NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Pforzheim

Pforzheim is a town of nearly 119,000 inhabitants in the state of Baden-Württemberg, southwest Germany at the gate to the Black Forest. It is world-famous for its jewelry and watch-making industry. Because of that it gained the nickname "Goldstadt" or Golden City. It has an area of 98 km² and is situated between the cities of Stuttgart and Karlsruhe at the confluence of three rivers (Enz, Nagold and Würm) and marks the frontier between Baden and Württemberg, being located on Baden territory. Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 656 KB)Pforzheim: View of the city center from Buckenberg. ... Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 656 KB)Pforzheim: View of the city center from Buckenberg. ... Location Coordinates , , Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DE1 Capital Stuttgart Minister-President GÃ¼nther Oettinger (CDU) Governing parties CDU / FDP Votes in Bundesrat 6 (of 69) Basic statistics Area 35,752 kmÂ² (13,804 sq mi) Population 10,741,000 (11/2006)[1] - Density... A map of Germany, showing the Black Forest in red. ... For other uses, see Stuttgart (disambiguation). ... Karlsruhe (population 285,812 in 2006) is a city in the south west of Germany, in the Bundesland Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, located near the French-German border. ... Neuraminidase ribbon diagram An enzyme (in Greek en = in and zyme = blend) is a protein, or protein complex, that catalyzes a chemical reaction and also controls the 3D orientation of the catalyzed substrates. ... The village Gündringen - a small district of Nagold Nagold is a town in southern Germany bordering the Northern Black Forest. ... For the glaciaton, go here The WÃ¼rm is a river in Bavaria, Germany. ... Baden is a historical state in the southwest of Germany, on the right bank of the Rhine. ... Arms of the Kingdom of WÃ¼rttemberg The title of this article contains the character Ã¼. Where it is unavailable or not desired, the name may be represented as Wuerttemberg. ...

The City of Pforzheim does not belong to any administrative district (Kreis), but at the same time, it hosts the administrative offices of the Enz district surrounding the town. Enz is a district (Kreis) in the north-west of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ...

During World War II, Pforzheim was bombed a number of times. The largest raid, and one of the most devastating area bombardments of World War II, was carried out by the Royal Air Force (RAF) on the evening of February 23, 1945. About one quarter of the town's population, over 17,000 people, were killed in the air raid, and about 83% of the town's buildings were destroyed. The town was thought by the Allies to be producing precision instruments for use in the German war effort and to be a transport centre for the movement of German troops. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Aerial area bombardment is the policy of indiscriminate bombing of an enemys cities, for the purpose of destroying the enemys means of producing military materiel, communications, government centres and civilian morale. ... RAF redirects here. ... is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... In general, allies are people or groups that have joined an alliance and are working together to achieve some common purpose. ...

After the war, the rubble from the destruction was heaped into a large pile on the outskirts of the town, as was done by other cities such as Stuttgart and Munich. A building called the "Wallberg" was erected as a concrete "cap" on the mountain of rubble, long since covered with earth and vegetation. In the twenty years following the end of the war, Pforzheim was gradually rebuilt, giving the town a quite modern look. For other uses, see Stuttgart (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Munich (disambiguation). ...

Geography

Pforzheim is located at the northern rim of the eastern part of the Black Forest (Schwarzwald) and the rim of the hilly country of the Kraichgau, in an open valley at the confluences of the rivers Würm and Nagold and the rivers Nagold and Enz. Due to its location, this city is also called the "three-valleys town" (Drei-Taeler Stadt) or the "Gateway to the Black Forest" (Pforte zum Schwarzwald / Porta Hercinia). The early settlement (in fact much earlier than the current centers Stuttgart and Karlsruhe) by the Romans, who constructed a ford through the river, shortly past the confluence of the three rivers, for their military highway, is also due to this extraordinary geography. Due to this location, Pforzheim later on became a center for the timber-rafting trade which transported timber from the Black Forest via the rivers Wuerm, Nagold, Enz and then the Neckar and Rhine to, among other destinations, the Netherlands for use in shipbuilding. A map of Germany, showing the Black Forest in red. ... The Kraichgau is a hilly region in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, southwestern Germany. ... For the glaciaton, go here The WÃ¼rm is a river in Bavaria, Germany. ... The village Gündringen - a small district of Nagold Nagold is a town in southern Germany bordering the Northern Black Forest. ... Neuraminidase ribbon diagram An enzyme (in Greek en = in and zyme = blend) is a protein, or protein complex, that catalyzes a chemical reaction and also controls the 3D orientation of the catalyzed substrates. ... For other uses, see Stuttgart (disambiguation). ... Karlsruhe (population 285,812 in 2006) is a city in the south west of Germany, in the Bundesland Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, located near the French-German border. ... A ford is a section of water (most commonly a section of a river) that is sufficiently shallow as to be traversable by wading. ... Timber rafting is arguably the second cheapest method of transportation of timber, next after log driving. ... The Neckar is a 367 km long river in Germany, a major right tributary of the River Rhine, which it joins at Mannheim. ... For other uses, see Rhine (disambiguation). ...

Pforzheim and its surrounding area belongs to the "Densely Populated Area Karlsruhe/Pforzheim". Pforzheim has the functions of a regional center (Mittelzentrum) for the towns and municipalities Birkenfeld (Enz), Eisingen, Engelsbrand, Friolzheim, Heimsheim, Ispringen, Kämpfelbach, Keltern, Kieselbronn, Königsbach-Stein, Mönsheim, Neuenbürg (Württemberg), Neuhausen, Neulingen, Niefern-Öschelbronn, Ölbronn-Dürrn, Remchingen, Straubenhardt, Tiefenbronn, Wiernsheim,Wimsheim and Wurmberg.^[1] Birkenfeld is a municipality in the Enz district, in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... Eisingen is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg in Germany. ... Engelsbrand is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg in Germany. ... Friolzheim is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg in Germany. ... Heimsheim is a town in the Enz district, in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... Ispringen is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg in Germany. ... KÃ¤mpfelbach is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg in Germany. ... Keltern is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg in Germany. ... Kieselbronn is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg in Germany. ... KÃ¶nigsbach-Stein is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg in Germany. ... MÃ¶nsheim is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg in Germany. ... Neuhausen may refer to: Neuhausen am Rheinfall, a town in the canton of Schaffhausen, Switzerland Neuhausen auf den Fildern, a municipality in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany Neuhausen (Enzkreis), a municipality in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany Neuhausen ob Eck, a municipality in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany Neuhausen/Spree, a municipality in... For the town in the district of Altmarkkreis Salzwedel in Saxony-Anhalt, see Neulingen (Salzwedel). ... Niefern-Ã–schelbronn is a municipality with ca. ... Ã–lbronn-DÃ¼rrn is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg in Germany. ... Remchingen is a municipality with ca. ... Straubenhardt is a municipality in the Enz district, in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... Tiefenbronn is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg in Germany. ... Wiernsheim is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg in Germany. ... Wimsheim is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg in Germany. ... Wurmberg is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg in Germany. ...

Neighboring communities

The following towns and communities share borderlines with the City of Pforzheim. Below they are mentioned in clockwise order, beginning to the north of the city. Except for Unterreichenbach, which belongs to the district of Calw, all of them are included in the Enz district. Ronda, Spain Main street in Bastrop, Texas, United States, a small town A town is a community of people ranging from a few hundred to several thousands, although it may be applied loosely even to huge metropolitan areas. ... For other uses, see Community (disambiguation). ... The Clockwise direction A clockwise motion is one that proceeds like the clocks hands: from the top to the right, then down and then to the left, and back to the top. ... Calw is a town in the middle of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg in the south of Germany, capital of the district Calw. ... Enz is a district (Kreis) in the north-west of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ...

Ispringen, Neulingen, Kieselbronn, Niefern-Öschelbronn, Wurmberg, Wimsheim, Neuhausen (Enz), Unterreichenbach, Engelsbrand, Birkenfeld (Enz), Keltern and Kämpfelbach^[2] Ispringen is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg in Germany. ... For the town in the district of Altmarkkreis Salzwedel in Saxony-Anhalt, see Neulingen (Salzwedel). ... Kieselbronn is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg in Germany. ... Niefern-Ã–schelbronn is a municipality with ca. ... Wurmberg is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg in Germany. ... Wimsheim is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg in Germany. ... Unterreichenbach is a town in the district of Calw in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg in Germany. ... Engelsbrand is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg in Germany. ... Birkenfeld is a municipality in the Enz district, in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... KÃ¤mpfelbach is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg in Germany. ...

City wards

The city of Pforzheim consists of 16 city wards. The communities Büchenbronn, Eutingen on the Enz, Hohenwart, Huchenfeld and Würm, which by way of the latest regional administrative reform during the 1970s were incorporated into Pforzheim's administration, are represented by independent community councils and community administrations according to § 8 and following paragraphs of the main city-ordinance of Pforzheim. In important matters concerning any of these communities the opinions of the respective community councils must be taken into consideration. However, final decisions on the matter will be made by the Pforzheim city council. The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, also called The Seventies. ... Local governments are administrative offices that are smaller than a state or province. ... Local governments are administrative offices that are smaller than a state or province. ...

Views of Pforzheim (2003)

History

Since 90: A settlement was established by Roman citizens at the Enz river near the modern Altstädter Brücke (old town bridge). Archeological surveys have unearthed several items from that period which are kept and displayed in the Kappelhof Museum. The settlement was located where the Roman military road connecting the military camp Argentorate (nowadays Strasbourg in France) and the military camp at Cannstatt (now a suburb of Stuttgart) at the Upper Germanic Limes border line of the Roman Empire crossed the Enz river. This place was known as Portus (river crossing, harbor), which is believed to be the origin of the first part of the city's name "Pforzheim". A Roman milestone (the so-called 'Leugenstein') from the year 245 and later excavated at nowadays Friolzheim shows the exact distance to 'Portus'; it is the first document about the settlement.^[4]^[5] This article is about the year 90. ... For other uses, see Strasburg. ... For other uses, see Strasburg. ... ... For other uses, see Stuttgart (disambiguation). ... Reconstructed Limes near Saalburg, Germany. ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... Neuraminidase ribbon diagram An enzyme (in Greek en = in and zyme = blend) is a protein, or protein complex, that catalyzes a chemical reaction and also controls the 3D orientation of the catalyzed substrates. ... Friolzheim is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg in Germany. ...

259/260: The Roman settlement 'Portus' was destroyed completely, as the Frank and Alemanni tribes overrun the Upper Germanic Limes border line of the Roman Empire and conquered the Roman administrated area west of the Rhine river. From then on, over an extended period of time historical records about the settlement are not available.^[6] Valerian (david neiman was here) captured by the Alamanni (possibly 260) The Franks who invaded the Roman Empire near Cologne in 257, reach Tarraco in Hispania Pope Dionysius elected. ... Events Valerian I captured by the Persian king Shapur I; Gallienus becomes sole Roman emperor. ... This article is about the Frankish people and society. ... The Alamanni, Allemanni or Alemanni, are a Germanic tribe, first mentioned by Dio Cassius, under the year 213. ... Reconstructed Limes near Saalburg, Germany. ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Rhine (disambiguation). ...

6th/7th century: Graves from this period indicate that the settlement had been continued.^[7] The 7th century is the period from 601 - 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ...

1067: The settlement of Pforzheim was mentioned for the first time in a document by Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor as "Phorzheim". Visits to Pforzheim by Heinrich IV in 1067 and 1074 are documented.^[8]^[9] Events Constantine X emperor of the Byzantine Empire dies. ... Henry IV (November 11, 1050â€“August 7, 1106) was King of Germany from 1056 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 until his forced abdication in 1105. ... Events Births February 12 - Conrad, King of Germany and Italy (d. ...

Before 1080: The "old town" of Pforzheim was awarded market rights (Marktrecht). At that time Pforzheim belonged to the estate of Hirsau Monastery, according to monastery documents.^[10] Events William I of England, in a letter, reminds the Bishop of Rome that the King of England owes him no allegiance. ... Hirsau, 1907 Hirsau (formerly Hirsckau) is a village in the German state of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, located in the south-west portion of the country. ... This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. ...

From 1150: Establishment of the "new town" west of the "old town" at the foot of the Schlossberg (palais hill) under Margrave Hermann V.^[11] Events Åhus, Sweden gains city privileges City of Airdrie, Scotland founded King Sverker I of Sweden is deposed and succeeded by Eric IX of Sweden. ...

1200: The town charter of the "new town" was mentioned for the first time in a document. The "old town" continued to exist as a legally independent entity.^[12] Events University of Paris receives charter from Philip II of France The Kanem-Bornu Empire was established in northern Africa around the year 1200 Mongol victory over Northern China â€” 30,000,000 killed Births Al-Abhari, Persian philosopher and mathematician (died 1265) Ulrich von Liechtenstein, German nobleman and poet (died...

1220: The Margraves of Baden selected Pforzheim as their residence. The "new town" became prominent. // The world in 1220 Middle Ages in Europe Fifth Crusade (1217-1221) Events Mongols first invade Abbasid caliphate - Bukhara and Samarkand taken End of the Kara-Khitan Khanate, destroyed by Genghis Khans Mongolian cavalry Dominican Order approved by Pope Honorius III Frederick II crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope... Baden is a region in Southwestern Germany, along the right bank of the Rhine. ...

1240: A mayor of Pforzheim was mentioned in a document for the first time.^[13] Events Batu Khan and the Golden Horde sack the Ruthenian city of Kyiv Births Pope Benedict XI Deaths April 11 - Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, also known as Llywelyn The Great Prince of Gwynedd Monarchs/Presidents Aragon - James I King of Aragon and count of Barcelona (reigned from 1213 to 1276) Castile...

13th/14th century: Pforzheim enjoyed its first period of flourishment. A group of influential patricians emerged. They developed extensive activities on the financial markets of those days. The town drew its income from the wood trade, timber rafting, the tannery trade, textile manufacturing and other crafts. Documents mention mayor, judge, council and citizens. The town walls surrounding the new town were completed at about 1290. During this era three catholic orders established their convents in town (the Franciscan order established their domicile within the town wall at nowadays Barfuesserkirche (the choir of which remains), the Dominican nun order established their domicile outside of the walls of the old town near Auer bridge, and the Prediger cloister was located east of the Schlossberg, probably inside the town walls). Outside of the town wall across the Enz river, the suburb Flösser Quarters (the home of the timber floating trade) was established. Next to the western town wall, the suburb of Brötzingen gradually developed. The Margraves of Baden considered Pforzheim as their most important power base up to the first half of the 14th century. Under Margrave Bernard I (Bernhard I) Pforzheim became one of the administrative centers of the margraviate.^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17] This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). ... This article is about the social and political class in ancient Rome. ... Timber rafting is arguably the second cheapest method of transportation of timber, next after log driving. ... This article is about making hides into leather. ... For other uses, see Textile (disambiguation). ... // March 1 - The University of Coimbra is founded in Lisbon, Portugal by King Denis of Portugal; it moves to Coimbra in 1308. ... Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Â· Other religions Ecumenism Â· Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul Â· Church Fathers Constantine Â· Athanasius Â· Augustine Anselm Â· Aquinas Â· Palamas Â· Luther Calvin Â· Wesley Arius Â· Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury Â· Catholic Pope Coptic Pope Â· Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box: Catholic deacon... This article is about an abbey as a religious building. ... The Order of Friars Minor and other Franciscan movements are disciples of Saint Francis of Assisi. ... â€œDominicansâ€ redirects here. ... For other uses, see Nun (disambiguation). ... Bernard I of Baden (1364â€“5 April 1431, Baden) was Margrave of Baden-Baden from 1391 to 1431. ...

1322: Holy Ghost Hospital was founded at Tränk Street (nowadays Deimling Street).^[18] Events September 27/September 28 - Battle of Ampfing, often called the last battle of knights, in which Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor defeats Frederick I of Austria Births January 11 - Emperor Komyo of Japan (died 1380) Deaths January 3 - King Philip V of France (born 1293) March 16 - Humphrey de...

15th century: Various fraternities among people working in the same trade were established: The fraternity of tailors in 1410, the fraternity of bakers on May 14, 1422, the fraternity of the weavers in 1469, the fraternity of the wine-growers in 1491, the fraternity of the skippers and timber raftsmen in 1501, and the fraternity of the carters in 1512. Members of the same fraternity assisted each other in various ways, for example with funerals and in cases of sickness. In a sense, the fraternities were early forms of health and life insurance.^[19] (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... A guild is an association of craftspeople in a particular trade. ... A tailor attending to a customer in Hong Kong. ... March 29 - The Aragonese capture Oristano, capital of the giudicato di Arborea in Sardinia July 15 â€“ Battle of Grunwald (also known as Tannenberg or Zalgiris). ... A baker prepares fresh rolls A baker is someone who primarily bakes and sells bread. ... Events January 10 - Battle of Nemecky Brod during the Hussite Wars. ... Genera Many:see text The Weavers are small passerine birds related to the finches. ... Events July 26 - Battle of Edgecote Moor October 17 - Prince Ferdinand of Aragon wed princess Isabella of Castile. ... // Events December 6 - King Charles VIII marries Anne de Bretagne, thus incorporating Brittany into the kingdom of France. ... Look up skipper in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Timber rafts on the Ogowe River Timber rafting is arguably the second cheapest method of transportation of timber, next after log driving. ... 1501 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... // Carter is a common English name and can be a given name or surname. ... Year 1512 (MDXII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... Underwater funeral in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea A funeral is a ceremony marking a persons death. ... Life insurance or life assurance is a contract between the policy owner and the insurer, where the insurer agrees to pay a sum of money upon the occurrence of the insured individuals or individuals death. ...

August 8/9, 1418: Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor visits Margrave Bernard I (Bernhard I) in Pforzheim. On this occasion the mint of the Margraves of Baden in Pforzheim was mentioned. Mint master was Jakob Broeglin between 1414-1431. The emperor appointed the master of the Pforzheim mint, Jakob Bröglin, and Bois von der Winterbach for five years as Royal Mint Masters of the mints of Frankfurt and Nördlingen. The Margrave was appointed as their patron.^[20]^[21] Events May 19 - Capture of Paris by John, Duke of Burgundy September - Beginning of English Siege of Rouen Mircea the Old, ruler of Wallachia dies and is succeeded by Vlad I Uzurpatorul. ... Sigismund, aged approximately 50, depicted by unknown artist in the 1420s â€” the only contemporary portrait. ... Margrave (Latin: marchio) is the English and French form (recorded since 1551) of the German title Markgraf (from Mark march and Graf count) and certain equivalent nobiliary (princely) titles in other languages. ... Bernard I of Baden (1364â€“5 April 1431, Baden) was Margrave of Baden-Baden from 1391 to 1431. ... A mint is a facility which manufactures coins for currency. ... For other uses, see Frankfurt (disambiguation). ... NÃ¶rdlingen is a town in the Donau-Ries district, in Bavaria, Germany, with a population of almost 20,000. ...

1447: The wedding of Margrave Charles I (Karl I) of Baden with Katharina of Austria, the sister of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor (Friedrich III), was celebrated in Pforzheim with great pomp (including tournaments and dances).^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25] Events March 6 - Nicholas V becomes Pope. ... Margrave (Latin: marchio) is the English and French form (recorded since 1551) of the German title Markgraf (from Mark march and Graf count) and certain equivalent nobiliary (princely) titles in other languages. ... Charles I of Baden (d. ... Katharina may refer to: In television and film: Katharina Bellowitsch, Austrian radio and TV presenter Katharina Thalbach, German actress and film director In artistry: Katharina FrÃ¶hlich, lover of Franz Grillparzer Katharina Mann, the youngest child and only daughter of Alfred Pringsheim and Hedwig Dohm Pringsheim Katharina Rapp, German artist... Emperor Frederick III Frederick III of Habsburg (Innsbruck, September 21, 1415 â€“ August 19, 1493 in Linz) was elected as German King as the successor of Albert II in 1440. ... A tournament is an organized competition in which many participants play each other in individual games. ... A contemporary dancer rehearsing in a dance studio Dance generally refers to human movement either used as a form of expression or presented in a social, spiritual or performance setting. ...

1455: Johannes Reuchlin, the great German humanist, was born in Pforzheim on January 29 (he died in Stuttgart on June 30, 1522). He attended the Latin School section of the monastery school run by the Dominican order of Pforzheim in the late 1460s. Later, partly due to Reuchlin's efforts, the Latin School of Pforzheim developed into one of the most prominent schools in southwestern Germany. The school's teachers and pupils played an outstanding role in the dissemination of the ideas of humanism and the protestant reformation movement. The most famous pupils included Reuchlin himself, Reuchlin's nephew Philipp Melanchthon, and Simon Grynaeus.^[26]^[27]^[28] ... no changes . ... Johann Reuchlin (January 29, 1455 - 1522) was a German humanist and Hebrew scholar. ... Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people, based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appeal to universal human qualities â€” particularly rationality. ... Events January 9 - Adrian Dedens becomes Pope Adrian VI. February 26 - Execution by hanging of CuauhtÃ©moc, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan under orders of conquistador HernÃ¡n CortÃ©s. ... The Latin school was the grammar school of earlier times in Europe. ... The Latin school was the grammar school of earlier times in Europe. ... Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people, based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appeal to universal human qualities â€” particularly rationality. ... Reformation redirects here. ... Portrait of Philipp Melanchthon, by Lucas Cranach the Elder. ... Simon Grynaeus (1493- August 1, 1541), German scholar and theologian of the Reformation, son of Jacob Gryner, a Swabian peasant, was born in 1493 at Vehringen, in Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. ...

1460: Margrave Charles I established a kind of monastery (Kollegialstift) at the site of Schlosskirche St. Michael, turning the church into a collegiate church. There were also plans to establish a university in Pforzheim, but this plan had to be abandoned because Margrave Charles I lost the Battle of Seckenheim.^[29]^[30]^[31] Events The first Portuguese navigators reach the coast of modern Sierra Leone. ... A collegiate church was a church served and administered by a body of canons or prebendaries, similar to a cathedral, although they were not the seat of a bishop. ...

1463: Margrave Charles I was forced to transfer the palace and the town of Pforzheim as a fiefdom to the Elector Palatine after losing the Battle of Seckenheim. He then began to build a new palace in modern Baden-Baden. Margrave Christoph I finally moved the residence of the margraves to Baden-Baden. This gradually ended the first period of Pforzheim's flourishment. The rich merchants gradually left the town, which declined to the status of a country town of mostly small traders. ^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35] Events January 5 - Poet Francois Villon is banned from Paris Births January 17 - Frederick III, Elector of Saxony (died 1525) February 24 - Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Italian philosopher (died 1494) October 20 - Alessandro Achillini, Italian philosopher (died 1512) Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de Medici, Italian patron of the arts (died 1503... Fief depiction in a book of hours Under the system of feudalism, a fiefdom, fief, feud, feoff, or fee, often consisted of inheritable lands or revenue-producing property granted by a liege lord, generally to a vassal, in return for a form of allegiance, originally to give him the means... A palatinate is an area administered by a count palatine, originally the direct representative of the sovereign but later the hereditary ruler of the territory subject to the crowns overlordship. ... , Baden-Baden is a town in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ...

1486: The Weavers Ordinance (Wollweberordnung) for the towns Pforzheim und Ettlingen was approved by Margrave Christoph I. This was a contract concerning the town privileges of Pforzheim. This regulation of the weaving trade did not allow the formation of a regular guild (Zunft).^[36]^[37] Events TÃzoc, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan dies. ... Genera Many:see text The Weavers are small passerine birds related to the finches. ... A local ordinance is a law usually found in a municipal code. ... Ettlingen is a city in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... Margrave (Latin: marchio) is the English and French form (recorded since 1551) of the German title Markgraf (from Mark march and Graf count) and certain equivalent nobiliary (princely) titles in other languages. ... A guild is an association of craftspeople in a particular trade. ...

1491: A contract between Margrave Christoph I and the citizens of Pforzheim was concluded, granting the town of Pforzheim several privileges concerning taxes and business.^[38]^[39] // Events December 6 - King Charles VIII marries Anne de Bretagne, thus incorporating Brittany into the kingdom of France. ...

1496: Foundation of the first printer's shop by Thomas Anshelm. During the first half of the 16th century Pforzheim's printers contributed significantly to the establishment of this (in those days) new medium.^[40] 1496 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ...

1501: Margrave Christoph I of Baden enacted the "Ordinance on the timber rafting profession in Pforzheim". The single timber logs that were floated from the deeper Black Forest areas down the Enz, Nagold and Wuerm rivers were bound together in the Au area to form larger timber rafts. Those rafts were then floated down the lower Enz, Neckar and Rhine rivers. The timber rafting stations of Weissenstein, Dillstein and Pforzheim were well known in the profession.^[41] 1501 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A local ordinance is a law usually found in a municipal code. ...

1501 was also the year for which an outbreak of the plague (probably the bubonic plague) is recorded in the Swabian chronicle Annalium Suevicorum by Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen professor Martin Grusius, published 1596. It is not known how many of Pforzheim's citizens died in that year, but there are reports of 500 deceased in the close-by city of Calw and about 4000 in Stuttgart, which accounted for approximately one quarter to one half of the populations of those towns. Outbreaks of the disease were reported for many places in southwestern Germany, Bohemia, the Alsace region in nowadays France, Switzerland, and Italy. Common graves with massive numbers of human bones at the cemetery of St. Michael Church and the cemetery on the estate of the Dominican order near nowadays Waisenhausplatz found during the last century may indicate that hundreds of citizens became the victims of the plague. There are indications that a fraternity for taking care of the sick and removing the bodies of the deceased from houses was formed in 1501, whose members later on stayed together and became known as the choral society Singergesellschaft, which is still active today as the Loebliche Singergesellschaft of 1501. (They are probably one of the oldest clubs in Europe).^[42] 1501 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Bubonic plague is the best-known manifestation of the bacterial disease plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. ... Germany, showing modern borders. ... Generally a chronicle (Latin chronica, from Greek Î§ÏÏŒÎ½Î¿Ï‚) is historical account of facts and events in chronological order. ... A view of the campus Eberhard Karls University of TÃ¼bingen (German: Eberhard-Karls-UniversitÃ¤t TÃ¼bingen, sometimes called the Eberhardina) is a public university located in the city of TÃ¼bingen, Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... Events February 5 - 26 catholics crucified in Nagasaki, Japan. ... Calw is a town in the middle of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg in the south of Germany, capital of the district Calw. ... For other uses, see Stuttgart (disambiguation). ... Flag of Bohemia Bohemia (Czech: ; German: ) is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western and middle thirds of the Czech Republic. ... ElsaÃŸ redirects here. ... A fraternal organization, sometimes also known as a fraternity, is an organization or club that represents the relationship between its members as akin to brotherhood. ...

1520s: The ideas of the protestant religious movement advanced by Martin Luther spread rapidly in Pforzheim. Its most prominent promoters were Johannes Schwebel, a preacher at Holy Ghost church (Heiliggeistkirche), and Johannes Unger, the principal of the Dominican Latin school.^[43] Year 1520 (MDXX) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... Religious is a term with both a technical definition and folk use. ... Martin Luther (November 10, 1483 â€“ February 18, 1546) was a German monk,[1] priest, professor, theologian, and church reformer. ... â€œDominicansâ€ redirects here. ... The Latin school was the grammar school of earlier times in Europe. ...

1535-1565: Due to the heritage division of the clan of the Margraves of Baden, Margrave Ernst of Baden made Pforzheim the residential town of his family line. He decided to use the Schlosskirche St. Michael as the entombment site for his family line.^[44] pie is nice Year 1535 was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... // Events March 1 - the city of Rio de Janeiro is founded. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Margrave (Latin: marchio) is the English and French form (recorded since 1551) of the German title Markgraf (from Mark march and Graf count) and certain equivalent nobiliary (princely) titles in other languages. ... Underwater funeral in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seafrom an edition with drawings by Alphonse de Neuville and Edouard Riou. ...

1549: A large fire caused severe damage to the town. Events July - Ketts Rebellion Francis Xavier arrives in Japan. ...

1556: After the conclusion of the Peace of Augsburg in 1555, Margrave Karl II introduced Lutherism (protestantism) as the state religion in the district Baden-Durlach, which included Pforzheim. The (Catholic) monasteries were gradually shut down.^[45] Events January 16 - Abdication of Emperor Charles V. His son, Philip II becomes King of Spain, while his brother Ferdinand becomes Holy Roman Emperor January 23 - The Shaanxi earthquake, the deadliest earthquake in history, occurs with its epicenter in Shaanxi province, China. ... The front page of the document. ... Events Russia breaks 60 year old truce with Sweden by attacking Finland February 2 - Diet of Augsburg begins February 4 - John Rogers becomes first Protestant martyr in England February 9 - Bishop of Gloucester John Hooper is burned at the stake May 23 - Paul IV becomes Pope. ... Margrave (Latin: marchio) is the English and French form (recorded since 1551) of the German title Markgraf (from Mark march and Graf count) and certain equivalent nobiliary (princely) titles in other languages. ... Protestantism encompasses the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated with the doctrines of the Reformation. ... Baden is a historical state in the southwest of Germany, on the right bank of the Rhine. ...

1565: Margrave Karl II chooses Durlach as the new residential town. Pforzheim stayed one of the administrative centers of Baden.^[46] // Events March 1 - the city of Rio de Janeiro is founded. ...

1618: At the beginning of the Thirty Years' War, the number of inhabitants of Pforzheim is estimated to have been between 2500 and 3000. This was the largest town among all towns in Baden, even though at that time it had already declined somewhat. For a bill proposed in USA in 1998, see Bill 1618. ... Combatants Sweden Bohemia Denmark-Norway[1] Dutch Republic France Scotland England Saxony Holy Roman Empire Catholic League Austria Bavaria Spain Commanders Frederick V Buckingham Leven Gustav II Adolf â€ Johan Baner Cardinal Richelieu Louis II de Bourbon Vicomte de Turenne Christian IV of Denmark Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar Johann Georg I...

1645: Toward the end of the Thirty Years' War the "old town" was burned down by Bavarian (i.e. Catholic) troops. It was rebuilt, but without the former fortifications, which gave it the status of a village-like settlement. It soon vanished from historical records. The "new town" had survived.^[47] Download high resolution version (891x559, 392 KB)This image is a photograph of a reproduction of a copperplate print originally created by Merian in the 17th century. ... Download high resolution version (891x559, 392 KB)This image is a photograph of a reproduction of a copperplate print originally created by Merian in the 17th century. ... // Events January 10 - Archbishop Laud executed on Tower Hill, London. ... For other uses, see Bavaria (disambiguation). ... Fortifications (Latin fortis, strong, and facere, to make) are military constructions designed for defensive warfare. ...

1688-1697: The "War of the Palatinian Succession" (also called the Nine Years War) caused tremendous destruction in Southwestern Germany. The French "sun king" Louis XIV's efforts to expand the territory of France up to the Upper Rhine river and to put the Elector Palatine under pressure to severe its ties with the League of Augsburg included the Brûlez le Palatinat! tactics of destroying major towns on both sides of the Rhine river. These tactics seem to have been mainly the idea of the French war minister, François Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois. Year 1688 (MDCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Events September 11 - Battle of Zenta, Prince Eugene of Savoy crushed Ottoman army of Mustafa II September 20 - The Treaty of Ryswick December 2 â€“ St Pauls Cathedral opened in London Peter the Great travels in Europe officially incognito as artilleryman Pjotr Mikhailov Use of palanquins increases in Europe Christopher... Combatants Denmark, Dutch Republic, England,[3] Holy Roman Empire, Portugal, Duchy of Savoy, Spain, Sweden France, Jacobites Commanders William III, Prince Waldeck, Duke of Savoy, Duke of Lorraine , Elector of Bavaria, Prince of Baden Louis XIV, Duc de Luxembourg â€ , Duc de Villeroi, Duc de Lorge, Duc de Boufflers, Nicolas Catinat... The Nine Years War (also known as the War of the League of Augsburg, the War of the Grand Alliance, the Orleans War, the War of the Palatinian Succession, and the War of the English Succession) was a major war fought in Europe and America from 1688 to 1697, between... Louis XIV redirects here. ... A palatinate is an area administered by a count palatine, originally the direct representative of the sovereign but later the hereditary ruler of the territory subject to the crowns overlordship. ... The Grand Alliance (known, prior to 1689, as the League of Augsburg) was a European coalition, consisting (at various times) of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Netherlands, the Palatinate of the Rhine, Saxony, Spain, Sweden, and the United Provinces. ... EzÃ©chiel du Mas, Comte de MÃ©lac (about 1630 - May 10, 1704) was a career soldier in the French army under King Louis XIV and war minister Louvois. ... François Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois (January 18, 1641 - July 16, 1691), was the French war minister under Louis XIV. He was born in Paris to Michel le Tellier. ...

Pforzheim was occupied by French troops on October 10, 1688. Commanding officer is said to have been Joseph de Montclar. The town was forced to accommodate a large number of soldiers and had to pay a large amount of "contributions" to the French. When the army unit was about to depart early in the morning of January 21, 1689 (obviously because an army of the Holy Roman Empire had been approaching), they set many major buildings on fire, including the palais, the city hall, and vicarages. About 70 houses (i.e. one quarter of all houses) and part of the town's fortifications were reportedly destroyed. Joseph de Pons-Guimera Baron de Montclar, (1625 - 1690), French cavalry general Commander in chief of the Alsace, he was an implacable executioner of the orders of Louis XIV and Louvois. ... This article is about the medieval empire. ...

Between August 2nd and August 4th, the French army under the general command of Marshal Jacques Henri de Durfort de Duras again crossed the Rhine river and began the destruction of major towns in Baden. On August 10, 1689, a French army unit under the command of General Ezéchiel du Mas, Comte de Mélac appeared in front of Pforzheims town gates, but this time the town refused to surrender. In response, the French army began shelling the town with canons from the Rod hill located southwest of the town, and the several hundred soldiers of the German imperial command, who were defending the town, were forced to surrender. After a short period of looting, the French troops set the inner town area on fire on August 15, which made that area uninhabitable for several weeks. Then the French moved on. Baton of a modern Marshal of France The Marshal of France (French: MarÃ©chal de France) is a military distinction in contemporary France, not a military rank. ... Jacques-Henri de Durfort, duke of Duras, marshal of France, (October 9, 1625 - October 12, 1704). ... Year 1689 (MDCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... EzÃ©chiel du Mas, Comte de MÃ©lac (about 1630 - May 10, 1704) was a career soldier in the French army under King Louis XIV and war minister Louvois. ...

During the following two years French troops stayed away from Pforzheim, but the economic situation of the town was miserable. In addition to this, the reconstruction of the town and the repairs of the fortifications under the supervision of Johann Matthaeus Faulhaber, the chief construction officer of the Margraviate Baden, required a lot of efforts. The accommodation of an imperial garrison under the command of (then) colonel Count Palfy also was a heavy burden.

In 1691 Louvois instructed his marshals to destroy those towns which were to serve as winter quarters for imperial troops, explicitly including Pforzheim, and then continue to Wuerttemberg for further destructions. After the French troops had crossed the Rhine river under the command of Marshal Guy Aldonce de Durfort de Lorges at Philippsburg on August 3, 1691, they assaulted the Margraves' residential town of Durlach and 1,200 cavalry men, 300 dragoons and 1,200 infantry men advanced toward Pforzheim where they arrived in the morning on August 9 and surrounded the town. When the approximately 200 imperial soldiers under the command of Captain Zickwolf and other men in the town refused to surrender, the siege began. After shelling the town during the day and the following night, the resistance of the town broke down and on August 10th in the morning the French forced the town gates open, occupied and looted it (although with little success, as there was not much left to be taken away). On August 12, the French moved on, this time refraining from setting houses on fire. The fortification had again been damaged, though (the White Tower, the Auer Bridge Gate, the Upper Mill and the Nonnen Mill were burnt down). The French also stole all church bells, except for one minor one. Events March 5 - French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of Mons March 20 - Leislers Rebellion - New governor arrives in New York - Jacob Leisler surrenders after standoff of several hours March 29 - Siege of Mons ends to the cityâ€™s surrender May 6... FranÃ§ois Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois. ... Guy Aldonce de Durfort , duke de Lorges, marshal of France, (August 22, 1630 - October 22, 1702). ... Philippsburg is a small town in Germany, in the district of Karlsruhe in Baden-Württemberg. ... Events March 5 - French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of Mons March 20 - Leislers Rebellion - New governor arrives in New York - Jacob Leisler surrenders after standoff of several hours March 29 - Siege of Mons ends to the cityâ€™s surrender May 6... Karlsburg Center with Turmberg Durlach is a borough of the German city of Karlsruhe. ... Not to be confused with Golgotha, which was called Calvary. ... A light dragoon from the American Revolution A dragoon is a soldier trained to fight on foot, but transport himself on horseback. ... Infantry of the Royal Irish Rifles during the Battle of the Somme in World War I Infantry or footmen are very highly disciplined and trained soldiers who fight primarily with small arms(rifles), but are trained to use everything from their bare hands to missle systems in order to neutralize...

On September 20, 1692, again crossed the Rhine river under the general command of Marshal Guy Aldonce de Durfort de Lorges, and advanced toward Durlach and Pforzheim. On September 24, 2,000 cavalry soldiers and 1,200 infantry and artillery troops under the command of Marshal Noël Bouton de Chamilly, moved to Pforzheim, where the town and 600 soldiers of the imperial German army in town surrendered without any military engagements. The rest of the French army arrived on September 27 under the command of Marshal de Lorges. On the same day, the French army moved on to Oetisheim near Mühlacker and attacked an imperial army unit of 4,000 cavalry men under the command of Duke Frederick Charles of Württemberg-Winnental in their camp. As they were taken by surprise, they withdrew hastily and lost several hundred men, either killed or captured by the French. (The Duke himself was among the French prisoners.) On September 28, the French army returned to Pforzheim and established a camp. It was reported that the entire Enz valley between the village of Eutingen east of Pforzheim and the village of Birkenfeld west of Pforzheim was occupied by the 30,000 French soldiers' camps. From their base in Pforzheim, French army units obviously under the leadership of Marshal de Chamilly advanced along the river valleys of Nagold and Wuerm and looted and destroyed the villages and towns of Huchenfeld, Calw, Hirsau, Liebenzell and Zavelstein. They also destroyed Liebeneck castle about 10 kilometers from Pforzheim towering above the Wuerm valley, where part of the Pforzheim town archives were hidden. The archive was burned. Another part of the town archive as well as documents of Baden administrative office had been brought to Calw, were they went up in flames, too. Events February 13 - Massacre of Glencoe March 1 - The Salem witch trials begin in Salem Village, Massachusetts Bay Colony with the charging of three women with witchcraft. ... Baton of a modern Marshal of France The Marshal of France (French: MarÃ©chal de France) is a military distinction in contemporary France, not a military rank. ... Guy Aldonce de Durfort , duke de Lorges, marshal of France, (August 22, 1630 - October 22, 1702). ... Karlsburg Center with Turmberg Durlach is a borough of the German city of Karlsruhe. ... Baton of a modern Marshal of France The Marshal of France (French: MarÃ©chal de France) is a military distinction in contemporary France, not a military rank. ... MÃ¼hlacker MÃ¼hlacker is a town with ca. ... Frederick Charles (September 12, 1652 in Stuttgart - December 20, 1697 in Stuttgart) was since 1677 Duke of the new-founded line of WÃ¼rttemberg-Winnental and regent of the infant Duke Eberhard Ludwig. ... Neuraminidase ribbon diagram An enzyme (in Greek en = in and zyme = blend) is a protein, or protein complex, that catalyzes a chemical reaction and also controls the 3D orientation of the catalyzed substrates. ... The village Gündringen - a small district of Nagold Nagold is a town in southern Germany bordering the Northern Black Forest. ... The WÃ¼rm in Pasing. ... Calw is a town in the middle of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg in the south of Germany, capital of the district Calw. ... Hirsau, 1907 Hirsau (formerly Hirsckau) is a village in the German state of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, located in the south-west portion of the country. ...

When the French troops left after about one week of occupation, they again looted Pforzheim and put it on fire. This time, all houses which had survived the two previous fires, were destroyed. In the Au suburb, only three houses survived. The Au bridge was heavily damaged. Only four houses survived in the Broetzingen suburb. The town church St. Stephan and a large part of the Dominican monastery complex were also destroyed. The Castle Church (Schlosskirche) St. Michael was heavily damaged, and the family tombs of the Baden Margraves in the church were ravaged by the soldiers. The last remaining church bell and the churches' clockworks were stolen as well. The town wall was damaged again, including the town gates. After the one--week presence of 30,000 soldiers in a town of only a few thousand citizens, all food was gone, including the seeds saved for next spring's sowing season. Every tree and grapevine on the valley slopes had been used up as firewood. The French army reached their camp in Philippsburg on October 5, 1692.^[48] This article is about the fruits of the genus Vitis. ... Philippsburg is a small town in Germany, in the district of Karlsruhe in Baden-Württemberg. ...

1718: Inauguration of the "institution for orphans, the mad, the sick, for discipline and work" in a building of the former Dominican order Convent by the Enz river. Fifty years later this institution was to become the incubator of Pforzheim's jewellery and watchmaking industries.^[49] Year 1718 (MDCCXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... â€œDominicansâ€ redirects here. ... A Beguine convent in Amsterdam. ...

1715-1730: During this period there was a prolonged dispute between Pforzheim's citizens and the Margrave of Baden concerning the privileges granted to the town in 1491, which the Margrave considered obsolete and therefore demanded significantly higher tax payments from Pforzheim citizens. The issue was taken all the way to the Imperial Court of Justice, where the town's motion was defeated.^[50]^[51] Year 1715 (MDCCXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Events Pope Clement XII elected September 17 - Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ahmed III (1703-1730) to Mahmud I (1730-1754) Anna Ivanova (Anna I of Russia) became czarina Births April 16 - Henry Clinton, British general (d. ... // Events December 6 - King Charles VIII marries Anne de Bretagne, thus incorporating Brittany into the kingdom of France. ...

1767: Establishment of a watch and jewellery factory in the orphanage. This led to Pforzheim's jewellery industries. Watchmaking was given up later on.^[52] Year 1767 (MDCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ...

1809: The Administrative District Pforzheim of Baden was split into a Municipal District Administration Pforzheim and two Rural Districts. Year 1809 (MDCCCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ...

1813: The two Rural Districts were combined to form the Rural District Administration Pforzheim. Year 1813 (MDCCCXIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

1819: Municipal District Pforzheim and Rural District Pforzheim are merged to form the Higher District Administration Pforzheim. Year 1819 (MDCCCXIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) in the [[Grhttp://en. ...

1836: Ferdinand Öchsle in Pforzheim invented a device for measuring the sugar content in freshly pressed grape juice for assessing the future quality of wine (Mostwaage). It is still in use in the winery business. Year 1836 (MDCCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... For other uses, see Wine (disambiguation). ...

1861/62: Pforzheim was connected to the German railway network with the completion of tracks between Wilferdingen and Pforzheim.^[54] Year 1861 (MDCCCLXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... In Germany the Deutsche Bahn (formerly state-owned company) is the main provider of railway service. ...

1863: The railway section between Pforzheim and Mühlacker was completed, thus establishing railway traffic between the capital of Baden, Karlsruhe, and the capital of Württemberg, Stuttgart.^[55] Year 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... MÃ¼hlacker MÃ¼hlacker is a town with ca. ... Baden is a historical state in the southwest of Germany, on the right bank of the Rhine. ... Karlsruhe (population 285,812 in 2006) is a city in the south west of Germany, in the Bundesland Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, located near the French-German border. ... Arms of the Kingdom of WÃ¼rttemberg The title of this article contains the character Ã¼. Where it is unavailable or not desired, the name may be represented as Wuerttemberg. ... For other uses, see Stuttgart (disambiguation). ...

1864: The Higher District Administration Pforzheim was made the Regional Administration Pforzheim. 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ...

1868: The railway section between Pforzheim and Wildbad was completed.^[56] Year 1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Bad Wildbad is a town in Germany, in the state of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg. ...

1869: Establishment of the first worker's union in Pforzheim, the "Pforzheim Gold(-metal) Craftsmen's Union".^[57] 1869 (MDCCCLXIX) is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ...

1874: The railway section between Pforzheim and Calw was completed.^[58] Year 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link with display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Calw is a town in the middle of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg in the south of Germany, capital of the district Calw. ...

1877: Inauguration of the Arts and Crafts School (Kunstgewerbeschule; now incorporated into Hochschule (University) Pforzheim).^[59] 1877 (MDCCCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

1888: Berta Benz and her two sons arrived in Pforzheim on the first "long-distance" drive in the history of the automobile in a car manufactured by her husband Karl Benz in order to visit relatives. She had started her drive in Mannheim, which is located about 60 kilometers from Pforzheim. The very first gasoline-powered, automobile with an internal combustion engine of the inventor had hit the roads only two years earlier after a patent for this new technology had been granted to Karl Benz on January 29, 1886. She bought the gasoline necessary for her trip back home in a "pharmacy" in Pforzheim. During the trip Bertha Benz had to make repairs with a hairpin to open a blocked fuel line, and after returning home, suggested to her husband that another gear be provided in his automobile for climbing hills.^[60] Year 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Bertha Benz, born Bertha Ringer, was the first person who drove a car over a longer distance. ... Karl Benz Karl Friedrich Benz, for whom an alternate French spelling of Carl is used ocassionaly, (November 25, 1844, Karlsruhe, Germany â€“ April 4, 1929, Ladenburg, Germany) was a German engine designer and automobile engineer, generally regarded as the inventor of the gasoline-powered automobile. ... Mannheim is a city in Germany. ... Petrol redirects here. ... Car redirects here. ... A colorized automobile engine The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of fuel and an oxidizer (typically air) occurs in a confined space called a combustion chamber. ... For other uses, see Patent (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Pharmacy (disambiguation). ... Hairpin may also refer to a stem-loop in biochemistry Hairpins (around 600 b. ... For other uses, see Gear (disambiguation). ...

1893: Inauguration of the Pforzheim Jewish Synagogue.^[61] Year 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

From 1900: Revival of the Pforzheim watchmaking industry.^[62] Äž: For the film, see: 1900 (film). ...

1906: The 1st FC Pforzheim Football (soccer) Club was defeated by VfB Leipzig with a score of 1:2 in the final game of the German soccer championship.^[63] 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

1914-1918: Pforzheim was not a battle field in World War I, but 1600 men from Pforzheim lost their lives as soldiers on the battlefields.^[64] Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ...

1920s: The Pforzheim watchmaking industry thrived due to the new popularity of wrist-watches.^[65] Year 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

1927: Pforzheim-born (1877) Professor of Munich University Heinrich Otto Wieland received the Nobel prize in chemistry. Year 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1877 (MDCCCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The meaning of the word professor (Latin: [1]) varies. ... With approximately 48,000 students, the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (German: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München or LMU) is one of the largest universities in Germany. ... Heinrich Otto Wieland (June 4, 1877 â€“ August 5, 1957) was a German chemist. ... The Nobel Prize (Swedish: ) was established in Alfred Nobels will in 1895, and it was first awarded in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace in 1901. ... For other uses, see Chemistry (disambiguation). ...

From 1933: Along with the installation of the Nazi government in Germany the local subsidiaries of all political parties, groups and organizations other than the NSDAP were gradually disbanded in town. Public life as well as individual affairs were increasingly affected by Nazi influences. Persecution of Jewish fellow citizens occurred in Pforzheim, too, with boycotts of Jewish shops and companies.^[66] Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... National Socialism redirects here. ... The Nazi swastika The National Socialist German Workers Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei), better known as the NSDAP or the Nazi Party was a political party that was led to power in Germany by Adolf Hitler in 1933. ...

1938: Establishment of the municipal Jewellery Museum. Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

1938: On November 9th, the so-called Kristallnacht, the Pforzheim Synagogue (see WWW-site) of the Jewish community was so badly damaged by Nazi activists that it had to be demolished later on. Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Nazism in history Nazi ideology Nazism and race Outside Germany Related subjects Lists Politics Portal Kristallnacht, also known as Reichskristallnacht, Reichspogromnacht, Crystal Night and the Night of the Broken Glass, was a pogrom that occurred throughout Nazi Germany on November 9â€“November 10, 1938. ... The synagogue Scolanova Trani in Italy. ... Jewish leadership: Since 70 AD and the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem there has been no single body that has a leadership position over the entire Jewish community. ... Nazism in history Nazi ideology Nazism and race Outside Germany Related subjects Lists Politics Portal Nazism or National Socialism (German: Nationalsozialismus), refers primarily to the ideology and practices of the Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers Party, German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) under Adolf Hitler. ...

1939: Regional Administration Pforzheim (Bezirksamt) was converted to the Rural District Pforzheim (Landkreis) with Pforzheim city as its administrative site. However, the town itself became a district-less administrative body. Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

1940: Deportation of Jewish citizens of Pforzheim to the concentration camp in Gurs (France). Only 55 of the 195 deported persons escaped from the holocaust.^[67] Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Deportation is the expelling of someone from a country. ... It has been suggested that Internment be merged into this article or section. ... Gurs was a large concentration camp in Pau, France. ... For other uses, see Holocaust (disambiguation) and Shoah (disambiguation). ...

1944: Many factories were converted to produce weaponry such as anti-aircraft shells, fuzes for bombs, and allegedly even parts for the V1 and V2 rockets. Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Shells of WWI. From left to right: 90 mm fragmentation shell - 120 mm pig iron incendiary shell 77/14 model - 75 mm high explosive shell model 16 - 75 mm fragmentation shell A shell is a payload-carrying projectile, which, as opposed to a bullet, contains an explosive or other filling... In an explosive, pyrotechnic device or military munition, a fuse (or fuze) is the part of the device that initiates function. ... The V-1 (German: Vergeltungswaffe 1) was the first guided missile used in war and the forerunner of todays cruise missile. ... For other uses, see V2. ...

1945: On February 23, Pforzheim was bombed in one of the most devastating area bombardments of World War II. It was carried out by the Royal Air Force (RAF) on the evening of February 23, 1945.^[68] About one quarter of the town's population, over 17,000 people, were killed in the air raid,^[69] and about 83% of the town's buildings were destroyed.^[70] The mission order to bomb Pforzheim issued by the Bomber Command states as the intention of the raid on Pforzheim "to destroy built up area and associated industries and rail facilities".^[71] The bombardment was carried out as part of the British carpet bombing campaign. The town was put on the target list for bombardments in November 1944 because it was thought by the Allies to be producing precision instruments for use in the German war effort and as transport centre^[72] for the movement of German troops.^[73] (Additional details are given in Bombing of Pforzheim in World War II.) Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Aerial area bombardment is the policy of indiscriminate bombing of an enemys cities, for the purpose of destroying the enemys means of producing military materiel, communications, government centres and civilian morale. ... RAF redirects here. ... is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Bomber Command is an organizational military unit, generally subordinate to the air force of a country. ... The phrase carpet bombing refers to the use of large numbers of unguided gravity bombs, often with a high proportion of incendiary bombs, to attempt the complete destruction of a target region, either to destroy personnel and materiel, or as a means to demoralize the enemy (see terror bombing). ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... In general, allies are people or groups that have joined an alliance and are working together to achieve some common purpose. ... During the latter stages of World War II Pforzheim, a town in south west Germany was bombed on a number of times. ...

There were also several minor raids in 1944 and 1945.^[74] Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ...

After the main attack, about 30,000 people had to be fed by public makeshift kitchens because their housings had been destroyed. Almost 90% of the buildings in the core city area had been destroyed. Many Pforzheim citizens were buried in common graves at Pforzheim's main cemetery because they could not be identified. There are also many graves of complete families. Among the dead were several hundred foreigners who had been in Pforzheim as forced labor workers. The inner city districts were severely depopulated. According to the State Statistics Bureau (Statistisches Landesamt), in the Market Square area (Marktplatzviertel) in 1939 there were 4.112 registered inhabitants, in 1945 none (0). In the Old Town area (Altstadtviertel) in 1939 there were 5.109 inhabitants, in 1945 only 2 persons were still living there. In the Leopold Square area, in 1939 there were 4.416 inhabitants, in 1945 only 13.^[75]^[76]^[77] Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for forms of work, especially in modern or early modern history, in which adults and/or children are employed without wages, or for a minimal wage. ...

The German Army Report of February 24, 1945 devoted only two lines to reporting the bombardment: "In the early evening hours of February 23, a forceful British attack was directed at Pforzheim." British Bomber Command later assessed the bombing raid as the one with "probably the greatest proportion (of destroyed built-up area) (of any target) in one raid during the war".^[78] Bomber Command is an organizational military unit, generally subordinate to the air force of a country. ...

In early April as the allied forces and notably the French Army advanced toward Pforzheim, the local German military commander gave orders to destroy the electric power generating plant and those gas and water supply lines that were still working, but citizens succeeded in persuading the staff sergeant in charge of the operation to refrain from this absurd endeavor in the face of the imminent and inevitable surrender of the German Military. Likewise, orders were issued for the destruction of those bridges that had remained unscathed (some of the bridges had been destroyed by air strikes even before and after February 23), and this could not be prevented. Only the Iron (Railway) Bridge in Weißenstein ward was saved by stout-hearted citizens who, during an unguarded moment, pulled off the fuze wiring from the explosive devices, which had already been installed, and dropped it into Nagold river. Soon after that on April 8, French troops (an armored vehicle unit) moved into Pforzheim from the northwest and were able to occupy the area north of Enz river, but the area south of the Enz river was defended by a German infantry unit using artillery. Fighting was especially fierce in Broetzingen. The French army units (including an Algerian and Moroccan unit) suffered heavy losses; among the dead was the commander the army unit, Capitaine Dorance. The advance of the French army came to a halt temporarily, but with the support of fighterbomber aircraft and due to the bad condition of the defenders (which included many old men and young boys who had been drafted in a last desperate war effort) the French troops finally succeeded and on April 18 took possession of the vast rubble field which once was the proud residential town of the Baden Margraves.^[79]^[80]^[81] In general, allies are people or groups that have joined an alliance and are working together to achieve some common purpose. ... The French Army, officially the ArmÃ©e de Terre (Army of the land), is the land-based component of the French Armed Forces and the largest. ... United States Military Staff Sergeant insignia (U.S. Air Force) Staff Sergeant is the fifth enlisted rank in the U.S. Air Force, just above Senior Airman and below Technical Sergeant. ... In an explosive, pyrotechnic device or military munition, a fuse (or fuze) is the part of the device that initiates function. ... ... Infantry of the Royal Irish Rifles during the Battle of the Somme in World War I Infantry or footmen are very highly disciplined and trained soldiers who fight primarily with small arms(rifles), but are trained to use everything from their bare hands to missle systems in order to neutralize... For other uses, see Artillery (disambiguation). ... The Kingdom of Morocco is a country in northwest Africa. ...

The three months of French occupation were reportedly marked by hostile attitudes on both the French army side and the Pforzheim population side; incidences of rape and looting, mainly by Moroccan soldiers, were also reported. Au Bridge (Auerbruecke) and Wuerm Bridge received makeshift repairs by the French military. The US Army, which replaced the French troops on July 8, 1945, helped repair Goethe Bridge, Benckiser Bridge, Old Town Bridge (Altstädterbrücke) and Horse Bridge (Roßbrücke) in 1945 and the following year. The relationship between the population and the US military was reportedly more relaxed than had been the case with the French army.^[82]^[83] Belligerent military occupation occurs when the control and authority over a territory belonging to a state passes to a hostile army. ... Looting (which derives via the Hindi lut from Sanskrit lung, to rob), sacking, plundering, or pillaging is the indiscriminate taking of goods by force as part of a military or political victory, or during a catastrophe or riot, such as during war,[1] natural disaster,[2] or rioting. ... The United States Army is the largest and oldest branch of the armed forces of the United States. ...

1945-1965: Pforzheim was gradually rebuilt, giving Pforzheim a quite modern look. In September 1951 the Northern Town Bridge (Nordstadtbrücke) was inaugurated (the ceremony was attended by then Federal President Prof. Dr. Theodor Heuss). Jahn Bridge followed in December 1951, Werder Bridge in May 1952, the rebuilt Goethe Bridge in October 1952, and the rebuilt Old Town Bridge was inaugurated in 1954. Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. ... Theodor Heuss (January 31, 1884 - December 12, 1963) was a German politician. ...

1955: On the occasion of the 500th birthday anniversary of Johannes Reuchlin, the city of Pforzheim established the Reuchlin Prize and awarded it for the first time in the presence of then President of the Federal Republic of Germany (West-Germany), Prof. Dr. Theodor Heuss.^[84] Year 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar). ... Johann Reuchlin (January 29, 1455 - 1522) was a German humanist and Hebrew scholar. ... Theodor Heuss (January 31, 1884 - December 12, 1963) was a German politician. ...

1961: Inauguration of the culture center "Reuchlinhaus", which from then on housed the Jewellery Museum, the Arts and Crafts Association, the City Library, the Homeland Museum (Heimatmuseum), and the City Archives.^[85] Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

1968: On July 10 shortly before 22:00, Pforzheim and its surrounding areas were hit by a rare tornado. It had strength F4 on the Fujita scale. Two persons died and more than 200 were injured, and 1750 buildings were damaged. Across the town between Buechenbronn ward and the village of Wurmberg the storm caused severe damage to forest areas (i.e. most trees fell to the ground). During the first night and the following days the soldiers of the French 3rd Husar Regiment and the US Army Unit, which were still stationed at the Buckenberg Barracks, helped clear the streets of a lot of fallen trees (especially in the Buckenberg/Haidach area). It took about four weeks to carry out the most necessary repairs on buildings. The overhead electric contact wires for the electric trolley buses then still operating in town and the streetcar transport system to the village of Ittersbach were never repaired; those transport systems were retired.^[86] Year 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the weather phenomenon. ... F-scale redirects here. ... This article refers to public transport vehicles running on rails. ... a historic postcard showing electric trolley-powered streetcars in Richmond, Virginia, where Frank J. Sprague successfully demonstrated his new system on the hills in 1888 A streetcar is a railway vehicle designed to carry passengers on tracks, usually laid in city streets. ...

1971-1975: The townships of Würm, Hohenwart, Buechenbronn, Huchenfeld and Eutingen were incorporated into the city administration.^[87] Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar, known as the year of cyclohexanol. ... Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

1973: Inauguration of the new Pforzheim City Hall.^[88] For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ...

1973 As part of the reform of administrative districts, the rural district of Pforzheim was incorporated into the newly established Enz rural district, which has its administration in Pforzheim. But the city of Pforzheim itself remains a district-less city. In addition, Pforzheim became the administrative center of the newly formed Northern Black Forest Region. For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... Enz is a district (Kreis) in the north-west of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... A map of Germany, showing the Black Forest in red. ...

1975 On January 1, the population exceeded 100.000 and Pforzheim gained the status of a "large city" (Grossstadt). Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

1979: Inauguration of the Pforzheim City Museum.^[89] Also: 1979 by Smashing Pumpkins. ...

1983: Inauguration of the "Technical Museum of the Jewellery and Watchmaking Industry" and the "Citizens Museum".^[90] For the Jimi Hendrix song, see 1983. ...

1987: Inauguration of the City Convention Center.^[91] Year 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar). ...

1987/1990: Inauguration of the City Theater at the Waisenhausplatz.^[92] Year 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar). ... This article is about the year. ...

1989: Sister City agreement with the City of Gernika, Spain.^[93] Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ... Flag of Gernika-Lumo. ...

1990: Sister City agreement with the City of Saint-Maur-des-Fosses, France.^[94] This article is about the year. ... Saint-Maur is the name of several communes in France: Saint-Maur, Cher, in the Cher département Saint-Maur, Gers, in the Gers département Saint-Maur, Indre, in the Indre département Saint-Maur, Jura, in the Jura département Saint-Maur, Oise, in the Oise département See also Saint-Maur-des...

1991: Sister City agreement with the City of Vicenza, Italy.^[95] Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ... Vicenza is a city in northern Italy, is the capital of the eponymous province in the Veneto region, at the northern base of the Monte Berico, straddling the Bacchiglione. ...

1992: State Gardening Expo in Pforzheim. Enzauenpark was created and part of the Enz river was re-naturalized.^[96] Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ...

1994: Inauguration of the cultural institution "Kulturhaus Osterfeld".^[97] Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) The year 1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. ...

1994: Merger of the Pforzheim Business School and the Pforzheim School of Design to form the Pforzheim University of Applied Sciences in Design, Technology and Business.^[98] Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) The year 1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. ...

1995: Inauguration of the Archeological Site Kappelhof. Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday. ...

2000: Inauguration of the Pforzheim Gallery.^[99] Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ...

2002: In November, during excavation works for a new shopping center right in the center of the city, a power shovel hit a 250 kg bomb which had not gone off during the bombardment of 1945. On a Sunday, about 5000 citizens had to temporarily leave their homes as a precautionary measure while specialists were defusing and deposing of the (so far) last of a large number of unexploded explosive devices found in Pforzheim's grounds since 1945. Also see: 2002 (number). ...

See also History of Baden. The History of Baden begins in the 12th century and continues until the mid-1900s. ...

Administrative unions

Formerly independent communities and districts which were incorporated into the City of Pforzheim.

Population growth

The table below shows the number of inhabitants for the past 500 years. Until 1789 the numbers represent estimates, after that they represent census results (¹) or official recordings by the Statistics Offices or the city administration.

¹ Result of census^[101] 1500 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1689 (MDCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1789 (MDCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1810 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Liberty Leading the People by EugÃ¨ne Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1855 (MDCCCLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1849 (MDCCCXLIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 335th day of the year (336th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... is the 335th day of the year (336th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1890 (MDCCCXC) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar). ... is the 335th day of the year (336th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Äž: For the film, see: 1900 (film). ... is the 335th day of the year (336th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 137th day of the year (138th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 256th day of the year (257th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 157th day of the year (158th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 147th day of the year (148th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... is the 147th day of the year (148th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The population growth diagrams show that the largest growth rates were recorded between about 1830 and 1925, which was the period following the political reorganisation of Europe agreed upon at the Vienna Congress of 1815 after the violent period that was so much dominated by Napoleon Bonaparte of France. This high population growth period coincided with the period of intensive industrialisation of Germany. Population growth weakened due to the effects of World War I and World War II. The population declined sharply due to the destruction on February 23, 1945, and increased sharply in the post-WWII era due to high economic growth levels in West-Germany and the rapid rebuilding efforts in Pforzheim. Earlier setbacks were recorded during the Thirty Years' War period in the 17th century. Graph of population growth of Pforzheim 1500-2003. ... Graph of population growth of Pforzheim 1500-2003. ... Graph of population growth 1500-1810. ... Graph of population growth 1500-1810. ... Liberty Leading the People by EugÃ¨ne Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Congress of Vienna (October 1, 1814 - June 9, 1815) was a conference between ambassadors from the major powers in Europe that was chaired by the Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich and held in Vienna, Austria. ... April 5-12: Mount Tambora explodes, changing climate. ... Bonaparte as general Napoleon Bonaparte ( 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution and was the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from November 11, 1799 to May 18, 1804, then as Emperor of the French (Empereur des Français... A factory in Ilmenau (Germany) around 1860 Industrialisation (also spelt Industrialization) or an Industrial Revolution is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a pre-industrial society (an economy where the amount of capital accumulated per capita is low) to an industrial one... â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Combatants Sweden Bohemia Denmark-Norway[1] Dutch Republic France Scotland England Saxony Holy Roman Empire Catholic League Austria Bavaria Spain Commanders Frederick V Buckingham Leven Gustav II Adolf â€ Johan Baner Cardinal Richelieu Louis II de Bourbon Vicomte de Turenne Christian IV of Denmark Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar Johann Georg I... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ...

Religions

After margrave Karl II of Baden in 1556 installed the Protestant reformation in the Margraviate of Baden, of which Pforzheim was the capital in those days, Pforzheim continued to be a Protestant town for several centuries. The congregations in Pforzheim were affiliated with the deanery (Dekanat) of Pforzheim of the Protestant National Church of Baden, unless they were members of one of the independent churches (Freikirche). Events January 16 - Abdication of Emperor Charles V. His son, Philip II becomes King of Spain, while his brother Ferdinand becomes Holy Roman Emperor January 23 - The Shaanxi earthquake, the deadliest earthquake in history, occurs with its epicenter in Shaanxi province, China. ... The Protestant Reformation was a movement which began in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church, but ended in division and the establishment of new institutions, most importantly Lutheranism, Reformed churches, and Anabaptists. ... For other uses, see Baden (disambiguation). ... A free church is a Christian church or denomination that is intrinsically separated from any government (as opposed to a theocracy or the state church). ...

Since the 19th century at the latest Catholics settled in Pforzheim again. They are affiliated with the deanery of Pforzheim which belongs to Archdiocese of Freiburg. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Roman Catholic Church is the largest religious denomination of Christianity with over one billion members. ... The Archdiocese of Freiburg (lat. ...

Adventist is also commonly used as an abbreviation for Seventh-day Adventist. ... Baptist churches are part of a Christian movement often regarded as an evangelical, protestant denomination. ... Shield of The Salvation Army The Salvation Army is a non-military evangelical Christian organisation. ... The United Methodist Church is the largest Methodist denomination, and the second-largest Protestant one, in the United States. ... The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ...

Politics

City council

The city council of Pforzheim consists of the Lord Mayor as its president and 40 elected (part-time) councillors. It is democratically elected by the citizens for a period of five years. The last election was June 13, 2004. The city council is the main representative body of the city and determines the goals and frameworks for all local political activities. It makes decisions about all important issues regarding the public life and administration of the city and directs and monitors the work of the city administration. It forms expert committees in order to deal with specialized issues.^[103]

City administration

The city administration is lead by the Lord Mayer (presently Christel Augenstein) and three Mayors (presently Alexander Uhlig, Gert Hager and Andreas Schuetze). The administration consists of four departments (Dezernat) which are in charge of the following areas:

Department I: Personnel, finances, business development, general administration. (Managed by Christel Augenstein.)

Department II: Construction and planning, environment. (Managed by Alexander Uhlig.)

Department III: Education, culture, social affairs, sports. (Managed by Gert Hager.)

Department IV: Security and public order, health, energy and water supply, local transportation and traffic. (Managed by Andreas Schuetze.)^[104]

(Lord) Mayors

At an early stage, the town administration was led by the mayor (Schultheiss) who used to be appointed by the lord (owner) of the town. Later on, there was a council with a mayor leading it, who since 1849 holds the title "Lord Mayor". The terms of office of the mayors until 1750 are unknown. Only the names of the mayors are mentioned in historical documents. A mayor (from the Latin mÄior, meaning larger, greater) is the modern title of the highest ranking municipal officer. ... In medieval Germany, the SchultheiÃŸ (Middle High German: Schultheize, latinised: Scultetus; in Switzerland: Schultheiss; also: Schulte or Schulze) was the head of a municipality (akin to todays office of mayor), a Vogt or an executive official of the ruler. ... Year 1849 (MDCCCXLIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1750 (MDCCL) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday [1] of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Year 1750 (MDCCL) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday [1] of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1758 (MDCCLVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1758 (MDCCLVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... For the village in Queensland, see 1770, Queensland. ... For the village in Queensland, see 1770, Queensland. ... Year 1775 (MDCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1775 (MDCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1783 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1783 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1795 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1795 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1798 (MDCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1798 (MDCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... April 5-12: Mount Tambora explodes, changing climate. ... April 5-12: Mount Tambora explodes, changing climate. ... Liberty Leading the People by EugÃ¨ne Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Liberty Leading the People by EugÃ¨ne Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901) 1837 (MDCCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Wilhelm Lenz (February 8, 1888 in Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany â€“ April 30, 1957 in Hamburg, Germany) was a German physicist, most notable for his invention of the Ising model[1] and for his application of the Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector to the (old) quantum mechanical treatment of hydrogen-like atoms. ... Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901) 1837 (MDCCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1848 (MDCCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1848 (MDCCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1849 (MDCCCXLIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1849 (MDCCCXLIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... This article is about 1862 . ... This article is about 1862 . ... 1875 (MDCCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Johann Kaspar Schmidt (October 25, 1806 - June 26, 1856), better known as Max Stirner (the nom de plume he adopted from a schoolyard nickname he had acquired as a child because of his high brow [Stirn]), German philosopher, who ranks as one of the literary grandfathers of nihilism, existentialism and... 1875 (MDCCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1884 (MDCCCLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1885 (MDCCCLXXXV) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. ... ... This page is about the German Peoples Party which existed between 1918 and 1933. ... Year 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Social Democratic Party of Germany Spectral Power Density ... This article is about the year. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... Social Democratic Party of Germany Spectral Power Density ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... ... This page is about the German Peoples Party which existed between 1918 and 1933. ...

The Coat of Arms

The Coat of Arms of Pforzheim city shows in the left-hand half of a shield an inclined bar in red color on a golden background, and the right-hand half is divided into four fields in the colors red, silver, blue and gold. The city flag is white-blue. A modern coat of arms is derived from the medi val practice of painting designs onto the shield and outer clothing of knights to enable them to be identified in battle, and later in tournaments. ...

The inclined bar can be traced back to the 13th century as the symbol of the lords (owners) of Pforzheim, which later on also became the National Coat of Arms of Baden, but its meaning is unknown. Since 1489 the coat of arms in its entire form can be verified, but its meaning is not known, either. Nowadays coloring has been used only since 1853; in earlier times the coloring was different.^[106]^[107] (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... Events March 14 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. ... 1853 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

Sister city and friendship agreements

Pforzheim has sister city agreements with the following cities: This article is about partnerships between towns distant from each other; see Twin cities for the different concept of physically neighbouring cities. ...

Friendship agreements exist with the following cities and regions: Flag of Gernika-Lumo. ... HOMO and LUMO are acronyms for Highest Occupied Molecular Orbitals and Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbitals respectively. ... Saint-Maur-des-Fossés is a town and commune of France, in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, almost entirely surrounded by a loop of the Marne. ... Vicenza is a city in northern Italy, is the capital of the eponymous province in the Veneto region, at the northern base of the Monte Berico, straddling the Bacchiglione. ...

Osijek (pronounced: []) is the fourth largest city in Croatia with a population of 114,616 in 2001. ... Irkutsk (Russian: ) is one of the largest cities in Siberia and the administrative center of Irkutsk Oblast, situated 5,185 kilometers (3,222 mi) by rail from Moscow. ... NevÅŸehir is the capital of NevÅŸehir Province in Turkey. ... Motto: CzÄ™stochowa to dobre miasto (CzÄ™stochowa is a good city) Coordinates: , Country Voivodeship Powiat city county Gmina CzÄ™stochowa Established 11th century City Rights 1356 Government - Mayor Tadeusz Wrona Area - City 162. ... GyÅ‘r-Moson-Sopron is the name of an administrative county (comitatus or megye) in north-western Hungary, on the border with Slovakia and Austria. ...

Economy and infrastructure

Pforzheim is one of the regional centers (Oberzentrum) in Baden-Württemberg and has one of the highest densities of industrial activity in the state. Location Coordinates , , Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DE1 Capital Stuttgart Minister-President GÃ¼nther Oettinger (CDU) Governing parties CDU / FDP Votes in Bundesrat 6 (of 69) Basic statistics Area 35,752 kmÂ² (13,804 sq mi) Population 10,741,000 (11/2006)[1] - Density...

Only a smaller fraction of the economy nowadays is dedicated to producing the traditional products of watches and jewellery. Two thirds of all employment positions are made available in the areas of metal processing, dental industry electronics and electro-technology. The mail order companies (Bader, Klingel, Wenz) with their sales volumes in the order of millions of Euros occupies a leading position in Germany. Tourism is gaining importance. In this respect the city benefits from its favorable Three-Valleys location at the gateway to the Black Forest, and related to this, from the starting points of a large number of hiking, cycling and waterway routes. The European long-distance path E1 and the Black Forest Western Hiking Route (Westweg) pass through Pforzheim.^[109] This page is about timekeeping devices. ... For the Korean music group, see Jewelry (group). ... This article is about metallic materials. ... Typically, processing describes the act of taking something through an established and usually routine set of procedures to convert it from one form to another, as a manufacturing procedure (processing milk into cheese) or administrative procedure (processing paperwork to grant a mortgage loan). ... The word dental could mean: Dental consonant, a linguistics term Dentistry, a medical profession Dental Auxillary Dental hygienist, a licensed practitioner Dental technician Any of a variety of other dental professions, such as Dental assistant, someone who works in a dentists office, but may not be a licensed medical... This article is about the engineering discipline. ... This article treats electronic engineering as a subfield of electrical engineering, though this is not typical use in some areas. ... Mail order is a term which describes the buying of goods or services by mail delivery. ... Tourist redirects here. ... Two hikers in the Mount Hood National Forest Eagle Creek hiking Hiking is a form of walking, undertaken with the specific purpose of exploring and enjoying the scenery. ... Police officer on a bicycle Cycling is a means of transport, a form of recreation and a sport. ... Map of european long-distance paths The European long-distance paths are a network of extremely long distance footpaths across Europe. ... E1 or E-1 may be: E1 elimination reaction, in organic chemistry E-1 Tracer, an airborne early warning aircraft used by the United States Navy from 1954 to the early 1970s. ...

Traffic

The Federal Freeway A8 (Perl - Bad Reichenhall) runs by just to the north of the city. The city can be accessed via three freeway exits. The Interstate Road B10 (Lebach - Augsburg) and B294 (Gundelfingen - Bretten) run through the city. The B463 Interstate Road running toward Nagold has its starting point here. Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Perl Programming Perl is a dynamic programming language created by Larry Wall and first released in 1987. ... Alte Saline (old salt refinery) former Townhall Bad Reichenhall is a spa town, and administrative center of the Berchtesgadener Land district in Upper Bavaria, Germany. ... Lebach is a city in the district Saarlouis in Saarland, Germany. ... For other meanings for Augsburg: See Augsburg (disambiguation) , Augsburg is a city in south-central Germany. ... There are at least two municipalities called Gundelfingen in Germany. ... Bretten is a city in the state of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... The village Gündringen - a small district of Nagold Nagold is a town in southern Germany bordering the Northern Black Forest. ...

Pforzheim is located at the railway line Karlsruhe-Stuttgart. In addition there are two railway lines into the Black Forest to Bad Wildbad and Nagold. Pforzheim is connected to the Karlsruhe Light Rail network. Other public transportation services in the city area are provided by buses of the Pforzheim Municipal Transport, subsidiary of Veolia Transport, Company (SVP) and several other transportation companies. They all offer unified fares within the framework of the Pforzheim-Enzkreis Verkehrsverbund. Between 1931 and 1968 a light rail connection existed between Ittersbach and Pforzheim, operated by Pforzheim Municipal Transportation Company (SVP). Before that (since 1899) the railroad belonged to the BLEAG (Baden Local Railway Inc., Badische-Lokaleisenbahn-Aktiengesellschaft). The only remaining light Rail service "S 5" connecting Pforzheim to Bietigheim-Bissingen, Karlsruhe and Wörth am Rhein is operated by Albtal-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft (Albtal Transportation Company), which since 2002 also operates the Enz Valley Light Rail route to Bad Wildbad.^[110] A map of Germany, showing the Black Forest in red. ... Bad Wildbad is a town in Germany, in the state of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg. ... The village Gündringen - a small district of Nagold Nagold is a town in southern Germany bordering the Northern Black Forest. ... Stadtbahn im Karlsruhe Hauptbahnhof Karlsruhe Stadtbahn as tram in Heilbronn Stadtbahn train on line S41 on Murgtalbahn (Nordschwarzwald) The Stadtbahn Karlsruhe is a German tram-train - stadtbahn system in Karlsruhe and its region. ... The term company may refer to a separate legal entity, as in English law, or may simply refer to a business, as is the common use in the United States. ... Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about light rail systems in general. ... Year 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... This article is about light rail systems in general. ... Bietigheim-Bissingen is a town in the district of Ludwigsburg, Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... Karlsruhe (population 285,812 in 2006) is a city in the south west of Germany, in the Bundesland Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, located near the French-German border. ... WÃ¶rth am Rhein is a town and a municipality in the district of Germersheim, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. ... Albtalbahn train in the KaiserstraÃŸe pedestrian precinct (1978) The Albtal-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft (Alb valley transport company, AVG) is a company, which is owned 100% by the city Karlsruhe and operates rail and bus services in the Karlsruhe area. ...

Major local enterprises

In 1890 Victor Mayer(1857-1956) founded the Victor Mayer jewelry company in Pforzheim, Germany. ... Today the workshop of German jeweller Victor Mayer holds the sole licence to make FabergÃ© jewellery, continuing the work of Peter Carl FabergÃ©, the founder of the company. ...

Media

The daily newspapers Pforzheim Newspaper (Pforzheimer Zeitung, independent) and the Pforzheim Courier (Pforzheimer Kurier), which is a regional edition of Badische Neueste Nachrichten (BNN) with main editorial offices in Karlsruhe, are published in Pforzheim.^[111] Reading the newspaper: Brookgreen Gardens in Pawleys Island, South Carolina. ... Pforzheimer Zeitung is an independent local subscription newspaper with seat in Pforzheim, which is mainly distributed and read in the city of Pforzheim and the surrounding Enz district. ... Karlsruhe (population 285,812 in 2006) is a city in the south west of Germany, in the Bundesland Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, located near the French-German border. ...

Courts of Justice

Pforzheim is the site of a Local Court of Justice which belongs to the District Court and Higher District Court Precinct of Karlsruhe. It is also the domicile of a Local Labor Court.^[112] The ECJ should not be mistaken for the European Court of Human Rights, a Council of Europe institution. ...

Authorities

Pforzheim is the domicile of the following public authorities and public incorporated bodies:

Educational institutions

A Fachhochschule (plural: Fachhochschulen) or University of Applied Sciences in Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein and Switzerland is something like a polytechnic. ... Osijek (pronounced: []) is the fourth largest city in Croatia with a population of 114,616 in 2001. ... Auburn University (AU or Auburn) is a state university located in Auburn, Alabama, USA. With more than 24,100 students and 1,200 faculty, it is the second largest university in the state,[5] and according to U.S. News & World Report, has a selectivity rating of more selective. ... State Street Village, S.R. Crown Hall, Armour Main Building Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) is a private Ph. ... For other uses, see Chicago (disambiguation). ... Motto: (traditional) In God We Trust (official, 1956â€“present) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City Official language(s) None at the federal level; English de facto Government Federal Republic - President George W. Bush (R) - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence - Declared - Recognized...

Culture and places of interest

Theater

Orchestras

Museums

Cultural institutions

Notable examples of architecture

Other sites of interest

The Olympia Stadium: start and finish lines visible, defining the length of one stadium (in this case 192. ... Year 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar). ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920) of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1. ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Werder Bremen is a German football club playing in Bremen in the northwest German federal state of the same name. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... The FÃ©dÃ©ration Internationale de Football Association (FIFA, French for International Federation of Association Football) is the international governing body of association football. ... Baden is a historical state in the southwest of Germany, on the right bank of the Rhine. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Club Crest FC Lokomotive Leipzig is a football club from Leipzig, Germany, earlier known as VfB Leipzig. ... NÃ¼rnberg redirects here. ...

Regularly scheduled events

Personalities

Honorary citizens

Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. ... Categories: Politics stubs | Liberal related stubs | German political parties | Liberal parties ... This page is about the German Peoples Party which existed between 1918 and 1933. ... This article is about the year. ... Social Democratic Party of Germany Spectral Power Density ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ...

Famous citizens born in Pforzheim

... no changes . ... Johann Reuchlin (January 29, 1455 - 1522) was a German humanist and Hebrew scholar. ... Events January 9 - Adrian Dedens becomes Pope Adrian VI. February 26 - Execution by hanging of CuauhtÃ©moc, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan under orders of conquistador HernÃ¡n CortÃ©s. ... For other uses, see Stuttgart (disambiguation). ... Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people, based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appeal to universal human qualities â€” particularly rationality. ... A philosopher is a person who thinks deeply regarding people, society, the world, and/or the universe. ... Year 1798 (MDCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1886 (MDCCCLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... , Baden-Baden is a town in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Year 1849 (MDCCCXLIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Bertha Benz, born Bertha Ringer (born May 3, 1849 in Pforzheim, Germany, married inventor Karl Benz on July 20, 1872, and died May 5, 1944 in Ladenburg), was the first person to drive an automobile over a long distance. ... Karl Benz Karl Friedrich Benz, for whom an alternate French spelling of Carl is used ocassionaly, (November 25, 1844, Karlsruhe, Germany â€“ April 4, 1929, Ladenburg, Germany) was a German engine designer and automobile engineer, generally regarded as the inventor of the gasoline-powered automobile. ... 1866 (MDCCCLXVI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article refers to the city in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg. ... Breisgau is the name of a landscape in southwest Germany, placed between the river Rhine and the foothills of the Black Forest near Freiburg im Breisgau in the state of Baden-Württemberg. ... 1877 (MDCCCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Heinrich Otto Wieland (June 4, 1877 â€“ August 5, 1957) was a German chemist. ... The Nobel Prize (Swedish: ) was established in Alfred Nobels will in 1895, and it was first awarded in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace in 1901. ... For other uses, see Chemistry (disambiguation). ... Year 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... This article is about the year. ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Logo of Robert Bosch GmbH Robert Bosch GmbH [1] is a German corporation which was started in 1886 by Robert Bosch in Stuttgart, Germany. ... Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Herbert Mohr-Mayer (born September 22, 1933) is a German jeweller who was president of Victor Mayer Co. ... Bouquet of Lilies or Madonna Lily Egg by FabergÃ© Peter Carl FabergÃ© original name Carl Gustavovich FabergÃ©(May 30, 1846â€“September 24, 1920) was a Russian jeweller, best known for the fabulous FabergÃ© eggs, made in the style of genuine Easter eggs, but using precious metals and gemstones rather than... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Manfred Mohr (born June 8, 1938 in Pforzheim/Germany) is a digital art pioneer. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Truckers without electronic billing units use a Toll Collect terminal to select a route and pay the appropriate toll Toll Collect GmbH is a German company that has developed and is running the toll billing system for trucks on German motorways. ... Year 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Dieter Kosslick (born May 30, 1948 in Pforzheim) has been since May 1, 2001 director of the International Filmfestival Berlin (Berlinale). ... The Berlin International Film Festival, also called the Berlinale is one of the most important film festivals in Europe. ... Year 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar). ... The Federal Republic of Germany can refer to two things: West Germany from 1949-1990 Germany since German reunification in 1990 ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Philipp Mohr (born January 7, 1972 in Pforzheim, Germany) is an architect and industrial designer who has lived in New York since 1995. ...

Miscellaneous topics

American Square & Compasses Freemasonry is a worldwide fraternal organization. ... This article is about the type of musical group. ... Fools Garden is a German pop group formed in 1991, comprising singer Peter Freudenthaler, guitarist Volker Hinkel, bassist Thomas Mangold, keyboardist Roland RÃ¶hl and drummer Ralf Wochele. ...

References

Pforzheimer Zeitung is an independent local subscription newspaper with seat in Pforzheim, which is mainly distributed and read in the city of Pforzheim and the surrounding Enz district. ... is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Pforzheimer Zeitung is an independent local subscription newspaper with seat in Pforzheim, which is mainly distributed and read in the city of Pforzheim and the surrounding Enz district. ... is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Pforzheimer Zeitung is an independent local subscription newspaper with seat in Pforzheim, which is mainly distributed and read in the city of Pforzheim and the surrounding Enz district. ... is the 41st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Pforzheimer Zeitung is an independent local subscription newspaper with seat in Pforzheim, which is mainly distributed and read in the city of Pforzheim and the surrounding Enz district. ... is the 42nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Pforzheimer Zeitung is an independent local subscription newspaper with seat in Pforzheim, which is mainly distributed and read in the city of Pforzheim and the surrounding Enz district. ... is the 48th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Pforzheimer Zeitung is an independent local subscription newspaper with seat in Pforzheim, which is mainly distributed and read in the city of Pforzheim and the surrounding Enz district. ... is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Pforzheimer Zeitung is an independent local subscription newspaper with seat in Pforzheim, which is mainly distributed and read in the city of Pforzheim and the surrounding Enz district. ... is the 63rd day of the year (64th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Pforzheimer Zeitung is an independent local subscription newspaper with seat in Pforzheim, which is mainly distributed and read in the city of Pforzheim and the surrounding Enz district. ... is the 90th day of the year (91st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Pforzheimer Zeitung is an independent local subscription newspaper with seat in Pforzheim, which is mainly distributed and read in the city of Pforzheim and the surrounding Enz district. ... April 8 is the 98th day of the year (99th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Notes

is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 41st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 90th day of the year (91st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 8 is the 98th day of the year (99th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 63rd day of the year (64th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... RAF redirects here. ... The Avro Lancaster was a British four-engine Second World War bomber aircraft made initially by Avro for the British Royal Air Force (RAF). ... Seal of the Air Force. ... is the 63rd day of the year (64th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

Location Coordinates , , Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DE1 Capital Stuttgart Minister-President GÃ¼nther Oettinger (CDU) Governing parties CDU / FDP Votes in Bundesrat 6 (of 69) Basic statistics Area 35,752 kmÂ² (13,804 sq mi) Population 10,741,000 (11/2006)[1] - Density... , Baden-Baden is a town in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... This article refers to the city in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg. ... For other uses, see Heidelberg (disambiguation). ... View of the Heilbronn centre of town toward the Wartberg. ... Karlsruhe (population 285,812 in 2006) is a city in the south west of Germany, in the Bundesland Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, located near the French-German border. ... Mannheim is a city in Germany. ... For other uses, see Stuttgart (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Ulm (disambiguation). ... Alb-Donau is a district in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... Biberach [bi:bÉ™rax] is a district in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... Bodensee is a district (Kreis) in the south-east of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... BÃ¶blingen is a district (Kreis) in the middle of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... Breisgau_Hochschwarzwald is a Kreis (district) in the south of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ... Calw is a district (Kreis) in the middle of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... Konstanz (also sometimes in English Constance) is a district (Kreis) in the south of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ... Emmendingen is a district (Kreis) in the west of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... Enz is a district (Kreis) in the north-west of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... Esslingen is a district (Kreis) in the middle of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... Freudenstadt is a district (Kreis) in the middle of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ... GÃ¶ppingen is a Kreis (district) in the middle of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... Heidenheim is a district (Kreis) in the east of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... Heilbronn is a district (Kreis) in the north of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... Hohenlohe is a district (Kreis) in the north of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... Karlsruhe is a district (Kreis) in the north-west of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... LÃ¶rrach is a Kreis (district) in the south-west of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... Ludwigsburg is a district (Kreis) in the middle of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... Main-Tauber is a district (Kreis) in the north-east of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis is a district (Kreis) in the north of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... Ortenaukreis is a district (Kreis) in the west of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... The Ostalbkreis is a district (Kreis) in the east of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... Rastatt is a district (Kreis) in the west of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... Ravensburg is a district (Kreis) in the south-east of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... Rems-Murr is a district (Kreis) in the middle of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... Reutlingen is a district (Kreis) in the middle of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... Rhein-Neckar-Kreis is a district (Kreis) in the north-west of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... Rottweil is a district (Kreis) in the middle of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... Schwarzwald-Baar is a district (Kreis) in the middle of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... SchwÃ¤bisch-Hall is a district (Kreis) in the north-east of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... Sigmaringen is a district (Kreis) in the south of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ... Tuttlingen is a district (Kreis) in the south of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ... TÃ¼bingen is a district (Kreis) in the middle of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... Waldshut is a district (Kreis) in the south of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... The Zollernalbkreis is a district (Kreis) in the middle of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ...

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