Pedro of Castile

Peter I (August 30, 1334 – March 23, 1369; Spanish: Pedro I), sometimes known as Peter the Cruel or Peter the Lawful was the king of Castile from 1350 to 1369. He was the son of Alfonso XI and Maria, daughter of Alphonso IV of Portugal. Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... August 30 is the 242nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (243rd in leap years), with 123 days remaining. ... Events Births Emperor Suko of Japan, third of the Northern Ashikaga Pretenders Amadeus VI of Savoy, Count of Savoy (d. ... March 23 is the 82nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (83rd in Leap years). ... Events King Charles V of France renounces the treaty of Brétigny and war is declared between France and England. ... A former kingdom of Spain, Castile comprises the two regions of Old Castile in north-western Spain, and New Castile in the centre of the country. ... Events Hayam Wuruk becomes ruler of the Majapahit Empire The Black Death ravages Europe (1347-1351) Births Manuel II Palaeologus, future Byzantine Emperor John Montacute, 3rd Earl of Salisbury (approximate date). ... Events King Charles V of France renounces the treaty of Brétigny and war is declared between France and England. ... Alfonso XI of Castile (August 13, 1311 _ March 26/27, 1350) was the king of Castile and León, the son of Spain in 1340. ... Afonso IV of Portugal (February 8, 1291 _ May 28, 1357), known as the Brave, was the seventh king of Portugal from 1325 until his death. ...

He earned for himself the reputation of monstrous cruelty which is indicated by the accepted title. In later ages, when the royal authority was thoroughly established, there was a reaction in Peter's favour, and an alternative name was found for him. It became a fashion to speak of him as El Justiciero, the executor of justice (the Lawful). Apologists were found to say that he had only killed men who themselves would not submit to the law or respect the rights of others. There is this amount of foundation for the plea, that the chronicler Lopez de Ayala, who fought against him, has confessed that the king's fall was regretted by the merchants and traders, who enjoyed security under his rule. Peter began to reign at the age of sixteen, and found himself subjected to the control of his mother and her favourites.

He was immoral, and unfaithful to his wife, as his father had been. But Alfonso XI did not imprison his wife, or cause her to be murdered. Peter certainly did the first, and there can be little doubt that he did the second. He had not even the excuse that he was passionately in love with his mistress, Maria de Padilla; for, at a time when he asserted that he was married to her, and when he was undoubtedly married to Blanche of Bourbon, he went through the form of marriage with a lady of the family of Castro, who bore him a son, and then deserted her. Maria de Padilla was the only lady of his harem of whom he never became quite tired. Alfonso XI of Castile (August 13, 1311 _ March 26/27, 1350) was the king of Castile and León, the son of Spain in 1340. ... Maria de Padilla was the mistress of the Peter I, King of Castile. ...

At first he was controlled by his mother, but emancipated himself with the encouragement of the minister Albuquerque and became attached to Maria de Padilla. Maria turned him against Albuquerque. In 1354 the king was practically coerced by his mother and the nobles into marrying Blanche of Bourbon, but deserted her at once. A period of turmoil followed in which the king was for a time overpowered and in effect imprisoned. The dissensions of the party which was striving to coerce him enabled him to escape from Toro, where he was under observation, to Segovia. Events End of reign of John VI Cantacuzenus, as Byzantine emperor. ... Toro can be: A historical kingdom in modern Uganda. ... The Alcázar of Segovia For the Spanish classical guitarist, see Andrés Segovia. ...

From 1356 to 1366 he engaged in continued wars with Aragon, in which he showed neither ability nor daring. It was during this period that he perpetrated the series of murders which made him odious. In 1366 he was assailed by his bastard brother Henry of Trastamara at the head of a host of soldiers of fortune, including Bertrand du Guesclin and Hugh Calveley, and abandoned the kingdom without daring to give battle, after retreating several times (first from Burgos, then from Toledo, and lastly from Seville) in the face of the oncoming armies. Peter fled, with his treasury, to Portugal where he was coldly received by his uncle, King Pedro I of Portugal, and thence to Galicia, in northern Spain, where he ordered the murder of Suero, the archbishop of Santiago, and the dean, Peralvarez. Events January 20 - Edward Balliol surrenders title as King of Scotland to Edward III of England September 19 - Battle of Poitiers The English defeat the French in the Hundred Years War, capturing the King John II of France in the process. ... Events Births Anne of Bohemia, Queen consort of Richard II of England. ... Capital Zaragoza Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 4th  47 719 km²  9,4% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 11th  1 217 514  2,9%  25,51/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Spanish  Aragonese  aragonés Statute of Autonomy August 16, 1982 ISO 3166-2 AR Parliamentary representation  â€“ Congress seats  â€“ Senate... Henry of Trastamara (January 13, 1334 Sevilla - May 29, 1379 Santo Domingo de la Calzada), was the illegitimate son of Alfonso XI of Castile and Leonora de Guzman, and half brother to Peter I of Castile the Cruel. ... Bertrand du Guesclin (c. ... Burgos coat of arms A city of northernwestern Spain, at the edge of the central plateau, Burgos has 166,000 inhabitants in the city proper and another 10,000 in its suburbs. ... The façade of Toledo cathedral Toledo is a city located in central Spain, the capital of the province of Toledo and of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. ... The Giralda Tower Seville (Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain, crossed by the river Guadalquivir (37° 22′ 38″ N 5° 59′ 13″ W). ... Pedro I of Portugal, king of Portugal (in English, Peter I), sometimes known as Pedro the Cruel (not to be confused with Pedro I of Castile, also known as Pedro the Cruel), was born in April 8, 1320 and died in January 18, 1367. ... Motto: Capital Santiago de Compostela Official languages Galician and Castilian Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 7th  29 574 km²  5,8% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 5th  2 737 370  6,5%  92,36/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Galician  â€“ Spanish  â€“ Portuguese  Galician  galego  gallego  galego Statute of Autonomy April... Santiago de Compostela (2003 pop. ... In religious terminology, a dean is a title accorded to persons holding cartain positions of authority within a religious heirarchy. ...

Henry continuously depicted Peter as "King of the Jews," and had some success in taking advantage of the anti-Semitic feelings of a certain portion of the populace. He instigated pogroms, beginning a period of anti-Jewish riots and forced conversions in Spain that lasted approximately from 1370 to 1390. Peter took forceful measures against this, including the execution of at least five leaders of a riot by boiling and roasting. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Events Beginning of the rule of Poland by Capet-Anjou family. ... Events Births December 27 - Anne Mortimer John Dunstable, English composer (d. ...

In the summer of 1366 Peter took refuge with Edward, the Black Prince, by whom he was restored in the following year. But he disgusted his ally by his faithlessness and ferocity, as well as his failure to repay the costs of the campaign, as he had promised to do. The health of the Black Prince broke down, and he left Spain. When left to his own resources, Peter was soon overthrown by his brother Henry, with the aid of Bertrand du Guesclin and a body of French and English free companions. He was murdered by Henry in du Guesclin's tent on March 23, 1369. His daughters by Maria de Padilla, Constance and Isabella, were respectively married to John of Gaunt and Edmund of Langley, sons of Edward III, king of England. Events Births Anne of Bohemia, Queen consort of Richard II of England. ... Edward the Black Prince - illustration from Cassells History of England circa 1902 Effigy on the Black Princes tomb in Canterbury Cathedral Edward of Woodstock, Prince of Wales, known as the Black Prince (June 15, 1330 – June 8, 1376) was the eldest son of King Edward III of England... Bertrand du Guesclin (c. ... March 23 is the 82nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (83rd in Leap years). ... Events King Charles V of France renounces the treaty of Brétigny and war is declared between France and England. ... Constance of Castile (1354 – June 1394) was claimant of the Castilian throne after the death of her father Pedro the Cruel. ... John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (June 24, 1340 - February 3, 1399), the third surviving son of King Edward III of England, gained his name because he was born at Ghent in 1340. ... Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, (June 5, 1341 - August 1, 1402) was a younger son of King Edward III of England, the fourth of the five sons of the King who lived to adulthood. ... Edward III (13 November 1312 – 21 June 1377) was one of the most successful English kings of medieval times. ...

The great original but hostile authority for the life of Peter the Cruel is the Chronicle of the Chancellor Pero Lopez de Ayala (Madrid 1779-1780). To put in perspective the A brilliantly written Life is that by Prosper Mârimee, Hist. de Don Pedro I, roi de Castille (Paris, 1848). Plaza de Cibeles (Cibeles square) and the Palacio de Comunicaciones (Communications Palace) Coat of arms. ...

Most of the bad stories about Peter I are highly likely to be baseless black legend, coined by his enemies, who finally succeeded in their rebellion. Strictly speaking, Peter was not defeated by Henry but by the opposing aristocracy; the nobles accomplished their objective of enthroning a weaker dynasty (the House of Trastamára), much more suitable for their interests. As per putting in perspective the Peter black legend, it must be said that the Chancellor Lopez de Ayala was the official chronicler of the Trastámaras, or, in other words, he was a servant of the new rulers and Peter's adversaries, both, the new monarchs and the aristocracy. The change of dynasty can be considered as the epilogue of the first act of a long struggle between the Castilian monarchy and the aristocracy; this struggle between the Castilian monarchy and aristocracy lasted more than three centuries and only came to an end under Charles I of Spain, the grandson of Ferdinand II of Aragon (Ferdinand V of Castile) and Isabella of Castile (The Catholic Kings), in the first quarter of the XVI century. Charles (February 24, 1500 – September 21, 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor (as Charles V) from 1519-1558; he was also King of Spain from 1516_1556, officially as Charles I of Spain, although often referred to as Charles V (Carlos Quinto or Carlos V) in Spain and Latin America. ... Capital Zaragoza Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 4th  47 719 km²  9,4% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 11th  1 217 514  2,9%  25,51/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Spanish  Aragonese  aragonés Statute of Autonomy August 16, 1982 ISO 3166-2 AR Parliamentary representation  â€“ Congress seats  â€“ Senate... Isabella of Castile Isabella of Castile (Spanish: Isabel, Ysabel or Isabela — only Isabel is used in modern Spanish) (April 22, 1451 – November 26, 1504) was Queen of Castile and Leon, with her husband Ferdinand V as co-ruler. ... The Catholic monarchs (Spanish: Reyes Católicos) is the collective title used in history for Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon. ...

Alfonso XI of Castile (August 13, 1311 _ March 26/27, 1350) was the king of Castile and León, the son of Spain in 1340. ... This is a list of kings and queens of Castile. ... Henry of Trastamara (January 13, 1334 Sevilla - May 29, 1379 Santo Domingo de la Calzada), was the illegitimate son of Alfonso XI of Castile and Leonora de Guzman, and half brother to Pedro I the Cruel (or the Lawful, depending on who wrote the history). ... Henry of Trastamara (January 13, 1334 Sevilla - May 29, 1379 Santo Domingo de la Calzada), was the illegitimate son of Alfonso XI of Castile and Leonora de Guzman, and half brother to Pedro I the Cruel (or the Lawful, depending on who wrote the history). ... This is a list of kings and queens of Castile. ... Henry of Trastamara (January 13, 1334 Sevilla - May 29, 1379 Santo Domingo de la Calzada), was the illegitimate son of Alfonso XI of Castile and Leonora de Guzman, and half brother to Pedro I the Cruel (or the Lawful, depending on who wrote the history). ...

This article incorporates text from the public domain 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ... The Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1911) in many ways represents the sum of knowledge at the beginning of the 20th century. ...