NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Peter Debye

Petrus Josephus Wilhelmus Debije (March 24, 1884 – November 2, 1966) was a Dutch physical chemist. He later legally changed his name to Peter Joseph William Debye. Cornell redirects here. ... RWTH Aachen University is a large university located in Aachen (Germany). ... With approximately 48,000 students, the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (German: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München or LMU) is one of the largest universities in Germany. ... Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld (December 5, 1868 in KÃ¶nigsberg, East Prussia â€“ April 26, 1951 in Munich, Germany) was a German physicist who introduced the fine-structure constant in 1919. ... Lars Onsager (November 27, 1903 â€“ October 5, 1976) was a Norwegian physical chemist, winner of the 1968 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. ... Image File history File links Nobel. ... Paul Scherrer (1890-1969) was a Swiss physicist. ... In thermodynamics and solid state physics, the Debye model is a method developed by Peter Debye in 1912 for estimating the phonon contribution to the specific heat (heat capacity) in a solid. ... Debye relaxation is the dielectric relaxation response of an ideal, noninteracting population of dipoles to an alternating external electric field. ... Image File history File links Nobel. ... List of Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry from 1901 to the present day. ... March 24 is the 83rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (84th in leap years). ... 1884 (MDCCCLXXXIV) is a leap year starting on Tuesday (click on link to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... November 2 is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 59 days remaining. ... 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1966 calendar). ... Physical Chemistry is the combined science of physics, chemistry, thermodynamics, and quantum mechanics which functions to provide molecular-level interpretations of observed macroscopic phenomena. ...

Early life

Peter "Pie" Debye was born in Maastricht and after attending local schools in Maastricht went to the University of Aachen, Germany, only 30 km from Maastricht, in 1901. He studied mathematics and classical physics, and in 1905 received a degree in electrical engineering. In 1907 he published his first paper, a mathematically elegant solution of a problem involving eddy currents. At Aachen he studied under the theoretical physicist Arnold Sommerfeld, who later claimed that his most important discovery was Peter Debye. Flag of Maastricht. ... RWTH Aachen University is a large university located in Aachen (Germany). ... Euclid, Greek mathematician, 3rd century BC, known today as the father of geometry; shown here in a detail of The School of Athens by Raphael. ... Physics (from the Greek, (phÃºsis), nature and (phusikÃ©), knowledge of nature) is the science concerned with the discovery and understanding of the fundamental laws which govern matter, energy, space, and time. ... Electrical Engineers design power systemsâ€¦ â€¦ and complex electronic circuits. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld (December 5, 1868 in KÃ¶nigsberg, East Prussia â€“ April 26, 1951 in Munich, Germany) was a German physicist who introduced the fine-structure constant in 1919. ...

In 1906, Sommerfeld received an appointment at Munich, and took Debye with him as his assistant. He got his Ph. D. with a dissertation on radiation pressure in 1908. In 1910 he derived the Planck radiation formula using a method which Max Planck agreed was simpler than his own method. Coordinates: Time zone: CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country: Germany State: Bavaria Administrative region: Upper Bavaria District: Urban district City subdivisions: 25 borroughs Lord Mayor: Christian Ude (SPD) Governing parties: SPD / Greens / Rosa Liste Basic Statistics Area: 310. ... Doctor of Philosophy (from Greek , meaning Teacher of Philosophy), typically abbreviated Ph. ... Radiation pressure is the pressure exerted upon any surface exposed to electromagnetic radiation. ... Black body spectrum In physics, Plancks law of black body radiation predicts the spectral intensity of electromagnetic radiation at all wavelengths from a black body at temperature : where the following table provides the definition and SI units of measure for each symbol: The wavelength is related to the frequency... Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (April 23, 1858 â€“ October 4, 1947) was a German physicist. ...

In 1911, when Albert Einstein took an appointment as a professor at Prague, Debye took his old professorship at Zürich. This was followed by moves to Utrecht in 1912, Göttingen in 1913, back to Zürich in 1920, to Leipzig in 1927, and to Berlin in 1934, where he became director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, saw to the construction of new laboratories, and developed it into what is the now-world-regarded Max Planck Institute. He was awarded the Lorentz Medal in 1935. From 1937 to 1939 he was the president of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. Albert Einstein ( ) (March 14, 1879 â€“ April 18, 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely considered one of the greatest physicists of all time. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... ZÃ¼rich (German: , ZÃ¼rich German: ZÃ¼ri , in English generally Zurich, Italian: Zurigo) is the largest city in Switzerland (population: 366,145 in 2004; population of urban area: 1,091,732) and capital of the canton of ZÃ¼rich. ... Utrecht ( (helpÂ· info)) is a municipality and the capital city of the Dutch province of Utrecht. ... GÃ¶ttingen ( ) is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany. ... [] (Sorbian/Lusatian: Lipsk) is the largest city in the Federal State (Bundesland) of Saxony in Germany. ... Berlin is the capital city and one of the sixteen states of the Federal Republic of Germany. ... Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (in German Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft) was the name of a number of scientific institutes in Germany before World War II. After 1945 they were re-organised and renamed as Max Planck Institutes. ... The Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e. ... Lorentz Medal is an award given every four years by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. ... The Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft (DPG) is a worldwide operating physics organization. ...

In 1913 he married Mathilde Alberer. They had a son and a daughter; their son (Peter P. Debye) became a physicist and collaborated with Debye in some of his researches.

Scientific contributions

This article is about the electromagnetic phenomenon. ... Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic interaction. ... In chemistry, a molecule is an aggregate of two or more atoms in a definite arrangement held together by chemical bonds [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]. Chemical substances are not infinitely divisible into smaller fractions of the same substance: a molecule is generally considered the smallest particle of a pure... The dielectric constant Îµr (represented as or K in some cases) is defined as the ratio: where Îµs is the static permittivity of the material in question, and Îµ0 is the vacuum permittivity. ... Debye relaxation is the dielectric relaxation response of an ideal, noninteracting population of dipoles to an alternating external electric field. ... Albert Einstein ( ) (March 14, 1879 â€“ April 18, 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely considered one of the greatest physicists of all time. ... The specific heat capacity (symbol c or s, also called specific heat) of a substance is defined as heat capacity per unit mass. ... A phonon is a quantized mode of vibration occurring in a rigid crystal lattice, such as the atomic lattice of a solid. ... In thermodynamics and solid state physics, the Debye model is a method developed by Peter Debye in 1912 for estimating the phonon contribution to the specific heat (heat capacity) in a solid. ... Niels (Henrik David) Bohr (October 7, 1885 â€“ November 18, 1962) was a Danish physicist who made fundamental contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum mechanics. ... Properties For alternative meanings see atom (disambiguation). ... Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld (December 5, 1868 in KÃ¶nigsberg, East Prussia â€“ April 26, 1951 in Munich, Germany) was a German physicist who introduced the fine-structure constant in 1919. ... X-ray crystallography is a technique in crystallography in which the pattern produced by the diffraction of x-rays through the closely spaced lattice of atoms in a crystal is recorded and then analyzed to reveal the nature of that lattice. ... Quartz crystal Copper(II) sulfate and iodine crystal Synthetic bismuth crystal Insulin crystals Gallium, a metal that easily forms large single crystals A huge monocrystal of potassium dihydrogen phosphate grown from solution by Saint-Gobain for the megajoule laser of CEA. In chemistry and mineralogy, a crystal is a solid... Paul Scherrer (1890-1969) was a Swiss physicist. ... Erich Armand Arthur Joseph Hückel (August 9, 1896 - February 16, 1980) was a German physicist and physical chemist. ... Svante August Arrhenius Svante August Arrhenius (February 19, 1859 â€“ October 2, 1927) was a Swedish chemist and one of the founders of the science of physical chemistry. ... Lars Onsager (November 27, 1903 â€“ October 5, 1976) was a Norwegian physical chemist, winner of the 1968 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. ... In quantum mechanics, the Compton effect, observed by Arthur Compton in 1923, is the increase in wavelength which occurs when X-ray photons with energies of around 0. ... In the NATO phonetic alphabet, X-ray represents the letter X. An X-ray picture (radiograph) taken by Röntgen An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength approximately in the range of 5 pm to 10 nanometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz... The electron is a fundamental subatomic particle that carries a negative electric charge. ... This is a list of Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry from 1901 to 2006. ...

War years

From 1934 to 1939 Debye was director of the prestigious Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin. In January 2006, documents surfaced in a publication by Sybe Rispens claiming that in this period, Debye was actively involved in cleansing German science institutions from Jewish and other "non-Aryan elements". On December 9, 1938 he wrote to all the members of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft (DPG): December 9 is the 343rd day (344th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...

In light of the current situation, membership by German Jews as stipulated by the Nuremberg laws, of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft cannot be continued. According to the wishes of the board, I ask of all members to whom these definitions apply to report to me their resignation. Heil Hitler!

Interestingly, an article^[1] describing this same letter in more detail and presenting a very favorable picture of Peter Debye in his efforts to resist the Nazi activists had already been published in 1988. This article pointed out that Max von Laue, well known for his anti-Nazi views, gave his approval to the letter.

Because of this letter and perhaps due to long standing professional competition, Rispens alleges that Albert Einstein actively tried to prevent Debye from being appointed in the United States.^[2] Nevertheless, Debye was offered a chance to give a series of lectures at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York and he traveled to the United States of America. After leaving Germany in early 1940, Peter Debye remained at Cornell University until his death in 1966. Albert Einstein ( ) (March 14, 1879 â€“ April 18, 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely considered one of the greatest physicists of all time. ... Cornell redirects here. ... The City of Ithaca (named for the Greek island of Ithaca) sits on the southern shore of Cayuga Lake, in Central New York State. ...

Other biographies^[3]^[4]^[5] published before Rispens' work, state that Debye moved to the US because he refused to accept German citizenship forced on to him by the Nazis. He planned his departure from Germany during a visit with his Mother in Maastricht in late 1939, boarded a ship in Genoa in January 1940 and arrived in New York in early February 1940. He immediately sought a permanent position in the US and accepted such an offer from Cornell in June 1940. That month, he crossed the US border into Canada and returned within days on an immigration visa. He was able to get his wife out of Germany and to the US by December 1940. Although his son already was in the US before he departed, Peter Debye's 19 year old daughter and sister-in-law did not leave. They lived in his official residence in Berlin and had them supported by his official Berlin wages (he carefully maintained an official leave of absence for this purpose).

On 23 June 1941 he is alleged to have sent a telegram to Berlin informing his employers that he was able and willing to resume his responsibilities at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institut, presumably in order to maintain his leave of absence and keep the Berlin house and wages available for the support of his daughter. In Summer 1941, he filed his intent to become a US citizen and quickly was recruited in the US to participate in the Allied War research. June 23 is the 174th day of the year (175th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 191 days remaining. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ...

It has been well documented in many biographies and also in Rispens book that Peter Debye and Dutch colleagues helped his Jewish colleague Lise Meitner in 1938-1939 (at great risk to himself and his family^[6]^[7]) cross the Dutch-German border to escape Nazi prosecution and eventually landing a position in Sweden. Lise Meitner ca. ...

His son Peter P. Debye, interviewed in 2006 at age 89^[8] recollects that his father was completely apolitical and that in the privacy of their home politics were never discussed. According to his son Debye just wanted to do his job at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute and that as long as the Nazis did not bother him he was able to do so. He recalls that his mother urged him (the son) to stay in the US in the event war would break out. He had come to the US on a planned 2-month vacation during the Summer of 1939 and never returned to Germany because war did, indeed, break out.

In light of the accusations, the Board of Directors of the University of Utrecht on February 16, 2006 announced a name change for the Debye Institute after consulting with NIOD.^[9] Utrecht University (Universiteit Utrecht in Dutch) is a university in Utrecht, The Netherlands. ... February 16 is the 47th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... The Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (NIOD, Netherlands Institute for War Documentation) is an organisation in the Netherlands which maintains archives and carries out historical studies into the two world wars. ...

In an opinion article published on the Debye Institute website, Dr. Gijs van Ginkel, Senior Managing Director of the VM Debye Instituut in Utrecht^[10] deplored this decision. In his article he cites scholars who point out that the DPG was able to retain their threatened staff as long as could be expected under increasing pressure from the Nazis. He also argues that when Debye in 1950 received the Max Planck medal of the DPG, nobody objected not even somebody like the fellow physicist and known opponent of the national socialists Max von Laue who would be in a position to object. Max von Laue (October 9, 1879 - April 24, 1960) was a German physicist, who studied under Max Planck. ...

The Maastricht University is reconsidering its position on the Peter Debye Prijs voor natuurwetenschappelijk onderzoek (Peter Debye Prize for scientific research)^[11] Universiteit Maastricht (Maastricht University), founded in 1976, is the second youngest university in the Netherlands. ...

In a reply on the DPG website,^[12] Dieter Hoffmann and Mark Walker also conclude that Debye was not a Nazi activist. They remark that the aforementioned Max von Laue was also required and obliged (as a civil servant) to sign letters with Heil Hitler. They also state that the DPG was one of the last scientific societies to purge the Jewish members and only very reluctantly. They quote the response of the Reich University Teachers League (a National Socialist organization) to the Debye letter:

Obviously the German Physical Society is still very backward and still clings tightly to their dear Jews. It is in fact remarkable that only "because of circumstances beyond our control" the membership of Jews can no longer be maintained

In May 2006,^[13] the Dutch Nobel Prize winner Martinus Veltman who had written the foreword to the Rispen book, renounced the book's description of Peter Debye, withdrew his foreword, and asked the Board of Director's of Utrecht University to rescind their decision to rename the Debye Institute.

Various historical investigations both in The Netherlands and in the US have been carried out subsequent to the actions of the University of Maastricht. The earliest of these investigations, carried out by the Cornell University's department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology is now complete. The report^[14] of the Cornell investigation, released on 31 May 2006, states that: May 31 is the 151st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (152nd in leap years), with 214 days remaining. ...

Based on the information to-date, we have not found evidence supporting the accusations that Debye was a Nazi sympathizer or collaborator or that he held anti-Semitic views. It is important that this be stated clearly since these are the most serious allegations.

Thus, based on the information, evidence and historical record known to date, we believe that any action that dissociates Debye's name from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology at Cornell is unwarranted.

In June 2006 it was reported^[15]^[16] that the scientific director of the (formerly) Debye Institute had been reprimanded by the Board of Directors of the University of Utrecht for a new publication on Debye's war years on the grounds that it is was too personally biased with respect to the institutes naming dispute. According to the board the book should not have been published as a Debye Institute publication but as a personal one. The book was banned by the University of Utrecht and both Directors of the (former) Debye Institute were forbidden to have any further contact with the press. Utrecht University (Universiteit Utrecht in Dutch) is a university in Utrecht, The Netherlands. ...

Later life

Debye ended up staying at Cornell, became a professor (and, for 10 years, chairman of the chemistry department, and member of Alpha Chi Sigma) there, and in 1946 became an American citizen. Unlike the European phase of his life, where Debye moved from city to city every few years, in the United States he remained at Cornell for the whole remainder of his career. He retired in 1952, but continued research until his death. Alpha Chi Sigma (Î‘Î§Î£) is a professional fraternity specializing in the field of chemistry. ... World map exhibiting the location of Europe. ...

Much of his work at Cornell concerned the use of light-scattering techniques (derived from his X-ray scattering work of years earlier) to determine the size and molecular weight of polymer molecules. This started as a result of his work during World War II on synthetic rubber, but was extended to proteins and other macromolecules. The molecular mass of a substance (less accurately called molecular weight and abbreviated as MW) is the mass of one molecule of that substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12). ... Polymer is a term used to describe large molecules consisting of repeating structural units, or monomers, connected by covalent chemical bonds. ... In chemistry, a molecule is an aggregate of two or more atoms in a definite arrangement held together by chemical bonds [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]. Chemical substances are not infinitely divisible into smaller fractions of the same substance: a molecule is generally considered the smallest particle of a pure... Combatants Allied Powers Axis Powers Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000,000 Total dead: 50,000,000 Military dead: 8,000,000 Civilian dead: 4,000,000 Total dead 12,000,000 World War II (abbreviated WWII), or the Second World War, was a worldwide conflict... Synthetic rubber is any type of artificially made polymer material which acts as an elastomer. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... A macromolecule is a large molecule with a large molecular mass bonded covalently, but generally the use of the term is restricted to polymers and molecules which structurally include polymers. ...

In April 1966 he suffered a heart attack, and in November of that year a second, which proved fatal. He is buried in the Pleasant Grove Cemetery (Ithaca, New York, USA). A myocardial infarction occurs when an atherosclerotic plaque slowly builds up in the inner lining of a coronary artery and then suddenly ruptures, totally occluding the artery and preventing blood flow downstream. ...

A list of accomplishments named for Peter Debye

Screening is the damping of electric fields caused by the presence of mobile charge carriers. ... A Plasma lamp In physics and chemistry, a plasma is an ionized gas, and is usually considered to be a distinct phase of matter. ... In plasma physics, the Debye length, named after the Dutch physical chemist Peter Debye, is the scale over which mobile charge carriers (e. ... In thermodynamics and solid state physics, the Debye model is a method developed by Peter Debye in 1912 for estimating the phonon contribution to the specific heat (heat capacity) in a solid. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The debye (symbol: D) is a non-SI and non-CGS unit of electrical dipole moment. ... Debye relaxation is the dielectric relaxation response of an ideal, noninteracting population of dipoles to an alternating external electric field. ... The Debye sheath (also electrostatic sheath) is the non-neutral layer several Debye lengths thick where a plasma contacts a material surface. ... The Debye-HÃ¼ckel equation, named for its developers Peter Debye and Erich HÃ¼ckel, provides one way to obtain activity coefficients . ... The Activity coefficient for chemicals in a mixture is an indicator of what the concentration of that chemical will be in a vapor of the mixture. ... In mathematics, the family of Debye functions is defined by Categories: Math stubs ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Debye-Waller factor, also known as the B factor or the temperature factor describes the decrease in scattering intensity (either from x-ray or neutron scattering) due to the thermal motion of the atoms, or due to crystal disorder. ... In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. ... This is a list of the sources of asteroid names. ... Mie theory, also called Lorenz-Mie theory or Lorenz-Mie-Debye theory, is a complete analytical solution of Maxwells equations for the scattering of electromagnetic radiation by spherical particles (also called Mie scattering). ...

References

^ H. Rechenberg, Physik. Blätter, 44, Nov 1988, p418
^ Sybe Rispens, Einstein in Nederland. Een intellectuele biografie Ambo/Anthos 2006 [ISBN 90-263-1903-7]
^ Stichting Edmond Hustinx and Christian Bremen (ed). Pie Debije-Peter Debye: 1884-1966. Gardez! Verlag (2000)
^ Davies, Mansel. “Peter Joseph Wilhelm Debye: 1884-1966.” Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of The Royal Society Vol. 16 (1970), pp.175-232
^ Williams, J. W. “Peter Joseph Wilhelm Debye.” Biographical Memoirs, V. 46 (1975) National Academy of Sciences [U.S.])
^ Sime, Ruth Lewin. Lise Meitner: A Life in Physics. University of California Press (1997)
^ Sime, Ruth Lewin. “Lise Meitner’s Escape from Germany.” Am. J. Phys. 58(3), (1990), pp262-267
^ Interview given to Gooi & Eemlander newspaper (Dutch language) February 2, 2006
^ Press release Utrecht University Debye Institute 16 February 2006 Link
^ Article by Dr. Gijs van Ginkel
^ Press release University of Maastricht 16 February 2006 Link
^ Peter Debye: A Typical Scientist in an Untypical Time Dieter Hoffmann and Mark Walker March 2006 Link
^ Veltman letter to the Utrecht University's Board of Directors
^ Cornell University Report
^ Enserink M (2006). "ETHICS: Blocking a Book, Dutch University Rekindles Furor Over Nobelist Debye". Science 312 (5782): 1858. DOI:10.1126/science.312.5782.1858.
^ UU weer beschuldigd van censuur Arjan Dijkgraaf Chemisch Weekblad Link (Dutch language)

February 2 is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... February 16 is the 47th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... February 16 is the 47th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...

External links

Nobel Prize in Chemistry: Laureates (1926-1950)

v • d • e

1926: Svedberg | 1927: Wieland | 1928: Windaus | 1929: Harden, Euler‑Chelpin | 1930: H.Fischer | 1931: Bosch, Bergius | 1932: Langmuir | 1934: Urey | 1935: F.Joliot‑Curie, I.Joliot‑Curie | 1936: Debye | 1937: Haworth, Karrer | 1938: Kuhn | 1939: Butenandt, Ružička | 1943: Hevesy | 1944: Hahn | 1945: Virtanen | 1946: Sumner, Northrop, Stanley | 1947: Robinson | 1948: Tiselius | 1949: Giauque | 1950: Diels, Alder This is a list of Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry from 1901 to 2006. ... Winners of the Nobel Prize are scientists, writers and peacemakers who have been awarded in their field of endeavour, and who are known collectively as either Nobel laureates or Nobel Prize winners. ... Theodor (The) Svedberg (August 30, 1884 â€“ February 25, 1971) was a Swedish chemist and Nobel laureate. ... Heinrich Otto Wieland (June 4, 1877 â€“ August 5, 1957) was a German chemist. ... Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus (December 25, 1876 – June 9, 1959) was a significant German chemist. ... Arthur Harden (October 12, 1865 – June 17, 1940) was an English biochemist. ... Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin (February 15, 1873 – November 6, 1964) was a Swedish (German-born) biochemist. ... Hans Fischer (July 27, 1881 â€“ March 31, 1945) was a German organic chemist and the recipient of the 1930 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. ... Carl Bosch (August 27, 1874 - April 26, 1940) was a German chemist and engineer. ... Friedrich Bergius (October 11, 1884 - March 30, 1949) was born near Breslau, Germany (now Wroclaw in Poland). ... Irving Langmuir at home (c. ... Harold Urey, circa 1963. ... FrÃ©dÃ©ric Joliot-Curie Jean FrÃ©dÃ©ric Joliot-Curie nÃ© Joliot (March 19, 1900 â€“ August 14, 1958) was a French physicist and Nobel laureate. ... IrÃ¨ne Joliot-Curie IrÃ¨ne Joliot-Curie nÃ©e Curie (September 12, 1897 â€“ March 17, 1956) was a French scientist, the daughter of Marie and Pierre Curie and the wife of FrÃ©dÃ©ric Joliot-Curie. ... Sir Walter Norman Haworth (born Chorley, Lancashire March 19, 1883 â€“ March 19, 1950) was a British chemist who is best known for his groundbreaking work on ascorbic acid (vitamin C) whilst working at Birmingham University. ... Paul Karrer (April 21, 1889 â€“ June 18, 1971) was a Swiss organic chemist best known for his work on vitamins. ... Richard Kuhn (December 3, 1900 – August 1, 1967) was a German biochemist, born in Vienna, Austria. ... Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt (March 24, 1903 - January 18, 1995) was a German biochemist. ... Lavoslav (Leopold) RuÅ¾iÄka (September 13, 1887 â€“ September 26, 1976) was a winner of the 1939 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, the first one from Croatia. ... George Charles de Hevesy (born as Hevesy GyÃ¶rgy, also known as Georg Karl von Hevesy) (August 1, 1885 in Budapest â€“ July 5, 1966) was a Hungarian chemist who was important in the development of the tracer method where radioactive tracers are used to study chemical processes, e. ... Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner, 1913, at the KWI for Chemistry in Berlin Otto Hahn (March 8, 1879 â€“ July 28, 1968) was a German chemist and received the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. ... Artturi Ilmari Virtanen (IPA: ) (January 15, 1895 â€“ November 11, 1973) was a Finnish chemist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. ... James Batcheller Sumner (November 19, 1887 - August 12, 1955) was an American chemist. ... John Howard Northrop (July 5, 1891 â€“ May 27, 1987) was an American biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1946 (with James Batcheller Sumner and Wendell Meredith Stanley) for purifying and crystallizing certain enzymes. ... Wendell Meredith Stanley (August 16, 1904 â€“ June 15, 1971) was an American biochemist, virologist and Nobel prize laureate. ... Sir Robert Robinson (1886 - 1975). ... Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius (Stockholm 10 August 1902 – Uppsala 29 October 1971), Swedish biochemist. ... William Giauque (May 12, 1895 – March 28, 1982) won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1949 for his studies in the properties of matter at temperatures close to absolute zero. ... Otto Paul Hermann Diels (January 23, 1876 â€“ March 7, 1954) was a German chemist. ... Kurt Alder (10 July 1902 - 20 June 1958) was a German chemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry jointly with Otto Paul Hermann Diels in 1950. ...

Complete List | Laureates (1901-1925) | Laureates (1951-1975) | Laureates (1976-2000) | Laureates (2001- )

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