From the Cycle of Famous Men and Women. c. 1450. Detached fresco. 247 x 153 cm. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence, Italy. Artist: Andrea di Bartolo di Bargilla (c. 1423 - 1457).

Francesco Petrarca (July 20, 1304 – July 19, 1374), known in English as Petrarch, was an Italian scholar, poet, and one of the earliest Renaissance humanists. Petrarch is often popularly called the "father of humanism".^[1] Based on Petrarch's works, and to a lesser extent those of Dante and Boccaccio, Pietro Bembo in the 16th century created the model for modern Italian, later endorsed by the Accademia della Crusca. Petrarch is credited with perfecting the sonnet, making it one of the most popular art forms to date. Download high resolution version (773x1200, 135 KB)From the Cycle of Famous Men and Women. ... Download high resolution version (773x1200, 135 KB)From the Cycle of Famous Men and Women. ... is the 201st day of the year (202nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events 20 July - Fall of Stirling Castle: Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold in the Wars of Scottish Independence. ... is the 200th day of the year (201st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events June 24 - Dancing mania begins in Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen), possibly due to ergotism King Gongmin is assassinated and King U ascends to the Goryeo throne Births April 11 - Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, heir to the throne of England (died 1398) Leonardo Bruni, Italian humanist (died 1444... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... The poor poet A poet is a person who writes poetry. ... Renaissance humanism (often designated simply as humanism) was a European intellectual movement beginning in Florence in the last decades of the 14th century. ... Dante in a fresco series of famous men by Andrea del Castagno, ca. ... Giovanni Boccaccio (June 16, 1313 – December 21, 1375) was an Italian author and poet, a friend and correspondent of Petrarch, an important Renaissance humanist in his own right and author of a number of notable works including On Famous Women, the Decameron and his poetry in the vernacular. ... Pietro Bembo (May 20, 1470 - 18 January 1547), Italian cardinal and scholar. ... The Accademia della Crusca is an Italian institution that brings together scholars and experts in Italian linguistics and philology. ... Francesco Petrarca, or Petrarch, one of the best-known early Italian sonnet writers. ...

Biography

Petrarch was born in Arezzo the son of a merchant, and spent his early childhood in the village of Incisa, near Florence. His father, Ser Petracco, had been exiled from Florence in 1302 (along with Dante) by the Black Guelphs. Petrarch spent much of his early life at Avignon and nearby Carpentras, where his family moved to follow Pope Clement V who moved there in 1309 to begin the Avignon Papacy. He studied at Montpellier (1316–20) and Bologna (1320–26), where his father insisted he study the law. However, Petrarch was primarily interested in writing and Latin literature. Arezzo (Latin Arretium) is an old city in central Italy, capital of the province of the same name, located in Tuscany. ... Incisa Scapaccino is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 km southeast of Turin and about 15 km southeast of Asti. ... This article is about the city in Italy. ... Events July 11 - Battle of the Golden Spurs (Guldensporenslag in Dutch), major victory of Flanders over the French occupier. ... Dante in a fresco series of famous men by Andrea del Castagno, ca. ... The Guelphs and Ghibellines were factions supporting, respectively, the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire in Italy during the 12th century and 13th century. ... City flag City coat of arms Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Région Provence-Alpes-Côte dAzur Département Vaucluse (préfecture) Arrondissement Avignon Canton Chief town of 4 cantons Intercommunality Communauté dagglomération du Grand Avignon Mayor Marie-Josée Roig... Carpentras is a city and commune in the département of Vaucluse in the Provence-Alpes-Côte dAzur région of France. ... Clement V, born Bertrand de Goth (also occasionally spelled Gouth and Got) (1264 – April 20, 1314), was Pope from 1305 to his death. ... Events August 15 - The city of Rhodes surrenders to the forces of the Knights of St. ... The Papal palace in Avignon In the history of the Roman Catholic Church, the Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1377 during which seven popes, all French, resided in Avignon: Pope Clement V: 1305–1314 Pope John XXII: 1316–1334 Pope Benedict XII: 1334–1342 Pope Clement VI... Montpellier (Occitan Montpelhièr) is a city in the south of France. ... Bologna (IPA , from Latin Bononia, BulÃ¥ggna in Emiliano-Romagnolo dialect) is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy, in the Pianura Padana, between the Po River and the Apennines, exactly between the Reno River and the Sàvena River. ...

When his father died in 1326, Petrarch went back to Avignon, where he worked in numerous different clerical offices. This work gave him much time to devote to his writing. With his first large scale work, Africa, an epic in Latin about the great Roman general Scipio Africanus, Petrarch emerged as a European celebrity. In 1341 he brought back^{[dubious – discuss]} the poet laureate tradition from antiquity, and was crowned in Rome. He was the first man since antiquity to be given this honor. He traveled widely in Europe and served as an ambassador. He was a prolific letter writer, and counted Giovanni Boccaccio among his notable friends. Events Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Osman I (1299-1326) to Orhan I (1326-1359) Aradia de Toscano, is initiated into a Dianic cult of Italian Witchcraft (Stregheria), and discovers through a vision that she is the human incarnation of the goddess Aradia. ... City flag City coat of arms Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Région Provence-Alpes-Côte dAzur Département Vaucluse (préfecture) Arrondissement Avignon Canton Chief town of 4 cantons Intercommunality Communauté dagglomération du Grand Avignon Mayor Marie-Josée Roig... Africa is an epic poem in Latin by the 14th century Italian poet Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca). ... Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major (Latin: P·CORNELIVS·P·F·L·N·SCIPIO·AFRICANVS¹) (235–183 BC) was a general in the Second Punic War and statesman of the Roman Republic. ... Events The Queens College, a constituent college of the University of Oxford, is founded. ... A Poet Laureate is a poet officially appointed by a government and often expected to compose poems for State occasions and other government events. ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area  - City 1,285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban 5... Giovanni Boccaccio (June 16, 1313 – December 21, 1375) was an Italian author and poet, a friend and correspondent of Petrarch, an important Renaissance humanist in his own right and author of a number of notable works including On Famous Women, the Decameron and his poetry in the vernacular. ...

During his travels, he collected crumbling Latin manuscripts and was a prime mover in the recovery of knowledge from writers of Rome and Greece. He encouraged and advised Leontius Pilatus's translation of Homer, from a manuscript purchased by Boccaccio; although he was severely, and perhaps unfairly, critical of the result. Petrarch had acquired a copy, which he did not entrust to Leontius, ^[2] but he knew no Greek; Homer, Petrarch said, "was dumb to him, while he was deaf to Homer".^[3] In 1345 he personally discovered a collection of Cicero's letters not previously known to have existed, the collection ad Atticum. He remarked: Leozio Pilatus, or Leontius (Leonzio Pilato; d. ... For other uses, see Homer (disambiguation). ... Giovanni Boccaccio (June 16, 1313 - December 21, 1375) was a Florentine author and poet, the greatest of Petrarchs disciples, an important Renaissance humanist in his own right and author of a number of notable works including On Famous Women, the Decameron and his poems in the vernacular. ...

Disdaining what he believed to be the ignorance of the centuries preceding the era in which he lived, Petrarch is credited with creating the concept of a historical "Dark Ages". Petrarch, who conceived the idea of a European Dark Age. From Cycle of Famous Men and Women, Andrea di Bartolo di Bargillac, c. ...

^[4]

The later part of his life he spent in journeying through northern Italy as an international scholar and poet-diplomat. Petrarch's career in the Church did not allow him to marry, but he did father two children by a woman or women unknown to posterity. A son, Giovanni, was born in Avignon^{[citation needed]} in 1337, and a daughter, Francesca, was born in Vaucluse^{[citation needed]} in 1343. // March 16 - Edward, the Black Prince is created Duke of Cornwall. ... Events Magnus II of Sweden abdicates from the throne of Norway in favor of his son Haakon VI of Norway. ...

Giovanni died of the plague in 1361. Francesca married Francescuolo da Brossano (who was later named executor of Petrarch's testament) that same year. In 1362, shortly after the birth of a daughter, Eletta, they joined Petrarch in Venice, to flee the plague then ravaging parts of Europe. A second grandchild, Francesco, was born in 1366, but died before his second birthday. Francesco and her family lived with Petrarch in Venice for five years from 1362 - 1367 at Palazzo Molina; although Petrarch continued to travel in those years. The bubonic plague or bubonic fever is the best-known variant of the deadly infectious disease caused by the enterobacteria Yersinia pestis. ... Founding of the University of Pavia, Italy. ... Francescuolo da Brossano was Petrarchs son-in-law and heir. ... From the c. ... For other uses, see Venice (disambiguation). ... Palazzo Molina - Molina of the two towers, Venice home for Petrarch from 1362 - 1367, referred locally as Ca’ Molin delle due Torri Petrarchs home of Molina house of the two towers is know as Palazzo Molina [1] with an address of Riva degli Schiavoni, no. ...

About 1368 Petrarch and his daughter Francesca (with her family) moved and settled in Padua, where he passed his remaining years in religious contemplation. He died in Arquà in the Euganean Hills on July 19, 1374. Padua, Italy, (Italian: IPA: , Latin: Patavium, Venetian: ) is a city in the Veneto, northern Italy, the economic and communications hub of the region. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The Euganean Hills (Colli Euganei) are a group of hills of volcanic origin that rise to heights of 300 to 500 meters from the Padovan-Ventian plain a few kilometers south of Padua. ... is the 200th day of the year (201st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events June 24 - Dancing mania begins in Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen), possibly due to ergotism King Gongmin is assassinated and King U ascends to the Goryeo throne Births April 11 - Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, heir to the throne of England (died 1398) Leonardo Bruni, Italian humanist (died 1444...

Petrarch's will (dated April 4, 1370) leaves fifty florins to Boccaccio "to buy a warm winter dressing gown"; various legacies (a horse, a silver cup, a lute, a Madonna) to his brother and his friends; his house in Vaucluse to its caretaker; for his soul, and for the poor; and the bulk of his estate to his son-in-law, Francescuolo da Brossano, who is to give half of it to "the person to whom, as he knows, I wish it to go"; presumably his daughter, Francesca, Brossano's wife. The will mentions neither the property in Arquà, nor his library; Petrarch's library of notable manuscripts was already promised to Venice, in exchange for the Palazzo Molina. This arrangement was probably cancelled when he moved to Padua, the enemy of Venice, in 1368. The library was seized by the lords of Padua, and his books and manuscripts are now widely divided over Europe.^[5] Nevertheless, the Biblioteca Marciana traditionally claimed this bequest as its founding; although it was in fact founded by Cardinal Bessarion in 1468. ^[6] is the 94th day of the year (95th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events Beginning of the rule of Poland by Capet-Anjou family. ... crumbling old manuscripts The original donation to the Biblioteca Marciana was the personal library of Petrarch in 1362 in an agenda to Petrarchs testamentum. ... Padua, Italy, (Italian: IPA: , Latin: Patavium, Venetian: ) is a city in the Veneto, northern Italy, the economic and communications hub of the region. ... The Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, the Library of St Marks, patron of Venice, is one of the primary manuscript depositories of Italy. ... Johannes Bessarion, or Basilius (c. ...

Works

Petrarch revived the work and letters of the ancient Roman Senator Marcus Tullius Cicero.

Petrach's Virgil (title page) (c. 1336)
Illuminated manuscript by Simone Martini, 29,5 x 20 cm
Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan.

Petrarch is best known for his Italian poetry: notably the Canzoniere and the Trionfi ("Triumphs"). However, Petrarch was an enthusiastic Latin scholar and did most of his writing in this language. His Latin writings are quite varied and include scholarly works, introspective essays, letters, and more poetry. Among them are Secretum ("My Secret Book"), an intensely personal guilt-ridden imaginary dialogue with Augustine of Hippo; De Viris Illustribus ("On Famous Men"), a series of moral biographies; Rerum Memorandarum Libri, an incomplete treatise on the cardinal virtues; De Otio Religiosorum ("On Religious Leisure") and De Vita Solitaria ("On the Solitary Life"), which praise the contemplative life; De Remediis Utriusque Fortunae ("Remedies for Fortune Fair and Foul"), a self-help book which remained popular for hundreds of years; Itinerarium ("Petrarch's Guide to the Holy Land"), a distant ancestor of Fodor's and Lonely Planet; a number of invectives against opponents such as doctors, scholastics, and the French; the Carmen Bucolicum, a collection of twelve pastoral poems; and the unfinished epic Africa. Petrarch also published many volumes of his letters, including a few written to his long-dead friends from history like Cicero and Virgil. Cicero, Virgil, and Seneca were his literary models. Unfortunately most of his Latin writings are difficult to find today. It is difficult to assign any precise dates to his writings because he tended to revise them throughout his life. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 433 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (2174 × 3008 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 433 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (2174 × 3008 pixel, file size: 1. ... The Roman Senate (Latin: Senatus) was the main governing council of both the Roman Republic, which started in 509 BC, and the Roman Empire. ... For other uses, see Cicero (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 408 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (545 × 800 pixel, file size: 177 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Simone Martini, Frontespizio per codice di Virgilio - Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milano. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 408 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (545 × 800 pixel, file size: 177 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Simone Martini, Frontespizio per codice di Virgilio - Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milano. ... For other uses, see Virgil (disambiguation). ... Petrachs Virgil (title page) (c. ... After printing, early versions of the Canzoniere were illuminated with pictures. ... Secretum (translated as The Secret or My Secret Book) is a trilogy of dialogues in Latin written by Petrarch around 1345, in which he examines his faith with the help of Augustine, and in the presence of The Lady Truth. Secretum was not circulated until some time after Petrarchs... “Augustinus” redirects here. ... Francesco Petrarca De viris illustribus is a collection of two, written in the Vulgate Latin, by the 14th century Italian author Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca). ... In the Christian church, there are four cardinal virtues. ... An itinerarium (plural: itineraria) was an Ancient Roman road map. ... Fodors (pronounced ) is the worlds largest publisher of English language travel and tourism information, and the first relatively professional producer of travel guidebooks. ... Lonely Planet logo Lonely Planet Publications (usually known as Lonely Planet or LP for short) claims to be the largest independently owned travel guidebook publisher in the world. ... Africa is an epic poem in Latin by the 14th century Italian poet Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca). ... For other uses, see Cicero (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Virgil (disambiguation). ... Bust, traditionally thought to be Seneca, now identified by some as Hesiod. ...

In addition Petrarch collected his letters into two major sets of books called Epistolae familiares and Seniles, a plan suggested to him by knowledge of Cicero's letters. He kept out of Epistolae familiares a special set of nineteen controversial letters called Liber sine nomine that had much criticism against the Avignon papacy. These were published "without names" to protect the recipients, all of whom had close relationships to Petrarch. The recipients of these letters included Philippe de Cabassoles, bishop of Cavaillon; Ildebrandino Conti, bishop of Padua; Cola di Rienzo, tribune of Rome; Francesco Nelli, priest of the Prior of the Church of the Holy Apostles in Florence; and Niccolà di Capoccia, a cardinal and priest of Saint Vitalis. // Epistolae familiares and Seniles Petrarch discovered the text of Cicero’s letters in 1345, which gave him the idea to collect his own sets of letters. ... For other uses, see Cicero (disambiguation). ... Volume without a Title (which consists of 19 letters) The liber sine nomine (The Book Without A Name), also seen as just Sine nomine, is a collection of 19 letters by Petrarch which he chose to keep out of his massive letter collection known as Epistolae familiares. ... The Papal palace in Avignon In the history of the Roman Catholic Church, the Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1377 during which seven popes, all French, resided in Avignon: Pope Clement V: 1305–1314 Pope John XXII: 1316–1334 Pope Benedict XII: 1334–1342 Pope Clement VI... Philippe de Cabassoles castle The Bishop of Cavaillon, Philippe de Cabassoles, Seigneur of Vaucluse, was the great protector of Renaissance poet and orator Francesco Petrarch. ... The former French diocese of Cavaillon existed until the French Revolution. ... church of Santa Sofia in Padua Ildebrandino Conti was a member of the Conti family, a noble Roman family. ... Cola di Rienzo or di Rienzi (c. ... Ordinary Magistrates Extraordinary Magistrates Titles and Honors Emperor Politics and Law Tribune (from the Latin: tribunus; Greek form tribounos) was a title shared by 2-3 elected magistracies and other governmental and/or (para)military offices of the Roman Republic and Empire. ... Overview of Florence from Campanile di Giotto Francesco Nelli of Florence was secretary to the bishop Angelo Acciaiuoli I and a pastor at the Prior of the Church of the Holy Apostles in Florence. ... This article is about the city in Italy. ... Nicola Capocci[1] (died 1368) was an Italian Cardinal[2]. He studied law at the University of Perugia; later, in 1362, he founded there the Collegium Gregorianum (later called the Sapienza vecchia)[3]. He was proposed as bishop of Utrecht in 1341, but the appointment in a situation of conflict... The façade of San Vitale San Vitale is a basilica church in Rome. ...

His "Letter to Posterity" (the last letter in Seniles) gives an autobiography and a synopsis of his philosophy in life. Greetings, It is possible that some word of me may have come to you, though even this is doubtful, since an insignificant and obscure name will scarcely penetrate far in either time or space. ...

While Petrarch's poetry was set to music frequently after his death, especially by Italian madrigal composers of the Renaissance in the 16th century, only one musical setting composed during Petrarch's lifetime survives. This is Non al suo amante by Jacopo da Bologna, written ca. 1350. A madrigal is a setting for two or more voices of a secular text, often in Italian. ... Renaissance music is European music written during the Renaissance, approximately 1400 to 1600. ... Jacopo da Bologna (fl. ...

Laura and poetry

Statue of Petrarch

On 6 April 1327, Good Friday, the sight of a woman called "Laura" in the church of Sainte-Claire d'Avignon awoke in him a lasting passion, celebrated in the Rime sparse ("Scattered rhymes"). Later, Renaissance poets who copied Petrarch's style named this collection of 366 poems Il Canzoniere ("Song Book"). Laura may have been Laura de Noves, the wife of Count Hugues de Sade (ancestor of Marquis de Sade). While it is possible she was an idealized or pseudonymous character - particularly since the name "Laura" has a linguistic connection to the poetic "laurels" Petrarch coveted - Petrarch himself always denied it. Her realistic presentation in his poems contrasts with the clichés of troubadours and courtly love. Her presence causes him unspeakable joy, but his unrequited love creates unendurable desires. There is little definite information in Petrarch's work concerning Laura, except that she is lovely to look at, fair-haired, with a modest, dignified bearing. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 389 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (400 × 616 pixel, file size: 101 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Francesco Petrarca Source: Bibliothek des allgemeinen und praktischen Wissens. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 389 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (400 × 616 pixel, file size: 101 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Francesco Petrarca Source: Bibliothek des allgemeinen und praktischen Wissens. ... is the 96th day of the year (97th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 25 - Edward III becomes King of England. ... Good Friday is the Friday before Easter (Easter always falls on a Sunday). ... City flag City coat of arms Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Région Provence-Alpes-Côte dAzur Département Vaucluse (préfecture) Arrondissement Avignon Canton Chief town of 4 cantons Intercommunality Communauté dagglomération du Grand Avignon Mayor Marie-Josée Roig... Il Canzoniere (English: Song Book) is a poetical collection by Italian poet Francesco Petrarca. ... Laura de Noves was the wife of Hugues de Sade, and an ancestor of the Marquis de Sade. ... Portrait of the Marquis de Sade by Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo (c. ... A troubadour composing lyrics, Germany c. ... Court of Love in Provence in the 14th Century (after a manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris). ...

Laura and Petrarch had little or no personal contact. According to his "Secretum", she refused him for the very proper reason that she was already married to another man. He channeled his feelings into love poems that were exclamatory rather than persuasive, and wrote prose that showed his contempt for men who pursue women. Upon her death in 1348, the poet finds that his grief is as difficult to live with as was his former despair. Later in his "Letter to Posterity", Petrarch wrote: "In my younger days I struggled constantly with an overwhelming but pure love affair - my only one, and I would have struggled with it longer had not premature death, bitter but salutary for me, extinguished the cooling flames. I certainly wish I could say that I have always been entirely free from desires of the flesh, but I would be lying if I did." April 7 - Charles University is founded in Prague. ...

Petrarch polished and perfected the known sonnet form inherited from Giacomo da Lentini and which Dante widely used in his Vita Nova to popularise the new courtly love of Dolce Stil Novo. Many of Petrarch's poems collected in the Canzoniere (dedicated to Laura) were indeed sonnets, and the Petrarchan sonnet still bears his name. Romantic composer Franz Liszt set three of Petrarch's Sonnets (47, 104, and 123) to music for voice, Tre sonetti del Petrarca, which he later would transcribe for solo piano for inclusion in the suite Années de Pèlerinage. Giacomo da Lentini (also known as Jacopo Da Lentini) was an Italian poet. ... After printing, early versions of the Canzoniere were illuminated with pictures. ... A Petrarchan sonnet, also called the Italian sonnet, is a sonnet comprising an octave and a closing sestet. ... “Liszt” redirects here. ... Années de Pèlerinage (Years of Pilgrimage) is a set of three suites by Franz Liszt for solo piano. ...

Philosophy

Portrait of Petrarch.

Petrarch is traditionally called the father of Humanism and considered by many to be the "father of the Renaissance." He was the first to offer a combining of abstract entities of classical culture and Christian philosophy. In his work Secretum meum he points out that secular achievements didn't necessarily preclude an authentic relationship with God. Petrarch argued instead that God had given humans their vast intellectual and creative potential to be used to their fullest.^[7] He inspired humanist philosophy which led to the intellectual flowering of the Renaissance. He believed in the immense moral and practical value of the study of ancient history and literature - that is, the study of human thought and action. While humanism later became associated with secularism, Petrarch was a devout Catholic and did not see a conflict between realizing humanity's potential and having religious faith. A highly introspective man, he shaped the nascent humanist movement a great deal because many of the internal conflicts and musings expressed in his writings were seized upon by Renaissance humanist philosophers and argued continually for the next two hundred years. For example, Petrarch struggled with the proper relation between the active and contemplative life, and tended to emphasize the importance of solitude and study. Later politician and thinker Leonardo Bruni argued for the active life, or "civic humanism." The result was that a surprising number of political, military, and religious leaders during the Renaissance were inculcated with the notion that their pursuit of personal glory should be grounded in classical example and philosophical contemplation. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 389 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (400 × 616 pixel, file size: 101 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Francesco Petrarca Source: Bibliothek des allgemeinen und praktischen Wissens. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 389 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (400 × 616 pixel, file size: 101 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Francesco Petrarca Source: Bibliothek des allgemeinen und praktischen Wissens. ... Secretum (translated as The Secret or My Secret Book) is a trilogy of dialogues in Latin written by Petrarch around 1345, in which he examines his faith with the help of Augustine, and in the presence of The Lady Truth. Secretum was not circulated until some time after Petrarchs... This article is about secularism. ... Leonardo Bruni Leonardo Bruni (c. ...

Legacy

Petrarch's Tomb in Arquà Petrarca.

In November of 2003, it was announced that pathological anatomists would be exhuming Petrarch's body from his casket in Arquà Petrarca, in order to verify nineteenth-century reports that he had stood 1.83 meters (about 6 feet), which would have made him very tall for his period. The team from the University of Padua also hoped to reconstruct his cranium in order to obtain a computerized image of his features to coincide with the poet's 700th birthday. The tomb had been opened previously in 1873 by Professor Giovanni Canestrini, also of Padua University. When the tomb was opened, the skull was discovered in fragments and a DNA test revealed that the skull was not Petrarch's,[1] prompting calls for the return of Petrarch's skull. The researchers are fairly certain that the body in the tomb is Petrarch's due to the fact that the skeleton bears evidence of injuries mentioned by Petrarch in his writings, including a kick from a donkey, when he was forty-two.[2] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 686 KB) Summary Francesco Petrarcas Tomb at Arquà Petrarca, Veneto, Italy Photo by Alejandro Bárcenas (2004) Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Petrarch... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 686 KB) Summary Francesco Petrarcas Tomb at Arquà Petrarca, Veneto, Italy Photo by Alejandro Bárcenas (2004) Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Petrarch... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Look up November in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A renal cell carcinoma (chromophobe type) viewed on a hematoxylin & eosin stained slide Pathologist redirects here. ... Human heart and lungs, from an older edition of Grays Anatomy. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... This article is about the unit of length. ... Gymnasivm Patavinum: The Universitys main Bo palace shown in a 1654 woodcut The University of Padua (Italian Università degli Studi di Padova, UNIPD) located in Padua, Italy was founded in 1222. ...

Notes

JSTOR®, begun in 1995, is an online system for archiving academic journals. ...

References

• Bartlett, Kenneth R. (1992). The Civilization of the Italian Renaissance; a Source Book. Lexington: D.C. Heath and Company. ISBN 0-669-209000-7
• Bishop, Morris (1961). "Petrarch." In J. H. Plumb (Ed.), Renaissance Profiles, pp. 1-17. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-131162-6 .
• Kallendorf, Craig. "The Historical Petrarch," The American Historical Review, Vol 101, No. 1 (Feb. 1996): 130-141.

Morris Gilbert Bishop (1893-1973) was a Professor of Romance Literature, University Historian, and an alumnus of Cornell University. ... Sir John Harold Plumb (1911 – 21 October 2001), known as Jack, was a British historian, known for his books on British eighteenth century history. ...

Further reading

• Bernardo, Aldo (1983). "Petrarch." In Dictionary of the Middle Ages, volume 9.
• Hollway-Calthrop, Henry (1907). Petrarch: His Life and Times, Methuen. From Google Books.
• Kohl, Benjamin G. (1978). "Francesco Petrarcha: Introduction; How a Ruler Ought to Govern His State," in The Earthly Republic: Italian Humanists on Government and Society, ed. Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt, 25-78. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1097-2
• Nauert, Charles G. (2006). Humanism and the Culture of Renaissance Europe: Second Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54781-4
• Rawski, Conrad H. (1991). Petrarch's Remedies for Fortune Fair and Foul A Modern English Translation of De remediis utriusque Fortune, with a Commentary. ISBN 0-253-34849-8
• Robinson, James Harvey (1898). Petrarch, the First Modern Scholar and Man of Letters[3], Greenwood Press. From Google Books.

Dictionary of the Middle Ages: Supplement 1 (2003) The Dictionary of the Middle Ages is a 13-volume encyclopedia of the Middle Ages published by the American Council of Learned Societies between 1982 and 1989, with a supplemental volume added in 2003. ... // Google offers a variety of services and tools besides its basic web search. ... James Harvey Robinson (1863–1936) was an American historian. ... // Google offers a variety of services and tools besides its basic web search. ...

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Petrarch

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Francesco Petrarca

• Life And All Complete Works By Francesco Petrarca - Format HTML
• Petrarch and Laura Multi-lingual site including many translated works (letters, poems, books) in the public domain and biography, pictures, music.
• Petrarch from the Catholic Encyclopedia.
• Excerpts from his works and letters
• The Petrarchan Grotto
• Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) (1304-1374)
• Works by Petrarch at Project Gutenberg
• Poems From The Canzoniere, translated by Tony Kline.
• Petrarch - the poet who lost his head April 6, 2004 article in The Guardian regarding the exhumation of Petrarch's remains.
• Francesco Petrarca at The Online Library of Liberty