the country in the 1570s with silver mining as its main economic activity and Indian forced labor as its primary workforce.^[10] Peruvian bullion provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines.^[11] However, by the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income.^[12] In response, the Crown enacted the Bourbon Reforms, a series of edicts that increased taxes and partitioned the Viceroyalty of Peru.^[13] The new laws provoked Túpac Amaru II's rebellion and other revolts, all of which were defeated.^[14] Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2048 × 1536 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2048 × 1536 pixel, file size: 1. ... Machu Picchu (Quechua: Machu Pikchu Old Peak) is a pre-Columbian Inca city located at 2,430 m (7,970 ft) altitude[1] on a mountain ridge above the Urubamba Valley in Peru, about 70 km (44 mi) northwest of Cusco. ... A Conquistador (Spanish: []) (English: Conqueror) was a Spanish soldier, explorer and adventurer who took part in the gradual invasion and conquering of much of the Americas and Asia Pacific, bringing them under Spanish colonial rule between the 15th and 19th centuries. ... Francisco Pizarro Francisco Pizarro González should not be confused with another Francisco Pizarro who joined Hernán Cortés to conquer the Aztecs. ... The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire was a process through which a group of Spaniards led by Francisco Pizarro succeeded in toppling the Inca Empire in the early 16th-century. ... Lifetime portrait of Atahuallpa, the last sovereign Inca emperor Atahualpa or Atawallpa (c. ... During the reign of Emperor Charles V (Carlos I of Spain), who ascended the thrones of the kingdoms of Spain after the death of his grandfather Ferdinand, Habsburg Spain controlled territory ranging from Philippines to the Netherlands, and was, for a time, Europes greatest power. ... Created in 1542, the Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del Perú) contained most of Spanish-ruled South America until the creation of the separate viceroyalties of New Granada (now Colombia, Ecuador, Panamá and Venezuela, the last-named previously in the Viceroyalty of New Spain) in 1717 and Río... Francisco de Toledo (1515 - 1584) Born on July 10, 1515 in the village of Oropesa in Spain. ... Native Americans (also Indians, Aboriginal Peoples, American Indians, First Nations, Alaskan Natives, or Indigenous Peoples of America) are the indigenous inhabitants of The Americas prior to the European colonization, and their modern descendants. ... The Bourbon Reforms were a series of measures taken by the Spanish Crown in the 18th century (under the House of Bourbon), intended to increase political and economic control over Spain itself, and later also over its American colonies. ... For other uses, see Tupac Amaru (disambiguation). ...

In the early 19th century, while most of South America was swept by wars of independence, Peru remained a royalist stronghold. As the elite hesitated between emancipation and loyalty to the Spanish Monarchy, independence was achieved only after the military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar.^[15] During the early years of the Republic, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability.^[16] National identity was forged during this period, as Bolivarian projects for a Latin American Confederation foundered and a union with Bolivia proved ephemeral.^[17] Between the 1840s and 1860s, Peru enjoyed a period of stability under the presidency of Ramón Castilla due to increased state revenues from guano exports.^[18] However, by the 1870s, these resources had been squandered, the country was heavily indebted, and political in-fighting was again on the rise.^[19] Because Spain was virtually cut off from its colonies during the Peninsular War of 1808–1814, Latin America was, in these years, ruled by independent juntas. ... The economic crisis favored the indigenous rebellion from 1780 to 1781. ... José Francisco de San Martín Matorras, also known as José de San Martín (25 February 1778 – 17 August 1850), was an Argentine general and the prime leader of the southern part of South Americas successful struggle for independence from Spain. ... This article is about the South American independence leader. ... This article is about the South American independence leader. ... The Congress of Panama (often referred to as the Amphictyonic Congress in remembrance of the Amphictyonic League of Ancient Greece) was a congress organized by Simón Bolívar in 1826 so that Latin American countries could become closer and develop a unified policy towards Spain. ... Flag Location of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation Capital Tacna Political structure Confederation Supreme Protector Andrés de Santa Cruz History  - Established May 9, 1837  - Disestablished August 25, 1839 The Peru-Bolivian Confederation (or Confederacy) was a short-lived confederated state that existed in South America between the years 1836 and... Ramón Castilla y Marquesado (31 August 1797 – 25 May 1867) was a Peruvian caudillo and President of Peru four times. ... The Chincha guano islands in Peru. ...

Angamos, a decisive battle during the War of the Pacific.

Peru was defeated by Chile in the 1879–1883 War of the Pacific, losing the provinces of Arica and Tarapacá in the treaties of Ancón and Lima. Internal struggles after the war were followed by a period of stability under the Civilista Party, which lasted until the onset of the authoritarian regime of Augusto B. Leguía.^[20] The Great Depression caused the downfall of Leguía, renewed political turmoil, and the emergence of the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA).^[21] The rivalry between this organization and a coalition of the elite and the military defined Peruvian politics for the following three decades.^[22] Naval Combat of Angamos File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Naval Combat of Angamos File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Combatants Chile Peru Commanders Juan Jose Latorre Miguel Grau † Strength 2 armoured battleships 3 corvettes 1 transport 1 turret ship Casualties 7 dead 31 dead 4 missing 162 captured 1 turret ship captured The Naval Battle of Angamos (October 8, 1879) was an important struggle in the War of the... For the conflict between Japan and the Allied powers in Asia and the Pacific Ocean from 1937 to 1945, which included World War II campaigns, see Pacific War. ... Arica is a province in Tarapacá Region in Chile. ... Tarapacá is Chiles northernmost administrative region, hence also known as I Región (1st Region) in the standard north-to-south numbering of Chilean regions. ... Postal Stamp that picture the Treaty The Treaty of Ancón was signed by Peru and Chile on 20 October 1883, in the district of Ancón, Lima, Peru. ... The Treaty of Lima solved the dispute between Peru and Chile regarding the status of the chilean administered territories of Tacna and Arica. ... The Civilista Party (Partido Civil) was a conservative party in Peru. ... Augusto Bernardino Leguía y Salcedo (1863 - 1932) was a Peruvian politician who twice occupied the Presidency of Peru, from 1908 to 1912 and from 1919 to 1930. ... For other uses, see The Great Depression (disambiguation). ... The American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) also known as the Partido Aprista Peruano (Peruvian Aprista Party) is a Peruvian left-wing social democratic political party. ...

In 1968, the Armed Forces, led by General Juan Velasco Alvarado, staged a coup against president Fernando Belaunde. The new regime undertook radical reforms aimed at fostering development but failed to gain widespread support.^[23] In 1975, Velasco was forcefully replaced as president by General Francisco Morales Bermúdez, who paralyzed reforms and oversaw the reestablishment of democracy.^[24] During the 1980s, Peru faced a considerable external debt, ever-growing inflation, a surge in drug trafficking, and massive political violence.^[25] Under the presidency of Alberto Fujimori (1990–2000), the country started to recover; however, accusations of authoritarianism, corruption, and human rights violations forced his resignation after the controversial 2000 elections.^[26] Since the end of the Fujimori regime, Peru has tried to fight corruption while sustaining economic growth; the current president is Alan García.^[27] Juan Francisco Velasco Alvarado (June 16, 1910 – December 24, 1977) was a left-leaning Peruvian General who ruled Peru from 1968 to 1975 under the title of President of the Revolutionary Government. ... Fernando Belaúnde Terry (October 7, 1912 – June 4, 2002) was President of Peru for two terms (1963–1968 and 1980–1985). ... Francisco Morales Bermúdez Cerruti (born 1921) was a centrist Peruvian general who came to power in Peru in 1975 after deposing his predecessor, General Juan Velasco Alvarado. ... Combatants Republic of Peru Shining Path Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement Commanders Fernando Belaúnde Terry Alan García Alberto Fujimori Abimael Guzmán Óscar Ramírez Comrade ArtemioVíctor Polay Nestor Cerpa Cartolini It has been estimated that nearly 70,000 people died in the internal conflict in Peru... Alberto Kenya Fujimori (Spanish IPA: , Japanese IPA: ) (born in Lima, Peru on July 28, 1938), also known as Kenya Fujimori ) was President of Peru from July 28, 1990 to November 17, 2000. ... Judicial System Supreme Court of the Republic Superior Courts of Justice Courts of First Instance Courts of Peace Elections Presidential elections National elections Peruvian Constituent Assembly elections, 1978 Political Parties A.P.R.A. Union for Peru List of political parties in Peru Region & Local government Regional Governments Governors Provincial... Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez (born May 23, 1949 in Lima) is the current President of Peru, having won the 2006 elections on June 4, 2006 in a run-off against Union for Peru candidate Ollanta Humala. ...

Government

Main articles: Government of Peru and Politics of Peru

Casa de Pizarro, official residence of the President.

Peru is a presidential representative democratic republic with a multi-party system. Under the current constitution, the President is the head of state and government; he or she is elected for five years and may not immediately be re-elected.^[28] The President designates the Prime Minister and, with his advice, the rest of the Council of Ministers.^[29] There is a unicameral Congress with 120 members elected for a five-year term.^[30] Bills may be proposed by either the executive or the legislative branch; they become law after being passed by Congress and promulgated by the President.^[31] The judiciary is nominally independent,^[32] though political intervention into judicial matters has been common throughout history and arguably continues today.^[33] Judicial System Supreme Court of the Republic Superior Courts of Justice Courts of First Instance Courts of Peace Elections Electoral system Peruvian Constituent Assembly elections, 1978 Political Parties APRA List of political parties in Peru Region & Local government Regional Governments Provincial Municipalities Districtal Municipalities Other countries Atlas  Politics Portal      The... Judicial System Supreme Court of the Republic Superior Courts of Justice Courts of First Instance Courts of Peace Elections Electoral system Peruvian Constituent Assembly elections, 1978 Political Parties APRA List of political parties in Peru Region & Local government Regional Governments Provincial Municipalities Districtal Municipalities Other countries Atlas  Politics Portal      Politics... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 501 pixelsFull resolution (1205 × 754 pixel, file size: 217 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 501 pixelsFull resolution (1205 × 754 pixel, file size: 217 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Peruvian Government Palace, Lima, Peru The Government Palace or House of Pizarro (Palacio de Gobierno or Casa de Pizarro in Spanish) is a building in Peru. ... A presidential system, also called a congressional system, is a system of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term) separately from the legislature, to which it is not accountable and which cannot in normal circumstances dismiss it. ... Representative democracy is a form of government founded on the principles of popular sovereignty by the peoples representatives. ... A multi-party system is a type of party system. ... For the comedy film of the same name, see Head of State (film). ... For unicameral alphabets, see the article letter case. For The unicameral, see Nebraska Legislature. ...

Congress sits on the Palacio Legislativo in Lima.

The Peruvian government is directly elected, and voting is compulsory for all citizens aged 18 to 70.^[34] General elections held in 2006 ended in a second round victory for presidential candidate Alan García of the Peruvian Aprista Party (52.6% of valid votes) over Ollanta Humala of Union for Peru (47.4%).^[35] Congress is currently composed of the Peruvian Aprista Party (36 seats), Peruvian Nationalist Party (23 seats), Union for Peru (19 seats), National Unity (15 seats), the Fujimorista Alliance for the Future (13 seats), the Parliamentary Alliance (9 seats) and the Democratic Special Parliamentary Group (5 seats).^[36] Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2048 × 1536 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2048 × 1536 pixel, file size: 1. ... Direct election is a term describing a system of choosing political officeholders in which the voters directly cast ballots for the person, persons or political party that they desire to see elected. ... Compulsory voting is a practice that requires citizens to vote in elections or to attend a polling place to get their name crossed off the electoral roll. ... Geographic distribution of Second Round votes, by winning candidate. ... Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez (born May 23, 1949 in Lima) is the current President of Peru, having won the 2006 elections on June 4, 2006 in a run-off against Union for Peru candidate Ollanta Humala. ... The American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) also known as the Partido Aprista Peruano (Peruvian Aprista Party) is a Peruvian left-wing social democratic political party. ... Ollanta Moisés Humala Tasso Uñña (born June 26, 1963) is a Peruvian left-leaning nationalist politician. ... Union for Peru (Spanish: Unión por el Perú) was originally a liberal or centrist political party in Peru. ... APRA could refer to the: American Popular Revolutionary Alliance, a Peruvian political party Australian Prudential Regulation Authority Australasian Performing Rights Association This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Judicial System Supreme Court of the Republic Superior Courts of Justice Courts of First Instance Courts of Peace Elections Presidential elections National elections Peruvian Constituent Assembly elections, 1978 Political Parties A.P.R.A. List of political parties in Peru Region & Local government Regional Governments Governors Provinces, Cities, and Districts... Union for Peru (Spanish: Unión por el Perú) was originally a liberal or centrist political party in Peru. ... National Unity (Spanish: Unidad Nacional) is a Peruvian political party. ... Logo Alliance for the Future (Alianza por el Futuro) is a Peruvian political alliance formed by pro-Fujimori parties Cambio 90 and Nueva Mayoría for the 2006 national election. ...

Peruvian foreign relations have been dominated by border conflicts with neighboring countries, most of which were settled during the 20th century.^[37] There is still an ongoing dispute with Chile over maritime limits in the Pacific Ocean.^[38] Peru is an active member of several regional blocs and one of the founders of the Andean Community of Nations. It is also a participant in international organizations such as the Organization of American States and the United Nations. The Peruvian military is composed of an army, a navy and an air force; its primary mission is to safeguard the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country.^[39] The armed forces are subordinate to the Ministry of Defense and to the President as Commander-in-Chief. Conscription was abolished in 1999 and replaced by voluntary military service.^[40] Judicial System Supreme Court of the Republic Superior Courts of Justice Courts of First Instance Courts of Peace Elections Electoral system Peruvian Constituent Assembly elections, 1978 Political Parties APRA List of political parties in Peru Region & Local government Regional Governments Provincial Municipalities Districtal Municipalities Other countries Atlas  Politics Portal      In... Recent Developments: Maritime Dispute Reignited Dating back to the 19th century and culminating in the devastating War of the Pacific, Peru and Chile have had a long and tortuous history of territorial disputes. ...  â€¢  â€¢ Seat of Secretariat Lima, Peru Official language Spanish Type Trade bloc Membership 10 South American states 2 Central/North American observer states Leaders  -  Secretary General Freddy Ehlers Establishment  -  as the Andean Pact 1969   -  as the CAN 1996  Website http://www. ... Headquarters Washington, D.C. Official languages English, French, Portuguese, Spanish Membership 35 countries Leaders  -  Secretary General José Miguel Insulza Chile (since 26 May 2005) Establishment  -  Charter first signed 30 April 1948 in effect 1 December 1951  Website http://www. ... UN redirects here. ... The Peruvian Armed Forces are composed of an Army, a Navy and an Air Force. ... Judicial System Supreme Court of the Republic Superior Courts of Justice Courts of First Instance Courts of Peace Elections Presidential elections National elections Peruvian Constituent Assembly elections, 1978 Political Parties A.P.R.A. List of political parties in Peru Region & Local government Regional Governments Governors Provinces, Cities, and Districts... Commander-in-Chief (in NATO-lingo often C-in-C or CINC pronounced sink) is the commander of all the military forces within a particular region or of all the military forces of a state. ... A volunteer military or all-volunteer military is one which derives its manpower from volunteers rather than conscription or mandatory service. ...

Regions

Main article: Administrative divisions of Peru

Ama
zonas

Ancash

Apurímac

Arequipa

Ayacucho

Caja
marca

Cusco

Huánuco

Huanca
velica

Ica

Junín

La Libertad

Lamba
yeque

Lima

Lima
Province

Callao

Loreto

Madre de Dios

Moquegua

Pasco

Piura

Puno

Tacna

Tumbes

San
Martín

Ucayali

info

Clickable map of the regions of Peru.

Peru is divided into 25 regions and the province of Lima. Each region has an elected government composed of a president and a council, which serves for a four-year term.^[41] These governments plan regional development, execute public investment projects, promote economic activities, and manage public property.^[42] The province of Lima is administered by a city council.^[43] The Subdivisions of Peru have changed from time to time, since the nation gained independence from Spain in the early 19th century. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 427 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (520 × 730 pixel, file size: 26 KB, MIME type: image/png) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Amazonas is a region in northern Peru. ... See other Peruvian regions President Ricardo Narváez Soto Capital Huaraz Largest city Chimbote Area 35,039. ... See other Peruvian regions President Luis Barra Capital Abancay Area 20,895. ... Arequipa is a region in southwestern Peru. ... Ayacucho is a region of Peru, located in the south-central Andes of the country. ... Cajamarca is a department in Peru. ... See other Peruvian regions President Carlos R. Cuaresma Capital Cusco Area 71,986. ... Huánuco is a region in central Peru. ... Huancavelica is a department in Peru. ... Ica is a region in Peru. ... Junín is a region in the central highlands of Peru. ... La Libertad is a region in northwestern Peru. ... Lambayeque is a region in northwestern Peru, known for its rich Chimú and Moche historical past. ... The Lima Region, also known as Lima Provincias, is one of twenty-five regions in Peru. ... Lima Province is located in the central coast of Peru and is the only province in the country not belonging to any of the twenty-five regions. ... See other Peruvian regions President Alexander Kouri Bumachar Capital Callao Area 146. ... See other Peruvian regions President Robinson Rivadeneira Capital Iquitos Area 368,851. ... Madre de Dios is a region in southeastern Peru, bordering Brazil, Bolivia and the Peruvian regions of Puno, Cusco and Ucayali. ... Moquegua is one of the 25 regions of Peru. ... Pasco is a department in Peru. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article is about the Region of Puno. ... Tacna is Perus southernmost region. ... Tumbes is a coastal region in northwestern Peru. ... San Martín is a region in Peru. ... Categories: Stub | Departments of Peru ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 427 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (520 × 730 pixel, file size: 26 KB, MIME type: image/png) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Perus territory, according to the Regionalization Law which was passed on November 18th, 2002, is divided into 25 regions (regiones; singular: región). ... Lima Province is located in the central coast of Peru and is the only province in the country not belonging to any of the twenty-five regions. ...

Regions:

Province: Amazonas is a region in northern Peru. ... See other Peruvian regions President Ricardo Narváez Soto Capital Huaraz Largest city Chimbote Area 35,039. ... See other Peruvian regions President Luis Barra Capital Abancay Area 20,895. ... Arequipa is a region in southwestern Peru. ... Ayacucho is a region of Peru, located in the south-central Andes of the country. ... Cajamarca is a department in Peru. ... See other Peruvian regions President Alexander Kouri Bumachar Capital Callao Area 146. ... See other Peruvian regions President Carlos R. Cuaresma Capital Cusco Area 71,986. ... Huancavelica is a department in Peru. ... Huánuco is a region in central Peru. ... Ica is a region in Peru. ... Junín is a region in the central highlands of Peru. ... La Libertad is a region in northwestern Peru. ... Lambayeque is a region in northwestern Peru, known for its rich Chimú and Moche historical past. ... The Lima Region, also known as Lima Provincias, is one of twenty-five regions in Peru. ... See other Peruvian regions President Robinson Rivadeneira Capital Iquitos Area 368,851. ... Madre de Dios is a region in southeastern Peru, bordering Brazil, Bolivia and the Peruvian regions of Puno, Cusco and Ucayali. ... Moquegua is one of the 25 regions of Peru. ... Pasco is a department in Peru. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article is about the Region of Puno. ... San Martín is a region in Peru. ... Tacna is Perus southernmost region. ... Tumbes is a coastal region in northwestern Peru. ... Categories: Stub | Departments of Peru ...

• Lima

Lima Province is located in the central coast of Peru and is the only province in the country not belonging to any of the twenty-five regions. ...

Geography

Main article: Geography of Peru

Topographic map of Peru

Peru covers 1,285,220 km² (496,193 sq mi), making it approximately two-thirds the size of Mexico. It neighbors Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the southeast, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Map of Peru Political map of Peru Economic activity in Peru Vegetation of Peru Geographic coordinates: Area: land: 1. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 423 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (840 × 1191 pixel, file size: 431 KB, MIME type: image/png) Map of Peru Bounding box West -82. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 423 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (840 × 1191 pixel, file size: 431 KB, MIME type: image/png) Map of Peru Bounding box West -82. ... Square kilometre (U.S. spelling: square kilometer), symbol km², is a decimal multiple of SI unit of surface area square metre, one of the SI derived units. ... This article is about the unit of measure. ...

The Andes mountains run parallel to the Pacific Ocean, dividing the country into three geographic regions. The costa (coast), to the west, is a narrow plain, largely arid except for valleys created by seasonal rivers. The sierra (highlands) is the region of the Andes; it includes the Altiplano plateau as well as the highest peak of the country, the 6,768 m (22,205 ft) Huascarán.^[44] The third region is the selva (jungle), a wide expanse of flat terrain covered by the Amazon rainforest that extends east. Almost 60% of the country's area is located within this region.^[45] This article is about the mountain system in South America. ... Puno, Peru, is one of larger cities of the Altiplano. ... Huascarán or Nevado Huascarán is a mountain of the Cordillera Blanca, part of the Western Andes. ... Map of the Amazon rainforest ecoregions as delineated by the WWF. Yellow line encloses the Amazon rainforest. ...

Most Peruvian rivers originate in the Andes and drain into one of three basins. Those that drain toward the Pacific Ocean are steep and short, flowing only intermittently. Tributaries of the Amazon River are longer, have a much larger flow, and are less steep once they exit the sierra. Rivers that drain into Lake Titicaca are generally short and have a large flow.^[46] Peru's longest rivers are the Ucayali, the Marañón, the Putumayo, the Yavarí, the Huallaga, the Urubamba, the Mantaro, and the Amazon.^[47] A drainage basin is the area within the drainage basin divide (blue outline), and drains the surface runoff and river discharge (green lines) of a contiguous area. ... This article is about the river. ... Lake Titicaca sits 3,812 m (12,507 feet) above sea level making it the highest commercially navigable lake in the world. ... Alternative use: Ucayali region The Ucayali, which rises about 70 miles north of Lake Titicaca, is the most interesting branch of the Amazon River next to the Madeira. ... The river Marañón rises about 100 miles to the north-east of Lima, Peru. ... The Içá or Putumayo River is one of the tributaries of the Amazon river, west of and parallel to the Yapura. ... The Yavarí River (Spanish: ) is a 1,184 km tributary of the Amazon, located in eastern Peru and western Brazil. ... The Huallaga River (also known as the Guallaga and Rio de los Motilones), which joins the Amazon River to the west of the Río Ucayali, rises high among the mountains, in about 10 degrees 40 minutes southern latitude, on the northern slopes of the celebrated Cerro de Pasco. ... The Urubamba River in Peru, a partially navigable headwater of the River Amazon, rises in the Andes to the south-east of Cuzco near the Puno region border (where it is called the Vilcanota) and flows north-north-west for 724 Kilometers before coalescing with the Apurimac River to form... The Mantaro River (Spanish: ) is a 724 km tributary of the Amazon, located in central Peru. ... This article is about the river. ...

The peaks of the Andes are the source of many Peruvian rivers.

Peru, unlike other equatorial countries, does not have an exclusively tropical climate; the influence of the Andes and the Humboldt Current causes great climatic diversity within the country. The costa has moderate temperatures, low precipitations, and high humidity, except for its warmer, wetter northern reaches.^[48] In the sierra, rain is frequent during summer, and temperature and humidity diminish with altitude up to the frozen peaks of the Andes.^[49] The selva is characterized by heavy rainfall and high temperatures, except for its southernmost part, which has cold winters and seasonal rainfall.^[50] Because of its varied geography and climate, Peru has a high biodiversity; 21,462 species of plants and animals had been reported as of 2003, 5,855 of them endemic.^[51] The Peruvian government has established several protected areas for their preservation. Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 1466 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 1466 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... ... Endemic, in a broad sense, can mean belonging or native to, characteristic of, or prevalent in a particular geography, race, field, area, or environment; Native to an area or scope. ...

Economy

Main article: Economy of Peru

The seaport of Callao is the main outlet for Peruvian exports.

Peru is a developing country with a 2005 Human Development Index score of 0.773.^[52] Its 2006 per capita income was US$3,374;^[53] 44.5% of its total population is poor, including 16.1% that is extremely poor.^[54] Historically, the country's economic performance has been tied to exports, which provide hard currency to finance imports and external debt payments.^[55] Although exports have provided substantial revenue, self-sustained growth and a more egalitarian distribution of income have proven elusive.^[56] This article is about the economy of Peru, a country in South America. ... Download high resolution version (2288x1712, 749 KB) This image is copyrighted. ... Download high resolution version (2288x1712, 749 KB) This image is copyrighted. ... Callao (Spanish: El Callao) is the largest and most important port in Peru. ...  Newly industrialized countries  Other emerging markets  Other developing economies  High income  Upper-middle income  Lower-middle income  Low income A developing country is that country which has a relatively low standard of living, an undeveloped industrial base, and a moderate to low Human Development Index (HDI) score and per capita... The per capita income for a group of people may be defined as their total personal income, divided by the total population. ... It has been suggested that Soft currency be merged into this article or section. ... Income inequality metrics or income distribution metrics are techniques used by economists to measure the distribution of income and economic inequality among the participants in a particular economy, such as that of a specific country or of the world in general. ...

Peruvian economic policy has varied widely over the past decades. The 1968–1975 government of Juan Velasco Alvarado introduced radical reforms, which included agrarian reform, the expropriation of foreign companies, the introduction of an economic planning system, and the creation of a large state-owned sector. These measures failed to achieve their objectives of income redistribution and the end of economic dependence on developed nations.^[57] Despite these adverse results, most reforms were not reversed until the 1990s, when the liberalizing government of Alberto Fujimori ended price controls, protectionism, restrictions on foreign direct investment, and most state ownership of companies.^[58] Reforms have permitted sustained economic growth since 1993, except for a slump after the 1997 Asian financial crisis.^[59] Juan Francisco Velasco Alvarado (June 16, 1910 – December 24, 1977) was a left-leaning Peruvian General who ruled Peru from 1968 to 1975 under the title of President of the Revolutionary Government. ... Agrarian reform can refer either, narrowly, to government-initiated or government-backed redistribution of agricultural land (see land reform) or can refer more broadly to an overall redirection of the agrarian system of the country, which often includes land reform measures. ... Economic interventionism is a term used to describe activity undertaken by a central government to affect a countrys economy in an attempt to increase economic growth and/or standards of living. ... Income redistribution, or the redistribution of wealth, is a political policy usually promoted by members of the political left, and opposed, or less strongly supported, by members of the political right. ... Main International Relations Theories Politics Portal This box:      Dependency theory is a body of social science theories, both from developed and developing nations, that create a worldview which suggests that poor underdeveloped states of the periphery are exploited by wealthy developed nations of the centre, in order to sustain economic... In general, liberalization refers to a relaxation of previous government restrictions, usually in areas of social or economic policy. ... Alberto Kenya Fujimori (Spanish IPA: , Japanese IPA: ) (born in Lima, Peru on July 28, 1938), also known as Kenya Fujimori ) was President of Peru from July 28, 1990 to November 17, 2000. ... In economics, incomes policies are wage and price controls used to fight inflation. ... Protectionism is the economic policy of restraining trade between nations, through methods such as high tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas, a variety of restrictive government regulations designed to discourage imports, and anti-dumping laws in an attempt to protect domestic industries in a particular nation from foreign take-over... This article is about economics. ... The East Asian Financial Crisis was a period of economic unrest (or financial contagion) that started in July 1997 in Thailand with the financial collapse of the Thai Baht, and affected currencies, stock markets, and other asset prices in a number of Asian countries. ...

Services account for 53% of Peruvian gross domestic product, followed by manufacturing (22.3%), extractive industries (15%), and taxes (9.7%).^[60] Recent economic growth has been fueled by macroeconomic stability, improved terms of trade, and rising investment and consumption.^[61] Trade is expected to increase further after the implementation of a free trade agreement with the United States, which was signed on April 12, 2006.^[62] Peru's main exports are copper, gold, zinc, textiles, and fish meal; its major trade partners are the United States, China, Brazil, and Chile.^[63] The tertiary sector of industry (also known as the service sector or the service industry) is one of the three main industrial categories of a developed economy, the others being the secondary industry (manufacturing), and primary industry (extraction such as mining, agriculture and fishing). ... GDP redirects here. ... The secondary sector of industry includes those economic sectors that create a finished, usable product: manufacturing and construction. ... The primary sector of industry generally involves the changing process of natural resources into primary products. ... The United States - Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (Spanish: ) is a bilateral free trade agreement, whose objectives are eliminating obstacles to trade, consolidating access to goods and services and fostering private investment in and between the United States and Peru. ... is the 102nd day of the year (103rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Peru

Peruvian woman and child of Amerindian ancestry

With about 28 million inhabitants, Peru is the fourth most populous country in South America as of 2007.^[64] Its demographic growth rate declined from 2.6% to 1.6% between 1950 and 2000; population is expected to reach approximately 42 million in 2050.^[65] As of 2005, 72.6% lived in urban areas and 27.4% in rural areas.^[66] Major cities include Lima, Arequipa, Trujillo, Chiclayo, Piura, Iquitos, Chimbote, Cusco, and Huancayo, all of which reported more than 200,000 inhabitants in the 1993 census.^[67] Almost half of all Peruvians are Amerindian, or 45 percent of the total population. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (3072 × 2304 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (3072 × 2304 pixel, file size: 1. ... The Indigenous peoples in Peru (pueblos indígenas in Spanish) comprise a large number of distinct ethnic groups who inhabited the countrys present territory prior to its discovery by Europeans around 1500. ... This is a list of continental South American countries/dependencies by population. ... For other uses, see Lima (disambiguation). ... For the cactus genus, see Oreocereus. ... The name Trujillo is shared by several different places: Trujillo, Colombia, a municipality in the Valle del Cauca department. ... Chiclayo is a city on the northern coastal plain in Peru. ... Piura: Plaza de Armas Piura is a city in northwestern Peru. ... Iquitos is the largest city in the Peruvian rainforest, with a population of around 400,000. ... Chimbote is the largest city in the Ancash Region of Peru. ... This article is the city in Peru. ... Huancayo is the capital of the Junín Region, in the central highlands of Peru. ... The Peru 1993 Census was a detailed enumeration of the Peruvian population made on July 11, 1993 by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. ...

Peru is a multiethnic nation formed by the combination of different groups over five centuries. Amerindians inhabited Peruvian territory for several millennia before Spanish Conquest in the 16th century; their population decreased from an estimated 9 million in the 1520s to around 600,000 in 1620 mainly due to infectious diseases.^[68] Spaniards and Africans arrived in large numbers under colonial rule, mixing widely with each other and with indigenous peoples. After independence, there has been a gradual European immigration from England, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain.^[69] Chinese arrived in the 1850s as a replacement for slave workers and have since become a major influence in Peruvian society.^[70] Other immigrant groups include Arabs and Japanese. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Indigenous peoples in Peru (pueblos indígenas in Spanish) comprise a large number of distinct ethnic groups who inhabited the countrys present territory prior to its discovery by Europeans around 1500. ... The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire was a process through which a group of Spaniards led by Francisco Pizarro succeeded in toppling the Inca Empire in the early 16th-century. ... This false-colored electron micrograph shows a malaria sporozoite migrating through the midgut epithelia. ... The Spanish people or Spaniards are an ethnic group native to Spain, in southwestern Europe, who are primarily descended from the autochthonous pre-Indo-European Euskaldunak, Latin, Visigothic, Celtic and Moorish peoples. ... Though most indigenous Africans possess relatively dark skin, they exhibit much variation in physical appearance. ... The European peoples are the various nations and ethnic groups of Europe. ... Languages Arabic other minority languages Religions Predominantly Sunni Islam, as well as Shia Islam, Greek Orthodoxy, Greek Catholicism, Roman Catholicism, Alawite Islam, Druzism, Ibadi Islam, and Judaism Footnotes a Mainly in Antakya. ...

Spanish, the first language of 80.3% of Peruvians age 5 and older in 1993, is the primary language of the country. It coexists with several indigenous languages, the most important of which is Quechua, spoken by 16.5% of the population in 1993. Other native and foreign languages were spoken at that time by 3% and 0.2% of Peruvians, respectively.^[71] In the 1993 census, 89% of the population over 12 years old described themselves as Catholic, 6.7% as Evangelical, 2.6% as of other denominations, and 1.4% as non-religious; 0.2% did not specify any affiliation.^[72] Literacy was estimated at 88.9% in 2005; this rate is lower in rural areas (76.1%) than in urban areas (94.8%).^[73] Primary and secondary education are compulsory and free in public schools.^[74] It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Quechuan languages. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Relation to other religions Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Christianity Portal This box:      Evangelicalism is a theological perspective in Protestant Christianity which identifies with the gospel. ... A primary school in ÄŒeský Těšín, Poland Primary education is the first stage of compulsory education. ... Secondary education - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Compulsory education is education which children are required by law to receive and governments to provide. ...

Culture

Main article: Culture of Peru

Anonymous Cuzco School painting, 18th century

Peruvian culture is primarily rooted in Amerindian and Spanish traditions,^[75] though it has also been influenced by various African, Asian, and European ethnic groups. Peruvian artistic traditions date back to the elaborate pottery, textiles, jewelry, and sculpture of Pre-Inca cultures. The Incas maintained these crafts and made architectural achievements including the construction of Machu Picchu. Baroque dominated colonial art, though modified by native traditions.^[76] During this period, most art focused on religious subjects; the numerous churches of the era and the paintings of the Cuzco School are representative.^[77] Arts stagnated after independence until the emergence of Indigenismo in the early 20th century.^[78] Since the 1950s, Peruvian art has been eclectic and shaped by both foreign and local art currents.^[79] The Culture of Peru was shaped by the relationship between Hispanic and Amerindian cultures. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 438 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (585 × 801 pixel, file size: 285 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Pintura de la Escuela Cuzqueña de Pintura, de autor anónimo denominada Nuestra Señora de Belén del siglo XVIII Obra de pintor an... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 438 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (585 × 801 pixel, file size: 285 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Pintura de la Escuela Cuzqueña de Pintura, de autor anónimo denominada Nuestra Señora de Belén del siglo XVIII Obra de pintor an... 18th century Cuzco School painting. ... This article discusses the visual arts of Peru; for customs and way of life, see Culture of Peru. ... This is a chart of the Peruvian cultural periods used by archaeologist studying the area. ... Machu Picchu is a worldwide known example of peruvian architecture. ... Machu Picchu (Quechua: Machu Pikchu Old Peak) is a pre-Columbian Inca city located at 2,430 m (7,970 ft) altitude[1] on a mountain ridge above the Urubamba Valley in Peru, about 70 km (44 mi) northwest of Cusco. ... For other uses, see Baroque (disambiguation). ... 18th century Cuzco School painting. ... List of Mexican American, Indigenismo and Americanismo writers. ... Eclecticism is a kind of mixed style in the fine arts, in which features are borrowed from various sources and styles. ...

Peruvian literature has its roots in the oral traditions of pre-Columbian civilizations. Spaniards introduced writing in the 16th century; colonial literary expression included chronicles and religious literature. After independence, Costumbrism and Romanticism became the most common literary genres, as exemplified in the works of Ricardo Palma.^[80] In the early 20th century, the Indigenismo movement produced such writers as Ciro Alegría,^[81] José María Arguedas,^[82] and César Vallejo.^[83] During the second half of the century, Peruvian literature became more widely known because of authors such as Mario Vargas Llosa, a leading member of the Latin American Boom.^[84] In the history of Peruvian literature, the oral indigenous tradition and the technical resources of writing (incorporated by Spaniards) converge in each other. ... The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continents. ... Generally a chronicle (Latin chronica, from Greek Χρόνος) is historical account of facts and events in chronological order. ... Christian literature is writing that deals Christian themes. ... Costumbrism (costumbrismo in Spanish) is an artistic and literary genre popular in Latin America during the romantic movement in the 19th century. ... Romantics redirects here. ... Ricardo Palma Ricardo Palma (1833 - 1919) was a Peruvian author and scholar. ... Ciro Alegría (1909-1967) was a Peruvian journalist, politician, and novelist. ... José María Arguedas (18 January 1911 – 28 November 1969) was a Peruvian novelist (writing in Spanish) although he also wrote poetry in Quechua. ... Peruvian poet Cesar Vallejo (1892 - 1938) César Abraham Vallejo Mendoza (March 16, 1892 – April 15, 1938) was a Peruvian poet. ... Mario Vargas Llosa in his youth. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Ceviche is a citrus marinated seafood dish.

Peruvian cuisine is a blend of Amerindian and Spanish food with strong influences from African, Arab, Italian, Chinese, and Japanese cooking.^[85] Common dishes include anticuchos, ceviche, humitas, and pachamanca. Because of the variety of climates within Peru, a wide range of plants and animals are available for cooking.^[86] Peruvian cuisine has recently received acclaim due to its diversity of ingredients and techniques.^[87] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 548 pixelsFull resolution (884 × 605 pixel, file size: 144 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) (All user names refer to en. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 548 pixelsFull resolution (884 × 605 pixel, file size: 144 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) (All user names refer to en. ... Peruvian ceviche with lobster and shrimp Ceviche (also spelled as cebiche, seviche or cevice) is a Peruvian Dish, a form of citrus marinated seafood salad that originated in the northern region of Peru. ... Peruvian cuisine is considered one of the most diverse in the world and is on par with French, Chinese, and Indian cuisine. ... Native American Cuisine includes all food practices of the native peoples of the Americas. ... Spanish cuisine is made of very different kinds of dishes due to the differences in geography, culture and climate. ... Anticuchos Anticuchos (singular anticucho) are a popular Peruvian dish consisting of small pieces of skewered meat. ... Peruvian ceviche with lobster and shrimp Ceviche (also spelled as cebiche, seviche or cevice) is a Peruvian Dish, a form of citrus marinated seafood salad that originated in the northern region of Peru. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Humita Humitas are a Native American dish from prehispanic times, and a traditional food in Argentina, Chile, Ecuador and Perú. They consist of masa harina and cooked corn, slowly cooked in oil. ... Pachamanca Pachamanca is a traditional Peruvian dish based on the baking, with the aid of hot stones, of lamb, mutton, pork, chicken or guinea pig, marinated in spices. ...

Peruvian music has Andean, Spanish and African roots.^[88] In pre-Hispanic times, musical expressions varied widely from region to region; the quena and the tinya were two common instruments.^[89] Spanish conquest brought the introduction of new instruments such as the guitar and the harp, as well as the development of crossbred instruments like the charango.^[90] African contributions to Peruvian music include its rhythms and the cajón, a percussion instrument.^[91] Peruvian folk dances include marinera, tondero, danza de tijeras and huayno.^[92] Native Peruvian music is dominated by the national instrument, the charango. ... The quena is a South American wind instrument, mostly used by Andean musicians The quena (Quechua: , sometimes also written kena in English) is the traditional flute of the Andes. ... The Tinya is a percussion instrument like a small manual made drum of leather. ... Visit the Guitar Portal A Bolivian charango This article is about an instrument. ... A caj n (Spanish for crate, drawer, or box, pronounced ka. ... Marinera Norteña, the most representative dance in Peru. ... Marinera, the most representative dance in Peru. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The Danza de las tijeras (scissors dance) is an original dance from the south of the Andes, in Peru, in which two or more dancers (danzak)dance, followed by their respective orchestras of a violin and a harp. ... Huayño (Quechua: , Spanish: ) is a genre of popular Andean music, especially common in Peru ,Bolivia, and Argentina. ...

See also

v • d • e Major topics in Peru
History	Timeline (Ancient civilizations · Inca Empire · Spanish conquest · Viceroyalty · War of Independence · Guano era · War of the Pacific · Colombia-Peru War · Ecuadorian-Peruvian war · Internal conflict)  · Demographic · Economic · Military
Geography	Cities · Earthquakes · Fauna · Flora · Mountains · Natural regions · Protected areas · Rivers
Government	Constitution · Regions and provinces · Foreign relations · Military · Law · Law enforcement · Nationality law · Electoral system
Politics	Political parties (APRA, Union for Peru, National Unity, Alliance for the Future, Popular Action, Peru Possible, Peruvian Nationalist Party) · Elections
Economy	Agriculture · Central Bank · Communications · Companies · Currency · Electricity · Stock Exchange · Transport · Water supply and sanitation
Culture	Architecture · Art · Cinema · Cuisine · Demographics · Education · Languages · Literature · Media · Music · Public holidays · Religion · Sport
Other	List of Peruvians · Human rights · International rankings · Llama  · Macchu Pichu
See also Portal:Peru

Image File history File links Flag_of_Peru_(state). ... The history of Peru spans several millennia. ... 3000 BC - 1800 BC: Norte Chico 900 BC - 200 BC: Chavín 300 BC - AD 1480 Moche, Chimu 300 BC - AD 800 Nazca_culture 300 - 1100 Tiwanaku 500 - 1000 Huari 1100 - 1572: Inca Empire 1532 - 1572: Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire 1542 - 1821: Viceroyalty of Peru 1836 - 1839: Peru-Bolivian... The map of the Tahuantinsuyo An Andean bronze bottle made by Chimú artisans from circa 1300 A.D. The Stele from the Chavin Culture, Ancash, Peru Moche pottery, Lambayeque, Peru (Image © PROMPERU, used with permission) The Tiahuanaco Gate of the Sun, Puno, Peru An Andean bronze bottle made by Chim... For the a general view of Inca civilisation, people and culture, see Incas. ... There lies Peru with its riches; Here, Panama and its poverty. ... Created in 1542, the Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del Perú) contained most of Spanish-ruled South America until the creation of the separate viceroyalties of New Granada (now Colombia, Ecuador, Panamá and Venezuela, the last-named previously in the Viceroyalty of New Spain) in 1717 and Río... The economic crisis favored the indigenous rebellion from 1780 to 1781. ... For the conflict between Japan and the Allied powers in Asia and the Pacific Ocean from 1937 to 1945, which included World War II campaigns, see Pacific War. ... Colombia-Peru War theater of operations. ... Combatants Republic of Peru Republic of Ecuador Commanders Gen. ... Combatants Republic of Peru Shining Path Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement Commanders Fernando Belaúnde Terry Alan García Alberto Fujimori Abimael Guzmán Óscar Ramírez Comrade ArtemioVíctor Polay Nestor Cerpa Cartolini It has been estimated that nearly 70,000 people died in the internal conflict in Peru... The demographic history of Peru can be reconstructed through the population censuses carried out throughout the history of Peru. ... // Inca economy was mainly agricultural, although it reached some animal husbandry and mining development. ... This is a list of cities in Peru. ... Safe zone in case of an earthquake. ... This is a list of mountains in Peru. ... Peruvian Physiographic Regions When the Spanish arrived, they divided Peru (because of political reasons) in three main regions: the Coastal region, that is bounded by the Pacific Ocean; the Highlands, that is located on the Andean Heights, and the Jungle, that is located on the Amazonian Jungle. ... This is a list of rivers that are at least partially in Peru. ... The Subdivisions of Peru have changed from time to time, since the nation gained independence from Spain in the early 19th century. ... In October 1998, Peru and Ecuador signed a peace accord which definitively resolved border differences which had, over the years, resulted in armed conflict. ... The Judicial System of Peru usually known as the Judicial Power in Peru, is an organism of the government of the Republic of Peru composed of a hierarchic organization of institutions, that excersice equal justice to all people. ... The national police force in Perú is called Policía Nacional del Perú or PNP. They are the state police force, but serve many of the same roles in the cities that local police forces assume in other countries, such as traffic control at intersections. ... According to the Peruvian Constitution and nationality legislation passed in 1996 as well as an executive order declared in 1997, Peruvian nationality can be passed by birth via jus soli or by registration if born overseas and duly registered at a Peruvian embassy or consulate before the child reaches 18... Judicial System Supreme Court of the Republic Superior Courts of Justice Courts of First Instance Courts of Peace Elections Electoral system Peruvian Constituent Assembly elections, 1978 Political Parties APRA List of political parties in Peru Region & Local government Regional Governments Provincial Municipalities Districtal Municipalities Other countries Atlas  Politics Portal      Politics... Political parties in Peru lists political parties in Peru. ... The American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) also known as the Partido Aprista Peruano (Peruvian Aprista Party) is a Peruvian left-wing social democratic political party. ... Union for Peru (Spanish: Unión por el Perú) was originally a liberal or centrist political party in Peru. ... National Unity (Spanish: Unidad Nacional) is a Peruvian political party. ... A lawsuit is a civil action brought before a court in order to recover a right, obtain damages for an injury, obtain an injunction to prevent an injury, or obtain a declaratory judgment to prevent future legal disputes. ... Peru Possible (Spanish: Perú Posible) is a Peruvian political party. ... Judicial System Supreme Court of the Republic Superior Courts of Justice Courts of First Instance Courts of Peace Elections Presidential elections National elections Peruvian Constituent Assembly elections, 1978 Political Parties A.P.R.A. List of political parties in Peru Region & Local government Regional Governments Governors Provinces, Cities, and Districts... Elections in Peru provides information pertaining to the election process and the results of Peruvian presidencial elections. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require rewriting and/or reformatting. ... Ajegroup Alicorp Banco de Credito del Peru Cementos Lima Cemento Pacasmayo Empresa Nacional de Ferrocarriles del Peru Wong (supermarket) Saga Falabella Telefonica del Peru Category: ... The electricity sector in Peru has experienced impressive improvements in the past 15 years. ... The Culture of Peru was shaped by the relationship between Hispanic and Amerindian cultures. ... Machu Picchu is a worldwide known example of peruvian architecture. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Peruvian cuisine is considered one of the most diverse in the world and is on par with French, Chinese, and Indian cuisine. ... Almost half of all Peruvians are Amerindian, or 45 percent of the total population. ... In the history of Peruvian literature, the oral indigenous tradition and the technical resources of writing (incorporated by Spaniards) converge in each other. ... Peruvian music is an amalgamation of sounds and styles drawing on the Perus Andean musical roots and Spanish musical influences. ... This is an incomplete list of public holidays in Peru. ... This is a list of famous Peruvians. ... The following are international rankings of Peru. ... For other uses, see Llama (disambiguation). ... View of Machu Picchu Machu Picchu (sometimes called the Lost City of the Inca) is a well preserved Pre-Columbian town located on a high mountain ridge (at an elevation of about 6,750 feet) above the Urubamba valley in modern-day Peru. ...

Notes

Tom Dillehay is an American anthropologist who is the anthropology department chair at Vanderbilt University. ... is the 202nd day of the year (203rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 199th day of the year (200th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 205th day of the year (206th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 135th day of the year (136th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 5th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 332nd day of the year (333rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 215th day of the year (216th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 135th day of the year (136th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 176th day of the year (177th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 176th day of the year (177th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 94th day of the year (95th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 135th day of the year (136th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 184th day of the year (185th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... “PDF” redirects here. ... MiB redirects here. ... is the 210th day of the year (211th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 135th day of the year (136th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 135th day of the year (136th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 135th day of the year (136th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 135th day of the year (136th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 135th day of the year (136th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ...

Bibliography

is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... is the 163rd day of the year (164th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 308th day of the year (309th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... Image File history File links Noia_64_mimetypes_wordprocessing. ... In computing, DOC or doc (an abbreviation of document) is a file extension for word processing documents; most commonly for Microsoft Word. ... is the 271st day of the year (272nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... “PDF” redirects here. ... A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to... is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... is the 153rd day of the year (154th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... “PDF” redirects here. ... MiB redirects here. ... is the 94th day of the year (95th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... “PDF” redirects here. ... MiB redirects here. ...

External links

Find more about Peru on Wikipedia's sister projects:
	Dictionary definitions
	Textbooks
	Quotations
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	Images and media
	News stories
	Learning resources

Government

• (Spanish) Web portal of the Peruvian Government
• (Spanish) Directory of Peruvian Government websites

General reference

• BBC country profile of Peru
• Peru entry at The World Factbook
• Encyclopædia Britannica entry on Peru
• Peru web directory

Other

• Peru travel guide from Wikitravel
• Peru at the Open Directory Project

Geographic locale

v • d • e Countries of South America Countries and territories also in or commonly reckoned elsewhere in the Americas shown in italics Sovereign states Argentina · Bolivia · Brazil · Chile · Colombia · Ecuador · Guyana · Panama · Paraguay · Peru · Suriname · Trinidad and Tobago · Uruguay · Venezuela Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Image File history File links Wikibooks-logo. ... Image File history File links Wikiquote-logo. ... Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Image File history File links WikiNews-Logo. ... Image File history File links Wikiversity-logo-Snorky. ... BBC News is the department within the BBC responsible for the corporations news-gathering and production of news programmes on BBC television, radio and online. ... The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ... Wikitravel is a project to create an open content, complete, up-to-date, and reliable world-wide travel guide. ... The Open Directory Project (ODP), also known as dmoz (from , its original domain name), is a multilingual open content directory of World Wide Web links owned by Netscape that is constructed and maintained by a community of volunteer editors. ... This is an alphabetical list of South American countries and dependencies. ... This is a list of countries spanning more than one continent. ... World map showing the Americas CIA political map of the Americas in an equal-area projection The Americas are the lands of the New World, consisting of the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. ... Image File history File links South_America. ... This is an alphabetical list of the sovereign states of the world, including both de jure and de facto independent states. ... Dependencies Aruba (Netherlands) · Falkland Islands (UK) · French Guiana (France) · Netherlands Antilles (Netherlands) · South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (UK) World map of dependent territories. ... Motto Leo Terram Propriam Protegat(Latin) Let the Lion protect his own land or May the Lion protect his own land Anthem God Save the Queen Capital Grytviken (King Edward Point) Official languages English Government British overseas territory  -  Head of State Queen Elizabeth II  -  Commissioner Alan Huckle Area  -  Total 3...

International membership

v • d • e Latin Union Andorra · Angola · Argentina · Bolivia · Brazil · Cape Verde · Chile · Colombia · Costa Rica · Côte d'Ivoire · Cuba · Dominican Republic · Ecuador · El Salvador · France · Guatemala · Guinea-Bissau · Haiti · Holy See · Honduras · Italy · Mexico · Moldova · Monaco · Mozambique · Nicaragua · Panama · Paraguay · Peru · Philippines · Portugal · Romania · San Marino · São Tomé and Príncipe · Senegal · Sovereign Military Order of Malta · Spain · Timor-Leste · Uruguay · Venezuela Headquarters Paris, France , Official languages Catalan, Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese and Romanian Membership 37 (plus 3 observers) Leaders  -  General Secretariat Bernardino Osio Establishment 15 May 1954 Website http://www. ... Anthem: Independência total Capital (and largest city) São Tomé Official languages Portuguese Demonym Santomean Government Republic  -  President Fradique de Menezes  -  Prime Minister Tomé Vera Cruz Independence from Portugal   -  Date 12 July 1975  Area  -  Total 964 km² (183rd) 372 sq mi   -  Water (%) 0 Population  -  2005 estimate 157,000 (188th... Motto Tuitio Fidei et Obsequium Pauperum(Latin) Defence of the faith and assistance to the poor Anthem (Latin) Hail, thou White Cross Capital Palazzo Malta, Rome Official languages Italian Government  -  Grand Master Fra Andrew Bertie Currency Scudo The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and... The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, commonly known as East Timor, is an island nation in Southeast Asia, consisting of the eastern half of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, and Oecussi-Ambeno, a political exclave of East Timor situated on the western side of... Official languages: Catalan · French · Italian · Portuguese · Romanian · Spanish Catalan IPA: (català IPA: or []) is a Romance language, the national language of Andorra, and a co-official language in the Spanish autonomous communities of Balearic Islands, Catalonia and Valencia, and in the city of LAlguer in the Italian island of Sardinia. ... v • d • e Member States of the Union of South American Nations Argentina · Bolivia · Brazil · Chile · Colombia · Ecuador · Guyana · Paraguay · Peru · Suriname · Uruguay · Venezuela v • d • e Andean Community of Nations Members Bolivia · Colombia · Ecuador · Peru Pro Tempore Secretariat Brasília Official languages 4 Spanish Portuguese English Dutch Member states 12 Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Leaders  -  President Rodrigo Borja  -  Tempore Secretary Jorge Taunay Filho Formation  -  Cuzco Declaration 8 December 2004  Area  -  Total 17,715,335 km² (1st2)  sq... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...  â€¢  â€¢ Seat of Secretariat Lima, Peru Official language Spanish Type Trade bloc Membership 10 South American states 2 Central/North American observer states Leaders  -  Secretary General Freddy Ehlers Establishment  -  as the Andean Pact 1969   -  as the CAN 1996  Website http://www. ... Associate members Argentina · Brazil · Chile · Paraguay · Uruguay · Venezuela Observers Mexico · Panama v • d • e Mercosur · Mercosul  (Southern Common Market) Full Members Argentina · Brazil · Paraguay · Uruguay Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Motto (Spanish) (Portuguese) (Guaraní) Our North is the South  â€¢  â€¢ Pro Tempore Secretariat Montevideo, Uruguay Largest city São Paulo, Brazil Official languages 3 Portuguese Spanish Guaraní Membership 5 Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay Venezuela Leaders  -  Carlos Álvarez Establishment  -  Declaration of Foz do Iguaçu 30 December 1985   -  Treaty of Asunción... Becoming Full Members Venezuela Associate members Bolivia · Chile · Colombia · Ecuador · Peru Observers Mexico v • d • e Organization of American States (OAS) Antigua and Barbuda · Argentina · Bahamas · Barbados · Belize · Bolivia · Brazil · Canada · Chile · Colombia · Costa Rica · Cuba · Dominica · Dominican Republic · Ecuador · El Salvador · Grenada · Guatemala · Guyana · Haiti · Honduras · Jamaica · Mexico · Nicaragua · Panama · Paraguay · Peru · St. Lucia · St. Vincent and the Grenadines · St. Kitts and Nevis · Suriname · Trinidad and Tobago · United States · Uruguay · Venezuela v • d • e Group of fifteen (G15)  Algeria  Argentina  Brazil Headquarters Washington, D.C. Official languages English, French, Portuguese, Spanish Membership 35 countries Leaders  -  Secretary General José Miguel Insulza Chile (since 26 May 2005) Establishment  -  Charter first signed 30 April 1948 in effect 1 December 1951  Website http://www. ... [--168. ... For other uses, see Saint Lucia (disambiguation). ... Motto Pax et justitia(Latin) Peace and justice Anthem St Vincent Land So Beautiful Capital (and largest city) Kingstown Official languages English Demonym Vincentian Government (constitutional monarchy)  -  Monarch Queen Elizabeth II  -  Governor-General Sir Frederick Ballantyne  -  Prime Minister Ralph Gonsalves Independence  -  27 October 1979  Area  -  Total 389 km² (201st) 150... Motto Country Above Self Anthem O Land of Beauty! Royal anthem God Save the Queen Capital (and largest city) Basseterre Official languages English Government  -  Monarch Queen Elizabeth II  -  Governor-General Sir Cuthbert Sebastian  -  Prime Minister Dr. Denzil Douglas Independence  -  19 September 1983  Area  -  Total 261 km² (207th) 101 sq mi... Download high resolution version (656x651, 77 KB)Image downloaded from the Organization of American States Photo Gallery, which states: All Photos for free distribution Photographs of official events are available through OAS website and can be used, free of charge, as long as the source is acknowledged. ... G15 countries. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Algeria. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Argentina. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Brazil. ...  Chile  Egypt  India Image File history File links Flag_of_Chile. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Egypt. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_India. ...  Indonesia  Iran  Jamaica Image File history File links Flag_of_Indonesia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Iran. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Jamaica. ...  Kenya  Malaysia  Mexico Image File history File links Flag_of_Kenya. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Malaysia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Mexico. ...  Nigeria  Peru  Senegal Image File history File links Flag_of_Nigeria. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Peru. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Senegal. ...  Sri Lanka  Venezuela  Zimbabwe Image File history File links Flag_of_Sri_Lanka. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Venezuela. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Zimbabwe. ...