Peter R. Breggin is a controversial psychiatrist from the United States. He is best known as a critic of biological psychiatry and psychiatric medication, and as the author of books such as Toxic Psychiatry, Talking Back to Prozac, Talking Back to Ritalin, and Brain-Disabling Treatments in Psychiatry. Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... Psychiatry is a branch of medicine that studies and treats mental and emotional disorders (see mental illness). ... Biological psychiatry, or biopsychiatry is an approach to psychiatry that aims to understand mental disorder in terms of the biological function of the nervous system. ... Psychopharmacology is the study of the effects of any psychoactive drug that acts upon the mind by affecting brain chemistry. ...

Early career and background

Breggin's background includes Harvard College, Case Western Reserve Medical School, a teaching fellowship at Harvard Medical School, a two-year staff appointment to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), and a faculty appointment to the Johns Hopkins University Department of Counseling. Breggin has been in practice since 1968. Harvard Yard Harvard College is the undergraduate section and oldest school of Harvard University, founded in 1636. ... Case Western Reserve University is a private research university located in Cleveland, Ohio, United States, with some residence halls on the south end of campus located in Cleveland Heights. ... Harvard Medical School (HMS) is one of the graduate schools of Harvard University. ... The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) is one of 27 components of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the United States federal governments principal biomedical and behavioral research agency. ... The Johns Hopkins University, founded in 1876, is a private institution of higher learning located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. ...

Critic of conventional psychiatry

Breggin concentrates on the iatrogenic effects (negative side effects) of psychiatric medications and believes that psychosocial interventions are almost always superior. He stated; "I don't believe in the psychiatric drugs myself. I've been in practice since 1968, and I've never started anyone on psychiatric drugs".^[1] For over three decades, he has campaigned against psychoactive drugs, electroshock, psychosurgery, coercive involuntary treatment, and biological theories of psychiatry. An iatrogenic (pronounced , IPA) condition is a state of ill health or adverse effect caused by medical treatment, usually due to mistakes made in treatment. ... A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical substance that acts primarily upon the central nervous system where it alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness and behavior. ... Electroconvulsive therapy, also known as electroshock or ECT, is a controversial type of psychiatric shock therapy involving the induction of an artificial seizure in a patient by passing electricity through the brain. ... Psychosurgery is a term for surgeries of the brain involving procedures that modulate the performance of the brain, and thus effect changes in cognition, with the intent to treat or alleviate severe mental illness. ... Outpatient commitment refers to mental health law which allows the compulsory, community-based treatment of individuals with mental illness. ... Biological psychiatry, or biopsychiatry is an approach to psychiatry that aims to understand mental disorder in terms of the biological function of the nervous system. ...

According to Breggin, the pharmaceutical industry propagates disinformation which is accepted by unsuspecting doctors, "The psychiatrist accepts the bad science that establishes the existence of all these mental diseases in the first place. From there it’s just a walk down the street to all the drugs as remedies". He points out problems with conflicts-of-interest (such as the financial relationships between drug companies, researchers, and the American Psychiatric Association). Breggin states Psychiatric drugs, "...are all, every class of them, highly dangerous". He asserts: "If neuroleptics were used to treat anyone other than mental patients, they would have been banned a long time ago. If their use wasn't supported by powerful interest groups, such as the pharmaceutical industry and organized psychiatry, they would be rarely used at all. Meanwhile, the neuroleptics have produced the worst epidemic of neurological disease in history. At the least, their use should be severely curtailed."^[1] Due to the epidemic of medical errors, readers are cautioned to be aware that the American Psychiatric Association isnt immune to this. ... The term antipsychotic is applied to a group of drugs used to treat psychosis. ...

In a recent book, Reclaiming Our Children, he calls for the ethical treatment of children and argues that our society's mistreatment of children is a national tragedy (including the role of sexual, physical, and emotional abuse). He also objects to prescribing psychiatric medications to preschoolers, stating that this is risky and potentially harmful to their developing brains and nervous systems.^[2] Child abuse is the physical, sexual, or emotional maltreatment or neglect of children by parents, guardians, or others. ...

Criticism of ADHD and Ritalin

The New York Times has labeled Breggin as the nation's best-known ADHD critic. As early as 1991 he coined the acronym DADD, stating, "...most so-called ADHD children are not receiving sufficient attention from their fathers who are separated from the family, too preoccupied with work and other things, or otherwise impaired in their ability to parent. In many cases the appropriate diagnosis is Dad Attention Deficit Disorder (DADD)". Breggin his written two books specifically on the topic entitled, Talking Back to Ritalin and The Ritalin Factbook. In these books he has made some controversial claims such as, "Ritalin "works" by producing malfunctions in the brain rather than by improving brain function. This is the only way it works".^[3] Forbes credited Breggin with "almost single-handedly reenergizing the anti-Ritalin contingent", which lead to a "flurry of lawsuits and news stories".^[4]Breggin also testified to Congress with Fred Baughman. In Congress Breggin claimed "that there were no scientific studies validating ADHD, that all these kids needed was "discipline and better instruction", and that therapeutic stimulants "are the most addictive drugs known in medicine today".^[5] PBS Frontline also did a five part TV series entitled Medicating Kids which was specifically about ADHD. Fred Baughman and Breggin were the major critics used in this series.^[6] In an interview during this time period he referred to ADHD as a "fiction". This increased critical attention to Ritalin culminated with the Ritalin class action lawsuits against Novartis, the American Psychiatric Association (APA), and CHADD in which the Plaintiffs sued for fraud. Specifically, they charged that the defendants had conspired to invent and promote the disorder ADHD to create a highly profitable market for the drug Ritalin. At the time, these cases were considered "the next tobacco" and garnered national media attention.^[7] Breggin was the medical consultant for several of the class action lawsuits. All five lawsuits were dismissed or withdrawn before they went to trial. The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City by Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives United States Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, D since January 4, 2007 Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, D since January 4, 2007 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political groups (as of November 7, 2006 elections) Democratic Party Republican... Fred Baughman was born in 1932. ... Not to be confused with Public Broadcasting Services in Malta. ... The Ritalin Class action lawsuits were a series of federal lawsuits in 2000, filed in five separate U.S. states. ... Novartis Suffern Yes plant is the Swiss companys sole pharmaceutical production facility in the U.S. Novartis International AG is a multinational pharmaceutical company based in Basel, Switzerland that manufactures mainstream products such as Benefiber (a fiber supplement) and Lamisil (a foot fungus medicine). ... Due to the epidemic of medical errors, readers are cautioned to be aware that the American Psychiatric Association isnt immune to this. ...

Criticism of SSRI antidepressants

In the early 1990s, Breggin pointed out the problems with research methodology in the research of SSRI antidepressants. In addition, he insisted that SSRIs could cause violence and suicide, and criticized the FDA for their handling of the situation.^{[citation needed]} In 2005, the FDA began requiring "black-box" warnings on SSRIs, warning of an association between SSRI use and suicidal behavior in children.^[8] In 2006, the FDA expanded the warnings to include adults taking Paxil (which is associated with a higher risk of suicidal behavior as compared to placebo^[9]). These policy actions were taken approximately 15 years after Breggin first wrote about the subject. SSRI is an acronym that stands for several things: It is a class of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor SSRI also is used as the stock symbol for Silver Standard Resources Inc. ... An antidepressant is a medication used primarily in the treatment of clinical depression. ... Suicide (Latin sui caedere, to kill oneself) is the act of intentionally taking ones own life. ... The United States Food and Drug Administration is the government agency responsible for regulating food, dietary supplements, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, biologics and blood products in the United States. ... Paroxetine (paroxetine hydrochloride; trade names Paxil® (United States), Seroxat® (UK), Aropax® (Australia)) is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) type. ... “Placebo effect” redirects here. ...

Breggin believes his contributions have gone uncredited. In contrast to Breggin's early work on Prozac, which was largely ignored, Prozac Backlash, a critique of SSRIs by Harvard psychiatrist Joseph Glenmullen, was widely praised by high-profile media sources.^[10] This was addressed by Breggin in a subsequent book, The Antidepressant Fact Book: Background Fluoxetine hydrochloride (brand names include Prozac®, Symbyax® (compounded with olanzapine), Sarafem®, Fontex® (Sweden), Fluctine (Austria, Germany), Prodep (India), Fludac (India)) is an antidepressant drug used medically in the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bulimia nervosa, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and many other disorders. ...

"Glenmullen's (2000) scientific analysis of how SSRIs can cause suicide, violence, and other behavioral aberrations is essentially the same as my earlier detailed analyses...my hundreds of media appearances, and my testimony in court cases that Glenmullen also had available. Glenmullen also interviewed my wife and coauthor Ginger Breggin for his book and was sent research documents from our files that he was otherwise unable to obtain. Disappointingly, in his book, Glenmullen literally expurgates our contribution, never mentioning my origination of the ideas he was espousing and never acknowledging my efforts...Nonetheless, his book provides a service..."^[11]

Glenmullen has never countered Breggin's assertion and they both presented at the annual conference (in Queens, NY in 2004) of the International Center for the Study of Psychiatry and Psychology. This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Controversial commentary

Due to his outspoken criticisms of all the aspects of psychiatry, Breggin has become a controversial figure regularly at odds with the mainstream mental health establishment. He uses terms like "fraud" to describe mental disorders, the medication used to treat these disorders, and the political process that determines the labels used for diagnosing mental disorders. He has also consistently warned about conflict of interest problems. ^[12] These claims often challenge accepted standards of care within the mental health field and have led to highly critical rebuttals.^[13] In 1994, the president of the American Psychiatric Association called Breggin a "flat-earther" (suggesting he embraced outdated theories); the head of the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) called Breggin "ignorant"; and the former head of the National Institute of Mental Health called him an "outlaw."^[14] A conflict of interest is a situation in which someone in a position of trust, such as a lawyer, a politician, or an executive or director of a corporation, has competing professional or personal interests. ... Due to the epidemic of medical errors, readers are cautioned to be aware that the American Psychiatric Association isnt immune to this. ... 15th century adaptation of a T-O map. ... NAMI, the National Alliance on Mental Illness, founded in 1979 as the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill, is an American non-profit national advocacy group for people affected by serious mental illnesses and their families. ...

Although he regularly critiques ^[15] and has written reviews ^[16] of the scientific literature, Breggin has not published controlled, independent peer reviewed research to substantiate his claims. He has been accused, by critics, of cherry picking information from the research of others to draw unrelated conclusions.^[17] Stephen Barrett of Quackwatch, a retired psychiatrist and critic of Breggin, has stated; "he would like you to believe that his clinical experiences and investigations have enabled him to reach a level of insight that is greater than that of the majority of mental health professionals".^[18] Russell Barkley, an expert in ADHD, has also expressed reservations about Breggin's ideas. "...the flaws of both his research methods and his arguments are evident to any scientist even slightly familiar with the scientific literature".^[19] Peer review (known as refereeing in some academic fields) is a scholarly process used in the publication of manuscripts and in the awarding of funding for research. ... Cherry picking, literally meaning harvesting cherries, is used metaphorically to accuse someone of pointing at individual cases which seem to confirm his or her position, while ignoring a significant portion of related cases that may contradict it. ... Stephen J. Barrett, M.D. (born 1933), is a retired American psychiatrist and author best known as the founder of the National Council Against Health Fraud (NCAHF) and the webmaster of Quackwatch. ... Quackwatch Inc. ... Russell A. Barkley, Ph. ... DISCLAIMER Please remember that Wikipedia is offered for informational use only. ...

In 1987, NAMI brought a lawsuit against Breggin. They were upset about remarks he made on the Oprah Winfrey Show on April 2, 1987. He stated that mental health clients should judge their clinicians in terms of their empathy and support; if they tried to prescribe drugs during the first session, he advised such clients to seek assistance elsewhere. He also pointed out the iatrogenic effects of neuroleptic drugs. He was defended by a diverse group of psychiatrists and others who defended his right to publicly state his critical opinion.^[20] Breggin was cleared of any wrongdoing by the Maryland medical board.^[21] Oprah Winfrey during her car giveaway to the entire audience. ... April 2 is the 92nd day of the year (93rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar). ... Official language(s) None (English, de facto) Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Area  Ranked 42nd  - Total 12,407 sq mi (32,133 km²)  - Width 90 miles (145 km)  - Length 249 miles (400 km)  - % water 21  - Latitude 37°53N to 39°43N  - Longitude 75°4W to 79°33...

Expert witness

Breggin has had a mixed record in the court system. He has been involved in cases that won large verdicts for patients disabled by the iatrogenic effects of psychiatric drugs^{[22][23][24][25]} as well as having his testimony accepted in criminal trials regarding the iatrogenic effects of antidepressant medications.^[26]

Breggin testified as an expert witness in the Wesbecker case (Fentress et al., 1994), a lawsuit against Eli Lilly, makers of Prozac. Ultimately, the jury found for Eli Lilly. It was later revealed that the plaintiffs and defendants had secretly settled behind closed doors. ^[27][28] Breggin alleges that pharmaceutical manufacturers have committed ad hominem attacks upon him in the form of linking him to Scientology campaigns against psychiatric drugs. In particular, Breggin levels this accusation against Eli Lilly. Breggin acknowledges that he did work with Scientology starting in 1972, but states that by 1974 he "found [himself] opposed to Scientology's values, agenda, and tactics", and in consequence "stopped all cooperative efforts in 1974 and publicly declared [his] criticism of the group in a letter published in Reason." ^[29] Breggin has also stated that he has personal reasons to dislike Scientology since his wife, Ginger, was once a member. ^{[29] [12]} An expert witness is a witness, who by virtue of education, profession, publication or experience, is believed to have special knowledge of his or her subject beyond that of the average person, sufficient that others may officially (and legally) rely upon his opinion. ... One of the worlds largest corporations, Eli Lilly and Company (NYSE: LLY) is a global pharmaceutical company with headquarters in Indianapolis,Indiana, USA. A Fortune 500 corporation, the company had revenues of $12. ... Background Fluoxetine hydrochloride (brand names include Prozac®, Symbyax® (compounded with olanzapine), Sarafem®, Fontex® (Sweden), Fluctine (Austria, Germany), Prodep (India), Fludac (India)) is an antidepressant drug used medically in the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bulimia nervosa, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and many other disorders. ... An ad hominem argument, also known as argumentum ad hominem (Latin: argument to the person, argument against the man) consists of replying to an argument or factual claim by attacking or appealing to the person making the argument or claim, rather than by addressing the substance of the argument or... Scientology is a system of beliefs and practices created by American pulp fiction[1][2] and science fiction [3] author L. Ron Hubbard in 1952 as a self-help philosophy. ... The libertarian Reason Magazine dedicated an issue to Ayn Rands influence one hundred years after her birth. ...

Some judges have questioned Breggin's credibility in some cases where he was called as an expert witness. For example, a Maryland judge in a medical malpractice case in 1995 said, "I believe that his bias in this case is blinding. . . he was mistaken in a lot of the factual basis for which he expressed his opinion". In that same year a Virginia judge excluded Breggin's testimony stating, "This court finds that the evidence of Peter Breggin, as a purported expert, fails nearly all particulars under the standard set forth in Daubert and its progeny. . . Simply put, the Court believes that Dr. Breggin's opinions do not rise to the level of an opinion based on 'good science'". Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ... The Daubert Standard is a legal precedent set in 1993 by the Supreme Court of the United States regarding the admissibility of expert witnesses testimony during legal proceedings. ...

In 2002, Breggin was hired as an expert witness by a survivor of the Columbine High School massacre in a case against the makers of an anti-depressant drug. In his report, Breggin failed to mention the Colombine incident or one of the killers, instead focusing on the medication taken by the other, "...Eric Harris was suffering from a substance induced (Luvox-induced) mood disorder with depressive and manic features that had reached a psychotic level of violence and suicide. Absent persistent exposure to Luvox, Eric Harris probably would not have committed violence and suicide". ^[30]. However, according to The Denver Post, the judge of the case..."was visibly angry that the experts failed to view evidence prior to their depositions" even though they had months to do so. The evidence would have included hundreds of documents including a significant amount of video and audio tape that the killers had recorded. The judge stated,"..lawyers will be free to attack them on the basis of the evidence they haven't seen and haven't factored into their opinions". ^[31]. The lawsuit was eventually dropped with the stipulation that the makers of Luvox donate $10,000 to the American Cancer Society.^[32] The Columbine High School massacre occurred on Tuesday, April 20, 1999, at Columbine High School in unincorporated Jefferson County, Colorado (the CDP of Columbine) near Denver and Littleton. ... Eric Harris (left) and Dylan Klebold (right) Eric David Harris (April 9, 1981 – April 20, 1999) and Dylan Bennet Klebold (September 11, 1981 – April 20, 1999), both high school seniors, were the mass murderers of the Columbine High School massacre. ... Fluvoxamine maleate (sold under the brand-names Luvox® and Faverin®) is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. ... THE DENVER POST: The Denver Post is a daily newspaper and online website published in Denver, Colorado. ...

In 2005, a court disqualified the testimony of Breggin because it did not meet the scientific rigor established by the Frye Standard. The judge stated "...Breggin spends 14 pages critiquing the treatment provided not because it ran counter to the acceptable standards of care, but because it ran counter to Breggin’s personal ideas and ideologies of what the standards ought to be.” ^{[33] [34]} The Frye Standard is a legal precedent regarding the admissibility of scientific examinations or experiments in legal precedings. ...

Publishing and research

In 1971, Breggin founded the International Center for the Study of Psychiatry and Psychology (ICSPP), a nonprofit research and educational network. The Center is dedicated to shedding light upon the impact of mental health theory and practices upon individual well-being, personal freedom, and family and community values. He also founded the peer-review journal, "Ethical Human Sciences and Services", renamed as "Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry" ^[35]. Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ... The International Center for the Study of Psychiatry and Psychology (ICSPP) is a nonprofit (503c) research and educational network whose focus is the critical study of the mental health professions and their consumer markets. ... A non-profit organization (often called non-profit org or simply non-profit or not-for-profit) can be seen as an organization that doesnt have a goal to make a profit. ... Statue of Liberty - Liberty is one meaning of freedom. For proper-noun uses of Freedom, see Freedom (disambiguation). ... A community usually refers to a sociological group in a large place or collections of plant or animal organisms sharing an environment. ...

Since 1964 he has published on his major topic of interest, clinical psychopharmacology, and has authored dozens of other articles and nineteen books. Many of Breggin's more recent articles are published in the peer-reviewed journal he founded and in the International Journal of Risk and Safety in Medicine. Many of his published works deal with psychiatric medication, the FDA and drug approval process, the evaluation of clinical trials, and standards of care in psychiatry and related fields. Breggin does not accept any money from pharmaceutical companies.^{[citation needed]} 1964 (MCMLXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1964 calendar). ... Psychopharmacology is the study of the effects of any psychoactive drug that acts upon the mind by affecting brain chemistry. ... Psychopharmacology is the study of the effects of any psychoactive drug that acts upon the mind by affecting brain chemistry. ... In medicine, a clinical trial (synonyms: clinical studies, research protocols, medical research) is a research study. ...

Breggin now lives and practices in Ithaca, New York, where he treats children, adults and families. The City of Ithaca (named for the Greek island of Ithaca) sits on the southern shore of Cayuga Lake, in Central New York State. ...

Bibliography

• Toxic Psychiatry: Why Therapy, Empathy and Love Must Replace the Drugs, Electroshock, and Biochemical Theories of the "New Psychiatry" (1994)
• Beyond Conflict: From Self-Help and Psychotherapy to Peacemaking (1995)
• Talking Back To Prozac: What Doctors Aren't Telling You About Today's Most Controversial Drug (1995)
• Your Drug May Be Your Problem: How and Why to Stop Taking Psychiatric Medications (with David Cohen) (2000)
• The Anti-Depressant Fact Book: What Your Doctor Won't Tell You About Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, Celexa, and Luvox (2001)
• Talking Back to Ritalin: What Doctors Aren't Telling You About Stimulants and ADHD (Forward by Dick Scruggs) (2001)
• Reclaiming Our Children: A Healing Solution for a Nation in Crisis (2001)
• The Heart of Being Helpful: Empathy And the Creation of a Healing Presence (2006)
• The Ritalin Fact Book: What Your Doctor Won't Tell You (2006)

Selected scholarly works

• Breggin, P.R. (2006). Court filing makes public my previously suppressed analysis of Paxil's effects. Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, 8, 77-84.

• Breggin, P.R. (2006). Recent regulatory changes in antidepressant labels: Implications of activation (stimulation) for clinical practice. Primary Psychiatry, 13(1), 57-60.

• Breggin, P.R. (2004). Recent U.S., Canadian and British regulatory agency actions concerning antidepressant-induced harm to self and others: A review and analysis. International Journal of Risk and Safety in Medicine,16, 247-259.

• Breggin, P.R. (2003). Suicidality, violence and mania caused by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): A review and analysis. International Journal of Risk and Safety in Medicine, 16, 31-49.

• Breggin, P.R. (2000). Psychopharmacology and human values. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 43, 34-49.

• Breggin, P.R. (2000). The psychiatric drugging of toddlers. Ethical Human Sciences and Services, 2(2), 83-86.

• Breggin, P.R. (2000). The NIMH multimodal study of treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A critical analysis. International Journal of Risk and Safety in Medicine, 13,15-22.

• Breggin, P.R. (2001). From Prozac to Ecstasy: The implications of new evidence for drug-induced brain damage. Ethical Human Sciences and Services, 3(1), 3-5.

• Breggin, P.R. (2000). What psychologists and psychotherapists need to know about ADHD and stimulants. Changes: An International Journal of Psychology and Psychotherapy,18,13-23.

• Breggin, P.R. (1999). Psychostimulants in the treatment of children diagnosed with ADHD: Risks and mechanism of action. International Journal of Risk and Safety in Medicine, 12, 3-35.

• Breggin, P.R. (1998). Psychotherapy in emotional crises without resort to psychiatric medication. The Humanistic Psychologist, 25, 2-14.

• Breggin, P.R. (1998). Analysis of adverse behavioral effects of benzodiazepines with a discussion on drawing scientific conclusions from the FDA's spontaneous reporting system. Journal of Mind and Behavior, 19(1), 21-50.

• Breggin, P.R. (1994). Should the use of neuroleptics be severely limited? Controversial Issues in Mental Health, edited by S.A. Kirk and S.D. Einbinder, pp. 146-152.

• Breggin, P.R. (1990). Brain damage, dementia and persistent cognitive dysfunction associated with neuroleptic drugs: Evidence, etiology, implications. Journal of Mind and Behavior, 11, 425-464.

• Breggin, P.R. (1986). Neuropathology and cognitive dysfunction From ECT (Electroconvulsive/"shock" therapy). Psychopharmacology Bulletin , 22, 476-479.

• Breggin, P.R. (1982). The return of lobotomy and psychosurgery. Reprinted in R.B. Edwards (ed.): Psychiatry and Ethics. Buffalo, Prometheus Books, 1982. Published earlier in Quality of Health Care-Human Experimentation: Hearings Before Senator Edward Kennedy's Subcommittee on Health, U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C., US Government Printing Office, 1973.

• Breggin, P.R. (1982). Coercion of voluntary patients in an open hospital. In R.B. Edwards(ed): Psychiatry and Ethics. Prometheus Books, 1982. Reprinted from Breggin, P.R. (1964). Archives of General Psychiatry, 10, 173-181.

• Breggin, P.R. (1980). Brain-disabling therapies. In E. Valenstein (ed.), The Psychosurgery Debate, W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, CA, 1980.

• Breggin, P.R. (1975). Psychosurgery for the Control of violence: A critical review. In W. Fields and W. Sweet (eds.), Neural Bases of Violence and Aggression, Warren H. Green, Inc., St. Louis, MO, 350-378, 1975.

• Breggin, P.R. (1971). Psychotherapy as applied ethics. Psychiatry, 34, 59-75.

References

1. ^ ^{a b} http://www.breggin.com/neuroleptics.html
2. ^ The Psychiatric Drugging of Toddlers. Editorial by Peter R. Breggin. Retrieved on 2006-09-08.
3. ^ http://www.breggin.com/ritalinbkexcerpt.html
4. ^ http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2001/0723/060.html
5. ^ http://www.breggin.com/classactionmore.html
6. ^ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/medicating/
7. ^ http://www.adhdfraud.org/commentary/limbaugh.htm
8. ^ Black Box Warning for Children and Suicidality. FDA Website. Retrieved on 2006-07-08.
9. ^ Paxil Black Black Box Warning. FDA Website. Retrieved on 2006-07-08.
10. ^ Media Reviews of Prozac Backlash. From J. Glenmullen's Website. Retrieved on 2006-07-08.
11. ^ The Antidepressant Fact Book, pg. 207. Breggin, P.R. (2001). ISBN 0-7382-0451-X. Retrieved on 2006-07-08.
12. ^ ^{a b} medicating kids: interviews: peter breggin. PBS - Frontline (2000-05-03). Retrieved on 2006-07-29.
13. ^ http://www.psychlaws.org/BriefingPapers/BP20.htm#2
14. ^ Prozac's Worst Enemy. Christine Gorman, Time Magazine, Oct 10, 1994. Retrieved on 2006-07-08.
15. ^ Breggin PR. MTA Study has flaws. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001. 58:1184. PMID 11735849
16. ^ Breggin PR. Parallels between neuroleptic effects and lethargic encephalitis: the production of dyskinesias and cognitive disorders. Brain Cogn. 1993. 23:8-27. PMID 8105824
17. ^ Barkley, Russell, Ph.D.. ADHD, Ritalin, and Conspiracies: Talking Back to Peter Breggin. Quackwatch. Retrieved on 2007-02-12.
18. ^ Stephen Barrett, MD. Some Notes on ADHD and Peter R. Breggin's Unfair Attack on Ritalin. Quackwatch. Retrieved on 2007-02-12.
19. ^ http://www.quackwatch.org/04ConsumerEducation/NegativeBR/breggin.html
20. ^ Free Expression or Irresponsibility? Psychiatrist Faces a Hearing Today. Daniel Goleman, New York Times, September 22, 1987. Retrieved on 2006-09-08.
21. ^ Psychiatrist says Panel Cleared Him. Associated Press article in New York Times, September 24, 1987. Retrieved on 2006-09-08.
22. ^ 1.6 Million Dollar Verdict in Perphenazine Tardive Dyskinesia Case. Perphenazine Press Release from Breggin.com. Retrieved on 2006-09-08.
23. ^ 6.7 Million Dollar Verdict in Risperdal Tardive Dyskinesia Case. Risperdal Case Press Release from Breggin.com. Retrieved on 2006-09-08.
24. ^ 7.5 Million Dollar Verdict in Psychosurgery Case. Cleveland Clinic Psychosurgery Press Release from Breggin.com. Retrieved on 2006-09-08.
25. ^ TD Case Settled After Breggin Testifies. TD Settlement Press Release from Breggin.com. Retrieved on 2006-09-08.
26. ^ Criminal Sentencing and SSRI Medications. Press Release SSRIs and Sentencing from Breggin.com. Retrieved on 2006-09-08.
27. '^ Fentress Case Analysis. Lectric Law Library. Retrieved on 2006-09-08.
28. ^ Eli Lilly, Missing Documents, Fentress Verdict. A Report by Peter Breggin. Retrieved on 2006-09-08.
29. ^ ^{a b} Joe McCarthy Lives!: He's whispering in the ear of Eli Lilly & Co., the manufacturer of Prozac. Dr. Breggin's comments on Eli Lilly, Scientology and his relationship with it.. Retrieved on 2006-07-08.
30. ^ http://www.drugawareness.org/Ribbon/Legal/record0021.html
31. ^ http://www.namiscc.org/News/2002/newsletters/TAC-Nov15-2002.htm#Top
32. ^ http://www.drugawareness.org/Ribbon/Legal/record0021.html
33. ^ http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:hUvN12LaQp4J:west.thomson.com/store/relatedpdfdownload.aspx%3Ffile%3D124713_2004350_15557.pdf+Judge+Allen+and+breggin&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1
34. ^ http://www.goldfeinlaw.com/news/2004_motion1_galli.html
35. ^ http://www.springerpub.com/journal.aspx?jid=1523-150X

For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... September 8 is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... is the 189th day of the year (190th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... is the 189th day of the year (190th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... is the 189th day of the year (190th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... is the 189th day of the year (190th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 123rd day of the year (124th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... July 29 is the 210th day of the year (211th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... is the 189th day of the year (190th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... February 12 is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... February 12 is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... September 8 is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... September 8 is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... September 8 is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... September 8 is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... September 8 is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... September 8 is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... September 8 is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... September 8 is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... September 8 is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... is the 189th day of the year (190th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• Breggin.com - Dr. Breggin's homepage
• ICSPP.org - International Center for the Study of Psychiatry and Psychology, founded by Dr. Breggin
• Psychrights.org - Law Project for Psychiatric Rights
• Psychtruth.org - The Truth About Psychiatry
• AntiPsychiatry.org - The Antipsychiatry Coalition
• Faegre.com - 'Lessons From the Ritalin Class Action Victories' (Interview of James O'Neal, former defense counsel for Ritalin manufacturer)
• FoxNews.com - 'Activist Attention Disorder', Steven Milloy (August 25, 2001)
• FoxNews.com - 'What Makes an 'Expert' an Expert?' Steven Milloy (September 13, 2002)
• MedKB.com - 'Breggin Revealed' (Medical Knowledgebase forum thread)
• Quackwatch.com - 'Some Notes on ADHD and Peter R. Breggin's Unfair Attack on Ritalin', Stephen Barrett, MD (September 23, 2002)
• TheAdvocates.org - 'Peter Breggin - Libertarian', Bill Winter