Phalaenopsis
Closeup of a Phalaenopsis flower
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Liliopsida Order: Asparagales Family: Orchidaceae Subfamily: Higher Epidendroideae Tribe: Vandeae Subtribe: Aeridinae Alliance: Phalaenopsis Blume Genus: Phalaenopsis Blume 1825
Type species
Phalaenopsis amabilis Blume, (1825)
Species
see text. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 524 pixelsFull resolution (3409 × 2234 pixel, file size: 1. ... For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land plants. ... Hemerocallis flower, with three flower parts in each whorl Wheat, an economically important monocot The monocotyledons or Monocots are a group of flowering plants, (angiosperms) dominating great parts of the earth. ... Families according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Agapanthus Agavaceae Alliaceae Amaryllidaceae Aphyllanthaceae Asparagaceae Asphodelaceae Asteliaceae Blandfordiaceae Boryaceae Doryanthaceae Hemerocallidaceae Hyacinthaceae Hypoxidaceae Iridaceae Ixioliriaceae Lanariaceae Laxmanniaceae Orchidaceae Ruscaceae Tecophilaeaceae Themidaceae Xanthorrhoea Xeronema Asparagales is an order of monocots which includes a number of families of non-woody plants. ... Orchid redirects here. ... Carl Ludwig Blume (29 June 1789 - 3 February 1862) was a German-Dutch botanist. ... Carl Ludwig Blume (29 June 1789 - 3 February 1862) was a German-Dutch botanist. ... In biology, a type is that which fixes a name to a taxon. ... Carl Ludwig Blume (29 June 1789 - 3 February 1862) was a German-Dutch botanist. ...
Synonyms
Doritis Lindl. Grafia A. D. Hawkes Kingidium P. F. Hunt Kingiella Rolfe Polychilos Breda Polystylus Hasselt ex Hassk. Staurites Rchb. f. Stauroglottis Schauer Synadena Raf.

Phalaenopsis (Blume 1825) is a genus of approximately 60 species of orchids (family Orchidaceae). The abbreviation in the horticultural trade is Phal. In scientific nomenclature, synonyms are different scientific names used for a single taxon. ... Carl Ludwig Blume (29 June 1789 - 3 February 1862) was a German-Dutch botanist. ... For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ... Orchid redirects here. ...

Description

The generic name means "Phalaen[a]-like" and is probably a reference to the genus Phalaena, the name given by Carolus Linnaeus to a group of large moths; the flowers of some species supposedly resemble moths in flight. For this reason, the species are sometimes called Moth orchids. Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 13, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ... For other uses, see Moths A moth is an insect closely related to the butterfly. ...

They are native throughout southeast Asia from the Himalayan mountains to the islands of Polillo and Palawan of the Philippines and northern Australia. Orchid Island off Taiwan is named after this orchid. Little is known about their habitat and their ecology in nature since little field research has been done in the last decades. For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation). ... For the movie Himalaya, see Himalaya (film). ... Polillo is a municipality in the province of Quezon in the Philippines. ... Palawan is an island province of the Philippines located in the Mimaropa region. ... Old photo of the people of Orchid Island, near Taiwan published in a Japanese colonial government publication, ca. ...

Phalaenopsis amabilis (Moon Orchid)

Most are epiphytic shade plants; a few are lithophytes. In the wild they are typically found below the canopies of moist and humid lowland forests, protected against direct sunlight, but equally in seasonally dry or cool environments. The species have adapted individually to these three habitats. Phalaenopsis amabilis Downloaded from the German Wikipedia : [[1]] Image cropped File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Phalaenopsis amabilis Downloaded from the German Wikipedia : [[1]] Image cropped File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Lithophytes are a type of plant that grows in or on rocks. ...

Phalaenopsis shows a monopodial growth habit. An erect growing rhizome produces from the top one or two alternate, thick and fleshy, elliptical leaves a year. The older, basal leaves drop off at the same rate. The plant retains in this way four to five leaves. If very healthy, they can have up to ten or more leaves. They have no pseudobulbs. The raceme appears from the stem between the leaves. They bloom in their full glory for several weeks. If kept in the home, they usually last two to three months. Orchids with monopodial growth habits grow upward from a single point. ... For other uses, see Rhizome (disambiguation). ... Look up foliage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The pseudobulb is a storage organ derived from the part of a stem between two leaf nodes. ... This inflorescence of the terrestrial orchid Spathoglottis plicata is a typical raceme. ... Stem showing internode and nodes plus leaf petiole and new stem rising from node. ...

Some Phalaenopsis species in Malaysia are known to use subtle weather cues to coordinate mass flowering.

Classification

Sogo Yukidian

The species can be classified into two groups :

• A group with a long, branched inflorescence (up to 1 m long) and large, almost round flowers with rose or white tints.
• A group with short stems and less rounded, waxy flowers with more pronounced colors.

In terms of particular lifeform terminology, one can also characterize these plants as hemicryptophyte or chamerophyte :

• hemicryptophyte (abbr.: hemicr.) : biennial or perennial plants with herbaceous stems. These stems die off after the growing season, while the shoots survive at soil level. The resting buds are just above or below soil level.
• chamaephyte (abbr. cham.) : low-growing plants with herbaceous and/or woody stems, that persist for several years. Their buds are on soil level or just above; but never above 50 cm.

The genera Doritis Lindl. and Kingidium P.F.Hunt are now included in Phalaneopsis, based on DNA-evidence (according to the World Checklist of Monocotyledons, Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew) (See also ref 1). However this is not implicitly accepted by every specialist in this field. In the Raunkiær system for classifying plants, a hemicryptophyte is a plant whose growth-points (buds) survive seasons with adverse conditions (e. ... In the Raunkiær system for classifying plants, a chamaephyte is a plant whose growth-points (buds) survive seasons with adverse conditions (e. ...

Intensive cross-fertilization has produced a great number of hybrids in all colors and variations. These are usually more adaptable to artificial conditions than their botanical ancestors. Most are hybrids of Phalaenopsis amabilis with Phalaenopsis schilleriana or Phalaenopsis stuartiana. This article is about a biological term. ...

Species

Phalaenopsis 'Barbara Moler' x 'Johanna' (a hybrid cultivar)

• Phalaenopsis amabilis (Moon Orchid; East Malaysia to Papuasia)
  • Phalaenopsis amabilis subsp. amabilis (East Malaysia to Papuasia).
  • Phalaenopsis amabilis subsp. moluccana (Northeastern Borneo to the Moluccas).
  • Phalaenopsis amabilis subsp. rosenstromii (New Guinea to Queensland).
• Phalaenopsis amboinensis (Sulawesi to the Moluccas).
  • Phalaenopsis amboinensis var. amboinensis (the Moluccas).
  • Phalaenopsis amboinensis var. flavida (Sulawesi)
• Phalaenopsis aphrodite (Southeastern Taiwan to the Philippines).
  • Phalaenopsis aphrodite subsp. aphrodite (the Philippines).
  • Phalaenopsis aphrodite subsp. formosana (Southeastern Taiwan).
• Phalaenopsis appendiculata (Malaya to northeastern Borneo).
• Phalaenopsis bastianii (Philippines - Sulu Archipelago).
• Phalaenopsis bellina (Borneo).
• Phalaenopsis borneensis (Borneo).
• Phalaenopsis braceana (Eastern Himalayas to China - Yunnan).
• Phalaenopsis buyssoniana (Indochina).
• Phalaenopsis celebensis (Sulawesi).
• Phalaenopsis chibae (Vietnam).
• Phalaenopsis cochlearis (Malaya to Borneo).
• Phalaenopsis corningiana (Borneo).
• Phalaenopsis cornu-cervi (Indochina to southern Philippines).
• Phalaenopsis deliciosa (Indian subcontinent to Malesia).
  • Phalaenopsis deliciosa subsp. deliciosa (Indian subcontinent to Malesia
  • Phalaenopsis deliciosa subsp. hookeriana (Eastern Himalayas to southwestern China).
• Phalaenopsis doweryënsis (Northeastern Borneo).
• Phalaenopsis equestris (Taiwan - Hsiao Lan Yü to the Philippines).
• Phalaenopsis fasciata (the Philippines).
• Phalaenopsis fimbriata (Sumatra, Java and Borneo).
• Phalaenopsis floresensis (Lesser Sunda Islands).
• Phalaenopsis fuscata (Borneo)
• Phalaenopsis gibbosa (Vietnam).
• Phalaenopsis gigantea (Borneo to Java).
• Phalaenopsis hainanensis (China - Hainan and Yunnan).
• Phalaenopsis hieroglyphica (the Philippines).
• Phalaenopsis honghenensis (China - Yunnan).
• Phalaenopsis inscriptiosinensis (Central Sumatra
• Phalaenopsis javanica (Western Java).
• Phalaenopsis kunstleri (Myanmar to Malaya).
• Phalaenopsis lamelligera (Northeastern Borneo).
• Phalaenopsis lindenii (the Philippines - Luzon).
• Phalaenopsis lobbii (Eastern Himalayas to Myanmar).
• Phalaenopsis lowii (Southern Myanmar to western Thailand).
• Phalaenopsis lueddemanniana (the Philippines).

Phalaenopsis 'Mambo' (a hybrid cultivar)

• Phalaenopsis luteola (Northwestern Borneo).
• Phalaenopsis maculata (Malaya to Borneo).
• Phalaenopsis malipoensis Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen (China - Yunnan)
• Phalaenopsis mannii (Eastern Himalayas to China - Yunnan).
• Phalaenopsis mariae (Northeastern Borneo to the Philippines).
• Phalaenopsis micholitzii (the Philippines - Mindanao).
• Phalaenopsis modesta (Borneo).
• Phalaenopsis mysorensis (Indian subcontinent).
• Phalaenopsis pallens (the Philippines).
• Phalaenopsis pantherina (Borneo).
• Phalaenopsis parishii (Eastern Himalayas to Myanmar).
• Phalaenopsis petelotii (Vietnam)
• Phalaenopsis philippinensis (the Philippines - Luzon).
• Phalaenopsis pulcherrima (Indochina to Borneo).
• Phalaenopsis pulchra (the Philippines).
• Phalaenopsis regnieriana (Indochina).
• Phalaenopsis reichenbachiana (the Philippines).

Phalaenopsis 'Nivacolor' (a hybrid cultivar)

• Phalaenopsis robinsonii (the Moluccas).
• Phalaenopsis sanderiana (the Philippines - Mindanao).
• Phalaenopsis schilleriana (the Philippines).
• Phalaenopsis speciosa (Andaman and Nicobar Islands).
• Phalaenopsis stobartiana (China - southeastern Tibet to Guangxi)
• Phalaenopsis stuartiana (the Philippines - Mindanao).
• Phalaenopsis sumatrana (Indochina to Borneo).
• Phalaenopsis taenialis (Eastern Himalayas to China - Yunnan)
• Phalaenopsis tetraspsis (Andaman and Nicobar Islands to northwestern Sumatra).
• Phalaenopsis venosa (Sulawesi).
• Phalaenopsis violacea (Malaya to Sumatra).).
• Phalaenopsis viridis (Sumatra).
• Phalaenopsis wilsonii (China - southeastern Tibet to Guangxi).
• Phalaenopsis zebrina (Borneo).

Phalaenopsis Barbara Moler x Johanna (a hybrid orchid) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Phalaenopsis Barbara Moler x Johanna (a hybrid orchid) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Binomial name Phalaenopsis hieroglyphica (Rchb. ... Binomial name Loher Phalaenopsis lindenii is a species of plant in the Orchidaceae family. ... Phalaenopsis Mambo (a hybrid orchid) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Phalaenopsis Mambo (a hybrid orchid) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Phalaenopsis nivacolor (a hybrid orchid) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Phalaenopsis nivacolor (a hybrid orchid) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...

Natural hybrids

A Phalaenopsis hybrid

• Phalaenopsis × amphitrita (P. sanderiana × P. stuartiana; Philippines).
• Phalaenopsis × gersenii (P. sumatrana × P. violacea; Borneo, Sumatra).
• Phalaenopsis × intermedia (P. aphrodite × P. equestris; Star of Leyte; Philippines) (First recognized Phalaenopsis hybrid)
• Phalaenopsis × leucorrhoda (P. aphrodite × P. schilleriana; Philippines).
• Phalaenopsis × singuliflora (P. bellina × P. sumatrana; Borneo).
• Phalaenopsis × veitchiana (P. equestris × P. schilleriana; Philippines).

(c) John Azelvandre 2002, GFDL licensed. ... (c) John Azelvandre 2002, GFDL licensed. ...

Intergeneric hybrids

• xAeridopsis (Aerides x Phalaenopsis)
• xArachnopsis (Arachnis x Phalaenopsis)
• xAsconopsis (Ascocentrum x Phalaenopsis)
• xBeardara (Ascocentrum x Doritis x Phalaenopsis)
• xBogardara (Ascocentrum x Phalaenopsis x Vanda x Vandopsis)
• xBokchoonara (Arachnis x Ascocentrum x Phalaenopsis x Vanda)
• xCleisonopsis (Cleisocentron x Phalaenopsis)
• xDevereuxara (Ascocentrum x Phalaenopsis x Vanda)
• xDiplonopsis (Diploprora x Phalaenopsis)
• xDoriellaopsis (Doritis x Kingiella x Phalaenopsis)
• xDoritaenopsis (Doritis x Phalaenopsis)
• xDresslerara (Ascoglossum x Phalaenopsis x Renanthera )
• xEdeara (Arachnis x Phalaenopsis x Renanthera x Vandopsis)
• xErnestara (Phalaenopsis x Renanthera x Vandopsis)
• xEurynopsis (Eurychone x Phalaenopsis)
• xHagerara (Doritis x Phalaenopsis x Vanda)
• xHausermannara (Doritis x Phalaenopsis x Vandopsis)
• xHimoriara (Ascocentrum x Phalaenopsis x Rhynchostylis x Vanda)
• xIsaoara (Aerangis x Ascocentrum x Phalaenopsis x Vanda)
• xLaycockara (Arachnis x Phalaenopsis x Vandopsis)
• xLichtara (Doritis x Gastrochilus x Phalaenopsis)
• xLuinopsis (Luisia x Phalaenopsis)
• xLutherara (Phalaenopsis x Renanthera x Rhynchostylis )
• xMacekara (Arachnis x Phalaenopsis x Renanthera x Vanda x Vandopsis)
• xMeechaiara (Ascocentrum x Doritis x Phalaenopsis x Rhynchostylis x Vanda)
• xMoirara (Phalaenopsis x Renanthera x Vanda)
• xNakagawaara (Aerides x Doritis x Phalaenopsis)
• xOwensara (Doritis x Phalaenopsis x Renanthera )
• xParnataara (Aerides x Arachnis x Phalaenopsis)
• xPaulara (Ascocentrum x Doritis x Phalaenopsis x Renanthera x Vanda)
• xPepeara (Ascocentrum x Doritis x Phalaenopsis x Renanthera )
• xPhalaerianda (Aerides x Phalaenopsis x Vanda)
• xPhalandopsis (Phalaenopsis x Vandopsis)
• xPhalanetia (Neofinetia x Phalaenopsis)
• xPhaliella (Kingiella x Phalaenopsis)
• xPooleara (Ascocentrum x Ascoglossum x Phalaenopsis x Renanthera )
• xRenanthopsis (Phalaenopsis x Renanthera )
• xRhynchonopsis (Phalaenopsis x Rhynchostylis)
• xRhyndoropsis (Doritis x Phalaenopsis x Rhynchostylis)
• xRichardmizutaara (Ascocentrum x Phalaenopsis x Vandopsis)
• xRoseara (Doritis x Kingiella x Phalaenopsis x Renanthera )
• xSappanara (Arachnis x Phalaenopsis x Renanthera)
• xSarconopsis (Phalaenopsis x Sarcochilus)
• xSidranara (Ascocentrum x Phalaenopsis x Renanthera)
• xSladeara (Doritis x Phalaenopsis x Sarcochilus)
• xStamariaara (Ascocentrum x Phalaenopsis x Renanthera x Vanda)
• xSutingara (Arachnis x Ascocentrum x Phalaenopsis x Vanda x Vandopsis)
• xTrautara (Doritis x Luisia x Phalaenopsis)
• xTrevorara (Arachnis x Phalaenopsis x Vanda)
• xTrichonopsis (Phalaenopsis x Trichoglottis)
• xUptonara (Phalaenopsis x Rhynchostylis x Sarcochilus)
• xVandaenopsis (Phalaenopsis x Vanda)
• xVandewegheara (Ascocentrum x Doritis x Phalaenopsis x Vanda)
• xYapara (Phalaenopsis x Rhynchostylis x Vanda)
• xYeepengara (Aerides x Phalaenopsis x Rhynchostylis x Vanda)

There is no true intergeneric hybrid between Phalaenopsis and the closely related Paraphalaenopsis. However, according to the RHS, there is a grex (i.e. all orchids derived from crossing the same two or more parent species; the name also covers all offspring from that particular cross). Phalphalaenopsis Doris Thornton is currently the one and only registered (1977) grex that represents a cross between a Paraphalaenopsis (x thorntonii) and a Phalaenopsis (Doris). Therefore, strictly speaking, the genetic barrier between these two closely related genera has not been crossed. But, since there are only very few true Phalaenopsis species in cultivation (most are hybrids), the possibility of a true intergeneric hybrid is not to be excluded. Species Four species The genus Paraphalaenopsis (A.D.Hawkes 1963) is a member of the Orchid family (Orchidaceae). ... The Royal Horticultural Society was founded in 1804 as the London Horticultural Society, and gained its present name in a Royal Charter granted in 1861 by Prince Albert. ...

Post-pollination changes in Phalaenopsis orchids

Phalaenopsis are not only outstanding in their beauty, but also unique in that in some species, the flowers turn into green leaves after pollination. As in many other plants, the petals of the orchid flowers serve to attract pollinating insects and protect essential organs. Following pollination, petals will usually undergo senescence (i.e. wilt and disintegrate) because it is metabolically expensive to maintain them. In many Phalaenopsis species such as P.violacea, the petals and sepals find new uses following pollination. They turn green, become fleshy and apparently photosynthesize.

Growing Phalaenopsis

Phalaenopsis bellina

Phalaenopsis are among the most popular orchids sold as potted plants owing to the ease of propagation and flowering under artificial conditions. They were among the first tropical orchids in Victorian collections. Since the advent of the tetrapoloid hybrid Phalaenopsis Doris, they have become extremely easy to grow and flower in the home, as long as some care is taken to provide them with conditions that approximate their native habitats. Their production has become a commercial industry. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1281x791, 106 KB) Summary Picture taken by Dr. He Jie from National Institute of Technology, Nanyang Technological University Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1281x791, 106 KB) Summary Picture taken by Dr. He Jie from National Institute of Technology, Nanyang Technological University Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... The Victorian era of the United Kingdom marked the height of the British Industrial Revolution and the apex of the British Empire. ...

In nature, they are typically fond of warm temperatures (20 to 35 °C), but are adaptable to conditions more comfortable for human habitation in temperate zones (15 to 30 °C); at temperatures below 18 °C watering should be reduced to avoid the risk of root rot. Phalaenopsis requires high humidity (60-70%) and low light of 12,000 to 20,000 lux. Flowering is triggered by a night-time drop in temperature of around 5 to 6 degrees over 2 to 4 consecutive weeks, usually in the fall. For other uses, see Celsius (disambiguation). ... The lux (symbol: lx) is the SI derived unit of illuminance or illumination. ...

Phalaenopsis prefer to be potted in fir bark, which is more free-draining than the sphagnum moss. Keep them in pots with a lot of drainage. One of the common blunders that new growers make is to rot the roots. Over watering and poor drainage cause the roots to deteriorate, therefore killing the plant. Being careful to water when you feel the soil is dry through and through is the safest thing to do.

Light is vital to the well-being of the phalaenopsis orchid. Keep it in indirect light near a southern window. Be sure the sun does not directly reach the leaves, which will cause burning and ugly brown marks. If the leaf feels hot to the touch, move it away immediately! On the other hand, phalaenopsis grown in poor dark areas tend to grow floppy dark green leaves and rarely flower.

Phalaenopsis roots are quite thick, and the green point at the ends signifies that the root is actively growing. It is okay for them to climb out of the pots. Keep the plant fertilized with a 1/4 diluted strength balanced fertilizer three times out of four waterings.

The flower spikes appear from the pockets near the base of each leaf. The first sign is a light green "mitten-like" object that protrudes from the leaf tissue. In about three months, the spike elongates until it begins to swell fat buds. The buds will thus bloom. Usually you can tell what color the phalaenopsis is by looking at the bud color. After the flowers fade, some people prefer to cut the spike above the highest node (section). This may produce another flower spike or more rarely a keiki (a baby orchid plant that can be planted). Regular Keiki in blossom on Phalaenopsis mother plant Regular Keikis on Phalaenopsis mother plant Basal Keiki on Phalaenopsis mother plant Keiki Hawaiian word for baby referring to a baby plant produced asexually by an orchid plant, usually used when referring to Dendrobiums, Phalaenopsis, or Vandaceous orchids. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Phalaenopsis

• Phalaenopsis orchids : species and primary hybrids
• Orchid Care

References

• Original publication by Carl Blume in "Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indië"
• Seon Kim, Clifford W. Morden, Yoneo Sagawa, and Jae -Young Kim (2003). "The Phylogeny of Phalaenopsis Species". Proceedings of NIOC2003, Nagoya, Japan. 
• Olaf Gruss & Manfred Wolf - Phalaenopsis ; Edition Ulmer, ISBN 3-8001-6551-1 (in German)
• Eric A. Christenson - Phalaenopsis: a Monograph ; ISBN 0-88192-494-6
• Harper, Tom (February 2004). Phalaenopsis Culture: Advice for Growing 20 Species. Orchids Magazine 73 (2). Delray Beach, FL: American Orchid Society, 2004.
• Leroy-Terquem, Gerald and Jean Parisot. 1991. Orchids: Care and Cultivation. London: Cassel Publishers Ltd.
• Schoser, Gustav. 1993. Orchid Growing Basics. New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc.
• White, Judy. 1996. Taylor’s Guide to Orchids. Frances Tenenbaum, Series Editor. New York: Houghton-Mifflin.