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Peshāwar (help·
info) (Urdu: پشاور; Pashto: پښور) literally means City on the Frontier in Persian and is known as Pekhawar in Pashto. It is the provincial capital of Pakistan's North-West Frontier Province as well as the capital of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas.[1] Located on the edge of the Khyber Pass, Peshawar is the commercial, economic, political and cultural capital of the Pakistani frontier and, particularly, of the Pashtuns. In ancient times the city was known as Purushapura (Sanskrit: पुरुशपुरा) when it was officially founded by the Kushans. For much of its history, it was one of the main trading centres on the ancient Silk Road and was a major crossroads for various cultures between the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia. Image File history File links Islamiacollegepesh. ...
In political geography and international politics, a country is a political division of a geographical entity, a sovereign territory, most commonly associated with the notions of state or nation and government. ...
Currently, Pakistan is subdivided into four provinces, two territories, and also portions of Kashmir that are administered by the Pakistani government. ...
The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) (Urdu: شمال مغربی سرØدی صوبÛ) is the smallest in size of the four provinces of Pakistan and is home to the Pashtuns (Pakhtoons). ...
Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...
Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...
Altitude is the elevation of an object from a known level or datum. ...
The term above mean sea level (AMSL) refers to the elevation (on the ground) or altitude (in the air) of any object, relative to the average sea level. ...
Area is a physical quantity expressing the size of a part of a surface. ...
Square kilometre (U.S. spelling: square kilometer), symbol km², is a decimal multiple of SI unit of surface area square metre, one of the SI derived units. ...
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A time zone is a region of the Earth that has adopted the same standard time, usually referred to as the local time. ...
Pakistan Standard Time (PST) is the time zone for Pakistan. ...
UTC +5 is the timezone for : Pakistan Standard Time in Pakistan. ...
A street in Ynysybwl, Wales, relatively stereotypical of a small town A town is usually an urban area which is not considered to rank as a city. ...
Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ...
Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Union Council Union Council is a sub part of a district, usually it is a large village also including the nearby small villages. ...
Image File history File links Emblem_Pakistan. ...
Image File history File links Peshawar_pronunciation. ...
The phrase Zaban-e Urdu-e Mualla written in Urdu Urdu () is an Indo-European language of the Indo-Aryan family that developed under Persian, Turkish, Arabic, Hindi, and Sanskrit influence in South Asia during the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire (1200-1800). ...
Pashto (‎, IPA: also known as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto ‎, Pashtoe, Pashtu, Pushtu or Pushtoo) is an Iranian language spoken by Pashtuns living in Afghanistan and western Pakistan. ...
Persian (Local names: Ùارسی Fârsi or پارسی Pârsi)* is an Indo-European language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan as well as by minorities in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, India, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Southern Russia, neighboring countries, and elsewhere. ...
The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) (Urdu: شمال مغربی سرØدی صوبÛ) is the smallest in size of the four provinces of Pakistan and is home to the Pashtuns (Pakhtoons). ...
The Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) are areas of Pakistan outside the four provinces, comprising a region of some 27,220 km² (10,507 mi²). // The FATA are bordered by: Afghanistan to the west with the border marked by the Durand Line, the North-West Frontier Province and the Punjab...
Mountain passes of Afghanistan The Khyber Pass, also referred to as The Khyber (also spelt the Khaiber Pass or Khaybar Pass) (Urdu: Ø¯Ø±Û Ø®ÛŒØ¨Ø±) (el. ...
The Pashtuns (also Pushtun, Pakhtun, or ethnic Afghan; in referring to the period of the British Raj or earlier, sometimes Pathan) are an ethnic/religious group of people, living primarily in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India who follow Pashtunwali, their indigenous religion. ...
Purushapura (Peshawar), Ghandara Kashmir and parts of Punjab were the springboard for Buddhism to Afghanistan, parts of Iran and Central Asia and further to the north and to the east. ...
The Sanskrit language ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ...
Boundary of the Kushan empire, c. ...
The Silk Road Silk Route redirects here. ...
Map of South Asia (see note) This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia. ...
Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ...
History -
Peshawar occupies a region that was dominated by various tribal groups of Aryan origin. The region was part of Gandhara, and had links to the Harappan civilization of the Indus river valley and to Bactria and Ariana, an ancient name for regions now encompassing Afghanistan. According to the historian Tertius Chandler, Peshawar had a population of 120,000 in the year 100 C.E., making it the seventh most populous city in the world.[2] The known history of Peshawar, a region of modern-day Pakistan, covers thousands of years. ...
Aryan (/eÉ™rjÉ™n/ or /É‘ËrjÉ™n/, Sanskrit: ) is a Sanskrit and Avestan word meaning noble/spiritual one. ...
GandhÄra (Sanskrit: गनà¥à¤§à¤¾à¤°, Persian; Gandara, Waihind) (Urdu: گندھارا) is the name of an ancient Indian Mahajanapada, currently in northern Pakistan (the North-West Frontier Province and parts of northern Punjab and Kashmir) and eastern Afghanistan. ...
The Indus Valley Civilization existed along the Indus River and the Vedic Sarasvati River in present-day Pakistan. ...
The Indus River (Urdu: Sindh; Sindhi: Sindh; Sanskrit and Hindi: सिनà¥à¤§à¥ ; Persian: Øندو ; Pashto: ّآباسنFather of Rivers; Tibetan: Lion River; Chinese: Yìndù; Greek: Ινδους Indus) is the longest and most important river in Pakistan and one of the most important rivers on the Indian subcontinent and has given the country India its...
Bactria, about 320 BC Bactria (Bactriana, BÄkhtar in Persian, also Bhalika in Arabic and Indian languages, and Ta-Hia in Chinese) was the ancient Greek name of the country between the range of the Hindu Kush and the Amu Darya (Oxus); its capital, Bactra or Balhika or Bokhdi (now...
Ariana is a feminine name (also spelled Arianna). ...
It has been argued that an ancient city named Pushkalavati, founded by Bharat's son Pushkal, may have existed in this general area during ancient times before the Persian invasion of South Asia.[3] The city that would become Peshawar, called Purushapura, was actually founded by the Kushans, a central Asian tribe of Tocharian origin, over 2,000 years ago. Prior to this period the region was affiliated with Gandhara and was annexed first by the Persian Achaemenid empire and then the Hellenic empire of Alexander the Great. The city passed into the rule of Alexander's successor, Seleucus I Nicator who ceded it to Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Maurya empire. Buddhism was introduced into the region at this time and claimed the majority of Peshawar's inhabitants before the coming of Islam.[4] Pushkalavati is an ancient site situated in Peshawar valley on the banks of River Swat, near its junction with River Kabul, now it is known as [Charsadda]]. Puskalavati meaning Lotus City was the capital of ancient kingdom Gandhara from the 6th century BC to 2nd century AD. The ruins of...
The Persian Empire was a series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the old Persian homeland, and beyond in Western Asia, Central Asia and the Caucasus. ...
Map of South Asia (see note on Kashmir). ...
Peshāwar (known as Purushapura in the old days of South Asian history) is a city in Pakistans North-West Frontier Province (pop. ...
Boundary of the Kushan empire, c. ...
Tocharian refers to an Indo-European culture that inhabited the Tarim basin in what is now Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, northwestern Peoples Republic of China. ...
GandhÄra (Sanskrit: गनà¥à¤§à¤¾à¤°, Persian; Gandara, Waihind) (Urdu: گندھارا) is the name of an ancient Indian Mahajanapada, currently in northern Pakistan (the North-West Frontier Province and parts of northern Punjab and Kashmir) and eastern Afghanistan. ...
Achaemenid Empire The Achaemenid Dynasty was a dynasty in the ancient Persian Empire, including Cyrus II the Great, Darius I and Xerxes I. At the height of their power, the Achaemenid rulers of Persia ruled over territories roughly emcompassing some parts of todays Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon...
Alexander the Great (Greek: ,[1][2] Megas Alexandros; July 20 356 BC – June 10 323 BC), also known as Alexander III, was an Ancient Greek king of Macedon (336–323 BC). ...
Silver coin of Seleucus. ...
Allegiance: Maurya Dynasty Rank: Emperor Succeeded by: Bindusara Maurya Reign: 322 BC-298 BC Place of birth: Indian subcontinent Chandragupta Maurya (Sanskrit: चनà¥à¤¦à¥à¤°à¤—à¥à¤ªà¥à¤¤ मौरà¥à¤¯), sometimes known simply as Chandragupta (born c. ...
The area that Peshawar occupies was then seized by the Greco-Bactrian king, Eucratides (c. 170 - c. 159 BCE), and was controlled by a series of Greco-Bactrian kings who ruled the Indo-Greek kingdom in ancient Pakistan and North India. It was later held for some time by several Indo-Parthian kings, another group of Iranic invaders from Central Asia, the most famous of whom, Gondophares, was still ruling c. 46 CE, and was briefly followed by two or three of his descendants before they were displaced by the first of the "Great Kushans", Kujula Kadphises, around the middle of the 1st century. Approximate extent of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom circa 220 BCE. The Greco-Bactrians were a dynasty of Greek kings who controlled Bactria and Sogdiana, an area comprising todays northern Afghanistan and parts of Central Asia, the easternmost area of the Hellenistic world, from 250 to 125 BCE. Their expansion...
King Eucratides (171-145 BC) Obv: Bust of Eucratides. ...
Maximum extent of Indo-Greek territory circa 175 BCE. The Indo-Greeks (or sometimes Greco-Indians) designate a series of Greek kings, who invaded and controlled parts of northwest and northern India from 180 BCE to around 10 BCE. They are the continuation of the Greco-Bactrian dynasty of Greek...
Motto: Iman, Ittehad, Nazm (English: Faith, Unity, Discipline) Anthem: Qaumi Tarana (National Anthem)[1][2] Capital Islamabad Largest city Karachi Official language(s) Urdu, English Government Federal Republic - President Pervez Musharraf - Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz Independence From United Kingdom - Declared 1947-08-14 - Republic 1956-03-23 Area - Total 803...
Dark green region marks the approximate extent of northern India while the regions marked as light green lies within the sphere of north Indian influence. ...
Coin of Gondophares (20-50 AD), first king of the Indo-Parthians kingdom. ...
Iranian may refer to: Citizens of Iran Of or relating to Iran, a country in West Asia Iranian peoples Iranian languages Iranian cuisine Category: ...
Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ...
Gondophares (Parthian: Vindapharna, lit. ...
Boundary of the Kushan empire, c. ...
Tetradrachm of Kujula Kadphises (30-80 CE) in the style of Hermaeus. ...
Peshawar formed the eastern capital of the empire of Gandhara under the Kushan king Kanishka I who reigned from at least 127 CE and, perhaps, for a few years prior to this. Peshawar also became a great centre of Buddhist learning. Kanishka built what was probably the tallest building in the world at the time, a giant stupa, to house the Buddha's relics, just outside the Ganj Gate of the old city of Peshawar. GandhÄra (Sanskrit: गनà¥à¤§à¤¾à¤°, Persian; Gandara, Waihind) (Urdu: گندھارا) is the name of an ancient Indian Mahajanapada, currently in northern Pakistan (the North-West Frontier Province and parts of northern Punjab and Kashmir) and eastern Afghanistan. ...
Kanishka (Kushan language: , Ancient Chinese: 迦腻色伽) was a king of the Kushan Empire in South Asia, ruling an empire extending from Northern India to Central Asia in the 2nd century of the common era, famous for his military, political, and spiritual achievements. ...
Events Births Deaths Categories: 127 ...
A silhouette of Buddha at Ayutthaya, Thailand. ...
The Great Stupa at Sanchi. ...
 Buddha relics from Kanishka's stupa in Peshawar, now in Mandalay, Burma. Teresa Merrigan, 2005 Kanishka's stupa was said to be an imposing structure as one travelled down from the mountains of Afghanistan onto the Gandharan plains. The earliest account of the famous building is by the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim monk, Faxian, who visited it in 400 and described it as being over 40 chang in height (probably about 120 m. or 394 ft) and adorned "with all precious substances". "Of all the stûpas and temples seen by the travellers, none can compare with this for beauty of form and strength." It was destroyed by lightning and repaired several times. It was still in existence at the time of Xuanzang's visit in 634. From the ruined base of this giant stupa there existed a jewelled casket containing relics of the Buddha, and an inscription identifying Kanishka as the donor, and was excavated from a chamber under the very centre of the stupa's base, by a team under Dr. D.B. Spooner in 1909. The stupa was roughly cruciform in shape with a diameter of 286 ft (87 m.) and heavily decorated around the sides with stucco scenes. Download high resolution version (1473x993, 173 KB)This picture is of the ruby and gold relic casket holding a crystal reliquary with three fragments of bone believed to be true relics of Gautama Buddha, buried by the Kushan Emperor Kanishka in the 2nd century A.D. at his stupa in...
Download high resolution version (1473x993, 173 KB)This picture is of the ruby and gold relic casket holding a crystal reliquary with three fragments of bone believed to be true relics of Gautama Buddha, buried by the Kushan Emperor Kanishka in the 2nd century A.D. at his stupa in...
Kanishka made a profound contribution to Buddhist architecture. ...
Faxian(Chinese: ; pinyin: ; also romanized as Fa-Hien or Fa-hsien) (ca. ...
A portrait of Xuanzang Xuanzang (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hsüan-tsang; CantoneseIPA: jyn4tsɔŋ1; CantoneseJyutping: jyun4zong1) was a famous Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveler and translator that brought up the interaction between China and India in the early Tang period. ...
Events The Arabs invade Palestine. ...
The Great Stupa at Sanchi. ...
Media:Example. ...
Sometime in the 1st millennium BCE, the group that now dominates Peshawar began to arrive from the Suleiman Mountains to the south and southwest, the Pashtuns. Whether or not the Pashtuns existed in the region even earlier is debatable, as evidence is difficult to attain. Some writers such as Sir Olaf Caroe write that a group that may have been the Pakhtuns existed in the area and were called the Pactycians by Herodotus and the Greeks, which would place the Pakhtuns in the area of Peshawar much earlier along with other Aryan tribes. Ancient Hindu scriptures such as the Rig-Veda, speak of an Aryan tribe called the Pakht, living in the region. Regardless, over the centuries the Pakhtuns would come to dominate the region and Peshawar has emerged as an important center of Pakhtun culture along with Kandahar and Kabul as well as Quetta in more recent times. Muslim Arab and Turkic arrived and annexed the region before the beginning of the 2nd millennium. The Pakhtuns began to convert to Islam following early annexation by Arab empire from Khurasan (in what is today western Afghanistan and northeastern Iran).[5] Satellite image of a part of the Sulaiman Range. ...
The Pashtuns (also Pushtun, Pakhtun, or ethnic Afghan; in referring to the period of the British Raj or earlier, sometimes Pathan) are an ethnic/religious group of people, living primarily in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India who follow Pashtunwali, their indigenous religion. ...
Aryan (/eÉ™rjÉ™n/ or /É‘ËrjÉ™n/, Sanskrit: ) is a Sanskrit and Avestan word meaning noble/spiritual one. ...
A Hindu ( , Devanagari: हिनà¥à¤¦à¥), as per modern definition, is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, and the religious, philosophical and cultural system that originated in the Indian subcontinent. ...
The Rig Veda ऋगà¥à¤µà¥‡à¤¦ (Sanskrit á¹›gveda from á¹›c praise + veda knowledge) is a collection of hymns(each hymn is called a Rucha.) counted among the four Hindu religious scriptures known as the Vedas, and contains the oldest texts preserved in any Indo-Iranian language. ...
Aryan (/eÉ™rjÉ™n/ or /É‘ËrjÉ™n/, Sanskrit: ) is a Sanskrit and Avestan word meaning noble/spiritual one. ...
This article is about the city in Afghanistan. ...
For other places with the same name, see Kabul (disambiguation). ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ...
Languages Arabic other minority languages Religions Predominantly Sunni Islam, as well as Shia Islam, Greek Orthodoxy, Greek Catholicism, Roman Catholicism, Alawite Islam, Druzism, Ibadi Islam, and Judaism Footnotes a Mainly in Antakya. ...
This article is about the various peoples speaking one of the Turkic languages. ...
Khorasan (also spelled Khurasan and Khorassan; خراسان in Persian) is an area, located in eastern and northeastern Iran. ...
Peshawar was taken by Turkic Muslims in 988 and was incorporated into the larger Pakhtun domains by the 16th century. The founder of the Mughul dynasty that would conquer South Asia, Babur who hailed from what is today Uzbekistan, came to Peshawar and found a city called Begram and rebuilt the fort there, in 1530. His grandson, Akbar, formally named the city Peshawar which means "The Place at the Frontier" in Persian and expanded the bazaars and fortifications. The Muslim technocrats, bureaucrats, soldiers, traders, scientists, architects, teachers, theologians and Sufis flocked from the rest of the Muslim world to Islamic Sultanate in South Asia and many settled in the Pashawar region.[6] This article is about the various peoples speaking one of the Turkic languages. ...
Events Vladimir I, Prince of Kiev marries Anna, sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II and converts to Christianity. ...
The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. ...
ZÄhir ud-DÄ«n Mohammad, commonly known as BÄbur (February 14, 1483 – December 26, 1530) (Chaghatay/Persian: ; also spelled ), was a Muslim Emperor from Central Asia who founded the Mughal dynasty of India. ...
This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...
Persian (Local names: Ùارسی Fârsi or پارسی Pârsi)* is an Indo-European language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan as well as by minorities in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, India, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Southern Russia, neighboring countries, and elsewhere. ...
The city has been known both as the "City of Flowers" and the "City of Grain". In the days of the Kushan King, it was called the "Lotus Land".
 Colour lithograph of Peshawar during 1857
 Bacha Khan leads Mahajireen to Kabul. Peshawar Street 1920 (Mela Ram & Sons) The Pakhtun conqueror Sher Shah Suri, turned Peshawar's renaissance into a boom when he ran his Delhi-to-Kabul Shahi Road through the Khyber Pass and Peshawar. Thus the Mughals turned Peshawar into a "City of Flowers" by planting trees and laying out gardens similar to those found to the west in Persia. Khushal Khan Khattak, the Pakhtun/Afghan warrior poet, was born near Peshawar and his life was intimately tied to the city. He was also an implacable foe of the Mughal rulers, especially Aurangzeb. Khattak was an early Pakhtun nationalist, who agitated for an independent Afghanistan including Peshawar. After the decline of the Mughal Empire, the city came under Persian control during the reign of Nadir Shah by the 18th century. Image File history File links Peshawarlithograph1857. ...
Image File history File links Peshawarlithograph1857. ...
Image File history File links Pesh_muhajireengoingtokabul_1920. ...
Image File history File links Pesh_muhajireengoingtokabul_1920. ...
Sher Shah Suri Sher Shah Suri (1486 – 1545) (Pashto/Persian: - Å Ä«r-Å Äh ṢūrÄ«) also known as Sher Khan and as The Lion King, was founder of the Sur Dynasty of northern Indian rulers. ...
Mountain passes of Afghanistan The Khyber Pass, also referred to as The Khyber (also spelt the Khaiber Pass or Khaybar Pass) (Urdu: Ø¯Ø±Û Ø®ÛŒØ¨Ø±) (el. ...
Khushal Khan Khattak Khushal Khan Khattak (1613 - 1690) was a famous Afghan warrior, poet, and tribal chief of the Khattak tribe. ...
Aurangzeb (Persian: ), also known as Alamgir I (Persian: ), (November 3, 1618 – March 3, 1707) was the ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1658 until his death. ...
Nadir Shah’s portrait from the collection of Smithsonian Institute Nadir Shah (Persian: نادر شاه) (Nadir Qoli Beg (Persian: نادر قلی بیگ), also Tahmasp-Qoli Khan (Persian: تهماسپ قلی خان) also Nadir Shah Afshar (Persian: نادر شاه اÙشار) ) (October 22, 1688 - June 19, 1747) ruled as Shah of Iran (1736–47) and was the founder of the short-lived Turkic Afsharid...
Peshawar would also join, following a loya jirga as a Pakhtun region, the Afghan/Pakhtun empire of Ahmad Shah Durrani by 1747. Pakhtuns from Peshawar took part in incursions of South Asia during the rule of Ahmad Shah Durrani and his successors. The Sikhs, who were oppressed under the Mughal rule then invaded and conquered Peshawar in 1834 after wresting it from Afghanistan. In the wars between to two nations, Peshawar's own Shalimar Gardens were destroyed, not to mention the dwindling of the city's population by almost half. Loya Jirga (June 13, 2002) Loya jirga, occasionally loya jirgah, is a large meeting held in Afghanistan, originally attended by Pashtun groups but later including other ethnic groups. ...
See Ahmad Shah Qajar for the Persian ruler (1909-1925). ...
A Sikh man wearing a turban The adherents of Sikhism are called Sikhs. ...
With the rapid collapse of the Sikh Empire caused by internal fighting after the Kings death and its defeat in the second Anglo-Sikh War, the British eventually occupied the city. They continued to rule from 1849 to 1947, when the city became part of the new nation of Pakistan.
Being among the most ancient cities of the region between Central, South, and West Asia, Peshawar has for centuries been a centre of trade between Afghanistan, South Asia, and Central Asia as well as the Middle East. Its famed markets such as the Qissa Khawani Bazaar (market of story tellers) are emblematic of this mixture of cultures. Map of South Asia (see note on Kashmir). ...
Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ...
A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ...
Qissa Khawani Bazaar (Urdu: قصه خواني بازار ) (or Market of Story-tellers ) is famous bazaar of Peshawar, NWFP, Pakistan. ...
Peshawar emerged as a centre of both Hindko and Pakhtun intellectuals. Its dominant culture for much of British rule was that of the hindko speakers, also referred to as "Khaarian" ('city dwellers' in Pashto).[7]
Its unique culture, distinct from the surrounding Pashtun areas, led to the city being romanticized by Pashto singers, with songs like larsha Pekhwar tha (let us go to Peshawar) and more recently Pekhawar kho pekhawar dhay kana.
This culture has gradually disappeared with the massive influx of Afghan refugees and the increasing migration of Pashtuns into the city, its demographics have now changed and Pashto is now the dominant language of the city.
After the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 Peshawar served as a political centre for anti-Soviet Mujahideen, and was surrounded by huge camps of Afghan refugees. Many of the refugees remained there through the civil war which broke out after the Soviets were defeated in 1989, the rule of the Taliban, and the invasion by American and allied forces in late 2001. Peshawar would replace Kabul and Qandahar as the centre of Pakhtun cultural development during this tumultuous period. Additionally, Peshawar managed to assimilate many of the Pakhtun Afghan refugees with relative ease, while many other Afghan refugees remained in camps awaiting a possible return to Afghanistan. Soviet redirects here. ...
Also: 1979 by Smashing Pumpkins. ...
Soviet redirects here. ...
Mujahideen (Arabic: , ; Turkish: , literally strugglers) is a term for Muslims fighting in a war or involved in any other struggle. ...
Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ...
The Taliban (Pashto: , stupid or seekers of ignorance) are a fundamentalist Sunni Muslim and ethnic Pashtun movement that ruled most of Afghanistan from 1996 until 2001, when their leaders were removed from power by American aerial bombardment and Northern Alliance ground forces. ...
Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ...
For other places with the same name, see Kabul (disambiguation). ...
For the hamlet in Saskatchewan, Canada; see Kandahar, Saskatchewan. ...
Until the mid-fifties Peshawar was enclosed within a city wall and sixteen gates. Of the old city gates the most famous was the Kabuli Gate but only the name remains now. Peshawar has not grown as much in size or capacity as the population has. As a result it has become a polluted and overcrowded city.[8] However, despite turmoil in Pakistan and intense turmoil in Afghanistan, Peshawar has remained a relatively quiet and peaceful city, compared to the violence in Karachi or Balochistan, and the civil war in Afghanistan. (Urdu: , Sindhi: ) is the capital of the province of Sindh, and the largest city in Pakistan. ...
Balochistan, or Ballsforchinstan, Balochi, Pashto, Urdu: بلوچستان) is a province in Pakistan, the largest in the country by geographical area. ...
Peshawar continues to be a city that links Pakistan to Afghanistan as well as Central Asia and has emerged as an important regional city in Pakistan and remains a focal point for Pakhtun culture. The Bakhshali Manuscript used in the Bakhshali approximation was found here, and the Shi'a apologetic work Peshawar Nights uses the city as its setting. The Bakhshali Manuscript is a mathematical manuscript written on birch bark which was found near the village of Bakhshali in what is now Pakistan in 1881. ...
This article presents and explains several methods which can be used to calculate square roots. ...
Shia Islam ( Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite or Shiite) is the second largest Islamic denomination; some 20-25% of all Muslims are said to follow a Shia tradition. ...
Peshawar Nights is a Shia book depicting a imaginary argument between a Shia and a Sunni Muslim. ...
Geography and climate
 Location of Peshawar in Pakistan
 Bab-e-Khyber (Entrance to Khyber Pass) Peshawar is situated near the eastern end of the Khyber Pass and sits mainly on the Iranian plateau along with the rest of the NWFP. Peshawar is literally a frontier city of South-Central Asia and was historically part of the Silk Road. Image File history File links Peshawar. ...
Image File history File links Peshawar. ...
Image File history File links Khyber_pass. ...
Image File history File links Khyber_pass. ...
Image File history File links Khyber_Pass. ...
Image File history File links Khyber_Pass. ...
Mountain passes of Afghanistan The Khyber Pass, also referred to as The Khyber (also spelt the Khaiber Pass or Khaybar Pass) (Urdu: Ø¯Ø±Û Ø®ÛŒØ¨Ø±) (el. ...
Topographic map of the Iranian plateau connecting to Anatolia in the west and Hindu Kush and Himalaya in the east Iranian plateau is both a geographical area of South or West Asia, home of ancient civilizations[1], and a geological area of Eurasia north of the great folded mountain belts...
The Silk Road Silk Route redirects here. ...
The Peshawar valley is covered with consolidated deposits of silt, sands and gravel of recent geological times. The flood Plains/Zones are the areas between Kabul River and Budni Nala. The meander flood plain extends from Warsak in the Northwest towards Southeast in the upper Northern half of the district. The Kabul river enters the district in the Northwest. On entering the Peshawar Plain, the Kabul River is divided into several channels. Its two main channels are the Adizai River Eastward flows along the boundary with Charsadda District. Another channel branching from the right bank of the Naguman River is the Shah Alam, which again merges with Naguman River further in the East. In general the sub-soil strata is composed of gravels, boulders, and sands overlain by silts and clays. Sand, gravel and boulders are important aquifer extends to a depth of about 200 feet. As further confined water bearing aquifer occurs at depths greater than 400 feet. Fljótsdalur in East Iceland, a rather flat valley In geology, a valley is a depression with predominant extent in one direction. ...
Kabul River or Kabal River (Persian: دریای کابل) is a river that rises in the Sanglakh Range of Afghanistan, separated from the watershed of the Helmand by the Unai Pass. ...
Winter in Peshawar starts from mid November to the end of March. Summer months are May to September. The mean maximum temperature in summer is over 40 °C and the mean minimum temperature is 25 °C. The mean minimum temperature during winter is 4°C and maximum is 18.35 °C.
Rainfall is received both in winter and in the summer. The winter rainfall due to western disturbances shows a higher record during the months of February and April. The highest winter rainfall has been recorded in March, while the highest summer rainfall in the month of August. The average winter rainfall is higher than that of the summer. Based on a 30-year record, the average 30-year annual precipitation has been recorded as 400 millimetres. Wind speeds vary during the year from 5 knots in December to 24 knots in June. The relative humidity varies from 46% in June to 76% in August.
Peshawar’s environment has suffered tremendously due to an ever increasing population, Afghan influx, unplanned growth and a poor regulatory framework. Air and noise pollution is a significant issue in several parts of the city, and the water quality, once considered to be exceptionally good, is also fast deteriorating.[9]
In addition the city has lost 2700 acres of agriculture land during the two decades (1965-85). This in the addition to 400 of acres of vacant land that has been also eaten up by expending urban functions. In the same period, the land under parks and green space has shrunk from 163 to 75 acres. [10]
Demographics Peshawar is a rapidly growing city with a population of 982,816 in 1998. The current population growth rate is 3.29% per year, which is higher than the average of many other Pakistani cities. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1080x720, 155 KB) Three men sitting on a bench in Pakistan. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1080x720, 155 KB) Three men sitting on a bench in Pakistan. ...
Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ...
Peshawar's inhabitants consist mainly of three groups, namely; the majority Pashtuns (including recent Afghan Pakhtun refugees) and minority Peshawaris (Hindko-speakers who are often referred to as "Khaarian", 'city dwellers'). In addition, thousands of Tajiks, Hazaras, Uzbeks, Persians, Panjabis and Gypsies can be found in the city. Languages Pashto (plus second languages from countries of residence) Religions Islam (predominantly Sunni) An entry was temporarily removed here. ...
Hindko is an ancient language spoken in the Indian subcontinent. ...
Languages Persian (varieties of Dari and Tajik) Religions Islam (predominantly Sunni) Related ethnic groups Other Iranian peoples TÄjÄ«k (Persian: ; UniPers: Tâjik; Cyrillic: ) is a term generally applied to Persian-speaking peoples of Iranian origin living east of Iran. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
For information about all peoples of Iran, see Demographics of Iran. ...
Punjabi (sometimes spelled Panjabi) is the language of the Punjab regions of India and Pakistan. ...
Languages Romani, languages of native region Religions Christianity, Islam Related ethnic groups South Asians (Desi) The Roma (singular Rom; sometimes Rroma, Rrom) or Romanies are an ethnic group living in many communities all over the world. ...
- Urban Population: 48.68% (983,000 persons)
- Rural Population: 51.32% (1,036,000 persons)
- Male/Female ratio: 1.1:1
- Average annual growth rate 3.56%
In 2002, on the growth rate of 3.56% population doubled in 20 years from 1.1 million in 1981 to 2.242 million in 2002. Peshawar District covers a large area extending over 50 km from north to south and over 30 km from east to west. It is situated at an altitude of 347 m (1138 ft) above sea level. The Peshawar valley is nearly circular, extending from the Indus to the Khyber Hills. It is bounded on the North and North East by hills, which separate it from the Valley of Swat. In the Northwest are the rugged mountains of Khyber and to the South is the continuation of spur which branches off from Safed Koh (the famous white mountain on the Afghan border) and runs to Indus. The lower portion of this branch separates the district of Peshawar and Kohat. Also see: 2002 (number). ...
Peshawar District is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan that contains the city of Peshawar, the capital of the province. ...
Do you mean: The Khyber Pass, which links Pakistan to Afghanistan Carry On Up the Khyber, the 1966 Carry On film about the British on the Northwest Frontier ...
Kohat (Urdu: Ú©ÙˆÛاٹ) is a medium sized town in central North West Frontier Province in Pakistan. ...
Over 99% of the Peshawar population is Muslim. Despite the overwhelmingly Islamic nature of modern Peshawar, the city was previously home to other smaller communities such as Afghan Jews, Zorastrian, Bahais, Hindus and Sikhs. The Partition of India and the creation of Israel resulted in the virtual elimination of some of these groups, particularly Sikh and Hindu from Peshawar, but there are still Christian, Zorastrian, Bahai and Sikh communities present in the region.[11] Islam (Arabic: ; ( ▶ (help· info)), the submission to God) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions and the worlds second-largest religion. ...
Zoroastrianism (IPA:) is the Western given name for the ancient monotheistic religion and philosophy based on teachings ascribed to Zoroaster (or Zarathushtra, Zartosht, ca. ...
Known in India as the Lotus Temple, the Bahai House of Worship attracts an average of three and a half million visitors a year. ...
This article is about the Hindu religion; for other meanings of the word, see Hindu (disambiguation). ...
A Sikh man wearing a turban The adherents of Sikhism are called Sikhs. ...
This article is under construction. ...
Religions Sikhism Scriptures Guru Granth Sahib Languages English, Punjabi] A Sikh (English: or ; Punjabi: , , IPA: ) is an adherent to Sikhism. ...
A Hindu ( , Devanagari: हिनà¥à¤¦à¥), as per modern definition, is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, and the religious, philosophical and cultural system that originated in the Indian subcontinent. ...
Christianity percentage by country, purple is highest, orange is lowest Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch...
Zoroastrianism (IPA:) is the Western given name for the ancient monotheistic religion and philosophy based on teachings ascribed to Zoroaster (or Zarathushtra, Zartosht, ca. ...
Known in India as the Lotus Temple, the Bahai House of Worship attracts an average of three and a half million visitors a year. ...
Religions Sikhism Scriptures Guru Granth Sahib Languages English, Punjabi] A Sikh (English: or ; Punjabi: , , IPA: ) is an adherent to Sikhism. ...
Culture Peshawar is the centre of Pashtun culture and arts as well as a major centre of Hindko culture. With the Russian invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and the influx of millions Afghan Refugees into Pakistan, Peshawar became the home for Afghan musicians and artists as well. The city has become the centre for Pashto music and cinema as well Dari music from neighbouring Afghanistan. However, the election of the MMA Islamic coalition in 2002 has resulted in restrictions on public musical performances, as well as a ban on playing recorded music on public transports. Despite these restrictions, Peshawar has become host to a thriving underground scene.[12] Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ...
The Pashtuns (also Pushtun, Pakhtun, ethnic Afghan, or Pathan) are an ethno-linguistic group consisting mainly of eastern Iranian stock living primarily in eastern and southern Afghanistan, and the North West Frontier Province, Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Baluchistan provinces of Pakistan. ...
Hindko is an ancient language spoken in the Indian subcontinent. ...
The Muhajir or Mohajir Afghans are the Afghan refugees that fled Afghanistan after the Soviet invasion in 1979. ...
Pashto (پښتو; also known as Afghan, Pushto, Pashto, Pashtoe, Pashtu, and Pukhto) is the language spoken by the ethnic Afghan otherwise known as the Pashtun people who inhabit Afghanistan and the Western provinces of Pakistan. ...
Dari is a term used to denote one of several closely related Persian dialects spoken in what used to be Greater Khorasan: The official name for the Persian language in Afghanistan; see Dari (Afghanistan) One name used by Zoroastrians (the others being Gabri and Yazdi) to refer to the Northwestern...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Educational institutions With the level of higher education on the rise, there has been a surge of educational institutions numbers in Peshawar. Edwardes College Peshawar Islamia College Peshawar Army Public School -
There are many schools, colleges and universities in Peshawar; some of them are Peshawar model Public schools. ...
This is a List of Universities in Peshawar. ...
Sites of interest Peshawar, as a traditional city with a rich history, offers everything from goldsmiths and silversmiths, traditional carpets (one of the big exports of Pakistan today), pottery, and clothing to artwork in wood, brass or semi-precious stones. The old walled city, was known for its 16 gates — Bijouri, Kabuli, Aasamai, Kutcheri, Rampura, Hasht Nagri, Toot, Kohati, Sirki, Thandi Khoi, Barzaqan, Ganj, Ramdas, Dabgari and Lahore Gate. The names given to these gates are significant. They trace the historical connections — both cultural and commercial — of a city that used to be a sanctuary for raiders, rulers, travellers, caravans, adventure seekers and literary people since times immemorial. Most of them unfortunately no longer exist. A goldsmith creating a new ring A goldsmith is a metalworker who specializes in working with precious metals, usually to make jewelry. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
There are many bazaars with different goods and souvenirs for travellers. The main ones include the historic Qissa Khawani Bazaar, the Copper market, Chowk Yadgar and Andarsheher Bazaar. Qissa Khawani Bazaar (Urdu: قصه خواني بازار ) (or Market of Story-tellers ) is famous bazaar of Peshawar, NWFP, Pakistan. ...
- General
- Governor's House
- Mattani
- Dean Center
- Peshawar Garrison Club
- Aviator's Station - The site where freedom fighters of the 1857 independence movement were blown from guns.
- Hayatabad
- Kotla Mohsin Khan - The residence of Mazullah Khan, seventeenth century Pashtu poet.
- Durrani Graveyard
- Para Training School
- Colonial Monuments
- Bara Bridge built by Mughal rulers in 1629.
- Chowk Yadgar - Formerly Hastings memorial
- Cunningham clock tower built in 1900. Called Ghanta Ghar
- Avitabile's Pavilion
- Edwardes School - The residence of Yar Mohammad Khan, the last Durrani Governor of Peshawar
- Buddhist
- Gor Khuttree - An ancient site of Buddha's alms or begging bowl. Headquarter of Syed Ahmad Shaheed, Governor Avitabile
- Pakhtu Academy - The site of an ancient Buddhist University
- Shah Ji Ki Dheri - The site of Kanishka's famous Buddhist monastery.
- Hindu/Sikh
- Panch Tirath - An ancient Hindu site now converted into a park
- Sikh Temple at Jogan Shah
- Mausoleums
- Tomb of Sheikh Imamuddin (d.1650) at Palosi Piran.
- Tomb of Rahman Baba (d.1706)
- Tomb of Akhund Darweza (d.1638)
- Tomb of Sheikh Sultan Baba
- Mausoleum of Nawab Sayed Khan
- Ziarat of Ashab Baba
- Burj-e-Roshnai
- Parks
- Wazir Bagh - Laid in 1802, by Fatteh Khan, Prime Minister of Shah Mahmud Khan.
- Ali Mardan Khan Gardens - Formerly Company Bagh now Khalid bin Waleed Park.
- Shahi Bagh - A small portion of which constitutes the current site of Arbab Niaz Stadium.
[[1]]Mattani pronounced as Mathanni is situated at Kohat road Peshawar. ...
The Peshawar Garrison Club in Peshawar, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan is situated on Sir Syed Road near the Mall. ...
Hayatabad is a modern residential area at south-eastern fringe of Peshawar the capital of the North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. ...
Kotla Mohsin Khan was constructed in the mid 16th century in the old city of Peshawar, and today consists of two domed tombs and the famous majestic gateway through which, historically, invaders would enter the walled city it was also the residence of Mazullah Khan, seventeenth century Pashtu poet. ...
Bala Hisar is one of the most historic places of Peshawar. ...
Hari Singh Nalwa (1791-1837?), an Uppal Khatri born at Gujranwala, was the Commander-in-chief of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. ...
The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. ...
Chowk Yadgar or “The Square of Remembrance†is a famous landmark of Peshawar. ...
The Cunningham Clock Tower in Peshawar, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan, was built in 1900 in Commemoration of the Diamond jubilee of Her Majesty the Queen Empress, but it is named after Sir George Cunningham, former British governor and political agent in the province. ...
The Cunningham Clock Tower in Peshawar, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan, was built in 1900 in Commemoration of the Diamond jubilee of Her Majesty the Queen Empress, but it is named after Sir George Cunningham, former British governor and political agent in the province. ...
Gor Khuttree in Peshawar old city, Pakistan was identified by Sir Alexander Cunningham with Kanishka Vihara (the Great Stupa of King Kanishka) while Professor Dr Ahmad Hassan Dani identified it with the place where the famous tower of the Buddha bowl once stood. ...
Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha, Southall, UK. A Gurdwara (Punjabi: ਗà©à¨°à¨¦à©à¨†à¨°à¨¾ or ਗà©à¨°à¨¦à¨µà¨¾à¨°à¨¾, often incorrectly called a Gurudwara), meaning the doorway to God, is the Sikh place of worship and may be referred to as a Sikh Temple. ...
Known as the Nightingale of Pashtuns, Rahman Baba is a legendary Pashto Sufi poet. ...
There are two historical tombs located in Kotla Mohsin Khan, Peshawar, they are called Burj-e-Roshnai. ...
Arbab Niaz Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Peshawar, Pakistan. ...
Mohabbat Khan Mosque is 17th century Mosque in Peshawar city is named after Mughal governor Nawab Mohabbat Khan who was governor of Peshawar and was the grandson of Nawab Dadan Khan, who remained for some time the governor of Lahore. ...
Peshawar Museum situated in the historical city of Peshawar, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. ...
Exterior of Victoria Theatre The Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall (Chinese: 维多利亚剧院åŠéŸ³ä¹ä¼šå ‚) is a complex of two buildings and a clock tower joined together by a common corridor and located in the civic district of Singapore. ...
Qissa Khawani Bazaar (Urdu: قصه خواني بازار ) (or Market of Story-tellers ) is famous bazaar of Peshawar, NWFP, Pakistan. ...
Khan Klub is popular hotel based in Peshawar, Pakistan. ...
Pearl Continental Hotels are one of the best in hotels Pakistan. ...
For other Grand Hotels, see Grand Hotel. ...
Notable people General Yahya Khan (President of Islamic Republic of Pakistan) Jahangir Khan Jahangir Khan (born December 10, 1963, sometimes spelled Jehangir Khan) is a former World No. ...
Jansher Khan (born 15 June 1969, in Peshawar, Pakistan) is a former World No. ...
Ghulam Ishaq Khan (abbreviated as GIK) (Urdu: غلام اسØاق خان) (January 20, 1915 - October 27, 2006) was President of Pakistan from August 17, 1988 until July 18, 1993. ...
Syed Ahmed Shah Patras Bokhari (Urdu: سید اØمد Ø´Ø§Û Ù¾Ø·Ø±Ø³ بخاری) (commonly known as Patras Bokhari) was a Pakistani educationist, essayist, humourist, broadcaster and diplomat. ...
Rahim Shah (Urdu: رØیم شاÛ) is a Pakistani pop singer. ...
Raj Kapoor (Hindi: राज कपूर, Urdu: راج کپور, RÄj KapÅ«r, December 14, 1924 - June 2, 1988) was a legendary Indian actor, director, and producer of Bollywood movies. ...
Yusuf Khan (Hindi: यूसà¥à¤«à¤¼ ख़ान ; Urdu: یوس٠خان ; IPA: ) (born December 11, 1922), also commonly known as Dilip Kumar (Hindi: दिलीप कà¥à¤®à¤¾à¤° ; Urdu: دÙÙ„Ùیپ Ú©Ùمار) is an Indian Bollywood film actor and a former Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha). ...
Saeed Khan Rangeela (1937 - 2005) was a famous Pakistani comedian, who was featured in nearly 300 Urdu and Punjabi-language films. ...
Umar Gul (born April 14, 1984 in Peshawar) is a Pakistani cricketer who has played five Test matches and 15 one-day internationals for Pakistan as a specialist fast bowler. ...
Yasir Hameed Qureshi (Urdu: یاسر Øمید قریشی) (born 28 February 1978 in Peshawar) is a Pakistani cricketer. ...
Ismail Gulgee (born 1926) is an award winning globally famous Pakistani artist. ...
Sharbat Gula (Pashto: شربت ګلهflower-juice girl) (Sharbat is pronounced ) (born ca. ...
Steve McCurry (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1950) is an American photojournalist best known for his photograph, Afghan Girl that originally appeared in National Geographic magazine. ...
The National Geographic Magazine, later shortened to National Geographic, is the official journal of the National Geographic Society. ...
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