An image of the extravagance attributed to Phanariotes in Wallachia: Nicholas Mavrogenes riding through Bucharest in a deer-drawn carriage (late 1780s)

Phanariotes, Phanariots, or Phanariote Greeks (Greek: Φαναριώτες, Romanian: Fanarioţi) were members of those prominent Greek families residing in Phanar^[1] (Φανάρι, modern Fener),^[2] the chief Greek quarter of Constantinople (Istanbul), where the Ecumenical Patriarchate is situated. Phanariotes dominated the administration of the Patriarchate and frequently intervened in the selection of prelates, including the Ecumenial Patriarch, who has the status of "first among equals" among the world's Eastern Orthodox bishops. Image File history File links Mavrogheni_trasura_cerbi. ... Image File history File links Mavrogheni_trasura_cerbi. ... Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ... Nicholas Mavrogenes Nicholas Mavrogenes (or Mavrogenous; Greek: Νικόλαος Μαυρογένης/Nikolaos Mavrogenis, Romanian: Nicolae Mavrogheni) (d. ... Status Capital of Romania Mayor Adriean Videanu, since 2005 Area 238 km² Population (2005) 1,924,959[1] Density 8,088 inh/km² Geographical coordinates Web site http://www. ... “Fawn” redirects here. ... Fanar (formerly Phanar, Fener in Turkish) is a neighborhood in Istanbul, Turkey (formerly Constantinople). ... Map of Constantinople. ... Istanbul (Turkish: , Greek: , historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see other names) is Turkeys most populous city, and its cultural and financial center. ... The Patriarch of Constantinople is the Ecumenical Patriarch, the first among equals in the Eastern Orthodox communion. ... Look up prelate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Throne inside the Patriarchade of Constantinople. ... First among equals is a phrase which indicates that a person is the most senior of a group of people sharing the same rank or office. ... The Eastern Orthodox Church is a Christian body that views itself as: the historical continuation of the original Christian community established by Jesus Christ and the Twelve Apostles, having maintained unbroken the link between its clergy and the Apostles by means of Apostolic Succession. ... This article is about a title or office in religious bodies. ...

Some members of these families, which had acquired great wealth and influence during the 17th century, occupied high political and administrative posts in the Ottoman Empire. From 1669 until 1821 Phanariotes served as dragomans to the Ottoman government (the Sublime Porte) and to foreign embassies. Along with the church dignitaries and the local notables from the provinces, Phanariotes represented the Greek ruling class during Ottoman rule and until the start of the War of Independence. During the latter, Phanariotes played a crucial role and influenced the decisions of the National Assembly, the representative body of the Greek revolutionaries, which met on six occasions between 1821 and 1829. The Ottoman Empire developed a highly advanced organisation of state over the centuries. ... Motto: دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem: Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299-1326) Bursa (1326-1365) Edirne (1365-1453) Constantinople (Istanbul) (1453-1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 Osman I  - 1918–1922 Mehmed VI... Dragoman, a word of Aramaic/Assyrian origin, designates the function of interpreter, translator and official guide in countries and polities of the Near East. ... Synonym of the government of the Ottoman Empire. ... - Seal on the building of German Embassies. ... Combatants Greek revolutionaries United Kingdom France Russian Empire Ottoman Empire Egyptian Khedivate Commanders Theodoros Kolokotronis, Alexander Ypsilanti Omer Vryonis, Dramalis, Ibrahim Pasha. ... The Greek National Assembly (1821–1827) was a representative body of revolutionaries attempting to liberate Greece from Ottoman rule. ... The coronation banquet for George IV 1821 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 1829 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

Between the years 1711–1716 and 1821, a number of them were appointed Hospodars (Voivodes or Princes) of the Danubian Principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia), usually as a promotion from dragoman offices; that period is usually termed the Phanariote epoch in Romanian history. 1711 (MDCCXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... // Events August 5 - In the Battle of Peterwardein 40. ... The coronation banquet for George IV 1821 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Hospodar or gospodar is a term of Slavonic origin, meaning lord. The rulers of Wallachia and Moldavia (only occasionally joined) were styled hospodars in Slavic writings from the 15th century to 1866, alongside the title of voivod. ... Voivode (as it is spelled in the Oxford English Dictionary), or less commonly voivod, is a Slavic word that originally denoted the principal commander of a military force. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ...

Rise of Greek influence in the Ottoman Empire

After the 1453 Fall of Constantinople, when the Sultan virtually replaced de facto and de jure the Byzantine Emperor among subjugated Christians, the Ecumenical Patriarch was recognized by the Sultan as the religious and national leader (ethnarch) of Greeks and the other ethnicities that were included in the Greek Orthodox Millet.^[3] The Patriarchate earned a primary importance and occupied this key role among the Christians of the Empire because the Ottomans did not legally distinguish between nationality and religion, and thus regarded all the Orthodox Christians of the Empire as a single entity.^[4] April 2 - Mehmed II begins his siege of Constantinople (İstanbul). ... Combatants Byzantine Empire Ottoman Empire Commanders Constantine XI†, Loukas Notaras, Giovanni Giustiniani†[1] Mehmed II Strength 5,000 Greek militia soldiers plus 2,000 Italian mercenaries [2] 80,000[1] - 150,000[1] Casualties Most of Greek defenders, some mercenaries[3], approximately 4,000 civilians[4] unverified The Fall of... The Ottoman Dynasty (or the Imperial House of Osman) ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1281 to 1923, beginning with Osman I (not counting his father, Ertuğrul), though the dynasty was not proclaimed until 1383 when Murad I declared himself sultan. ... De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without... Look up De jure in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This is a list of the Emperors of the late Eastern Roman Empire, called Byzantine by modern historians. ... Ethnarch refers generally to political leadership over a common ethnic group or heterogeneous kingdom. ... Greek Orthodox Church can refer to any of several hierarchical churches within the larger group of mutually recognizing Eastern Orthodox churches: the Orthodox Church of Constantinople, headed by the Patriarch of Constantinople, who is also the first among equals of the Eastern Orthodox Communion. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

The position of the Patriarchate in the Ottoman state encouraged projects of Greek renaissance, centered on the resurrection and revitalization of the Byzantine Empire. The Patriarch and those church dignitaries around him constituted the first centre of power for the Greeks inside the Ottoman state, one which succeeded in infiltrating the structures of the Ottoman Empire, while attracting the former Byzantine nobility.^[4] Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent c. ...

In time, a Slavic presence in the administration gradually became a hazard for the Ottoman rulers, as it was prone to offer full support to Habsburg armies in the context of the Great Turkish War. By the 17th century, the Greek Patriarch of Constantinople became the absolute religious and administrative ruler of all Christian Orthodox subjects within the Empire, regardless of their ethnic background. All formerly independent Orthodox patriarchates, including the Serbian Patriarchate renewed in 1557, were assigned under the authority of the Greek Church.^[5] The Habsburg Monarchy, often called Austrian Monarchy or simply Austria, are the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor House of Habsburg-Lorraine, between 1526 and 1867/1918. ... The Great Turkish War was a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and European powers at the time (joined into a Holy League) during the second half of the 17th century. ... Flag of the Serbian Orthodox Church The Serbian Orthodox Church (Serbian: Српска Православна Црква / Srpska Pravoslavna Crkva; СПЦ / SPC) or the Church of Serbia is one of the autocephalous Orthodox Christian churches, ranking sixth after Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem, and Russia. ... Events Spain is effectively bankrupt. ...

In addition to this, from the 17th century onwards the Ottomans began meeting problems in the conduct of their foreign relations, and were having difficulties in dictating terms to their neighbours; the Porte was faced for the first time with the need of participating in diplomatic negotiations. Given the Ottoman tradition of generally ignoring Western European languages and cultures, officials found themselves unable to handle such affairs.^[6] The Porte subsequently assigned those tasks to the Greeks, regarded as the most educated within the Empire. As a result, the so-called Phanariotes, Greek families mostly native to Constantinople, came to occupy high posts of secretaries and interpreters to Ottoman officials and officers.^[5] A common post-WWII understanding of Western Europe Western Europe in its most common understanding is a socio-political concept coined and used during the Cold War. ...

Two Greek social groups therefore emerged and challenged the leadership of the Greek Church.^[7] These powerful social classes were the Phanariotes in Constantinople and the local notables in the Helladic provinces (kocabaşıs, gerontes, dimogerontes, prokritoi). According to Constantine Paparregopoulus, one of the major Greek historians, Phanariotes initially sought the most important secular offices of the Patriarchical Court and, thus, they could frequently intervene in the election of bishops, as well as influence crucial decisions of the Patriarch.^[8] Greek merchants and clergy of Byzantine aristocratic origin, who acquired great economic and political prosperity, and were later known as Phanariotes, settled in the extreme northwestern district of Constantinople, which had become central to Greek interests after the establishment of the Patriarch's headquarters in 1461 (shortly after Hagia Sophia fell to Muslim use).^[9] Greece was part of the Ottoman Empire from the 14th century until its declaration of independence in 1821. ... Constantine Paparregopoulus (1815-1891) was a nineteenth century Greek historian greatly influential in Greece and abroad for his original reasearch in Byzantine history as well as in other fields of Greek studies. ... Events February 2 - Battle of Mortimers Cross - Yorkist troops led by Edward, Duke of York defeat Lancastrians under Owen Tudor and his son Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke in Wales. ... This article includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...

Phanariotes as high officials

During the 18th century, Phanariotes appeared as a hereditary clerical-aristocratic grouping, managing the affairs of the Patriarchate, and becoming the dominant political power of the Greek community in Ottoman lands.^[10] In time, they grew to become a very significant political factor in the Ottoman Empire, and, as diplomatic agents, played a considerable role in the affairs of the Kingdom of Great Britain, France, and the Russian Empire.^[10] At the same time, they engaged in private trade dealings, and acquired great control over the crucial wheat trade on the Black Sea.^[9] Phanariotes managed to expand their commercial activities first into the Kingdom of Hungary, and then to all other Central European states. Such activities brought intensified their contacts with Western nations, and as a consequence they became familiar with Western languages and cultures.^[9] Scotland, England, (Great) Britain and United Kingdom see British Isles (terminology). ... Anthem: God Save the Tsar! The Russian Empire in 1914 Capital Saint Petersburg Language(s) Russian Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1721-1725 Peter the Great (first)  - 1894-1917 Nicholas II (last) History  - Established 22 October, 1721  - February Revolution 2 March, 1917 Area  - 1897 22,400,000 km2 8,648,688 sq... NASA satellite image of the Black Sea Map of the Black Sea The Black Sea is an inland sea between southeastern Europe and Anatolia that is actually a distant arm of the Atlantic Ocean by way of the Mediterranean Sea. ... The Kingdom of Hungary (Hungarian: Magyar Királyság) is the name of a multiethnic kingdom that existed in Central Europe from 1000 to 1918. ... Central Europe The Alpine Countries and the Visegrád Group (Political map, 2004) Central Europe is the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe. ...

Just before the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence, Phanariotes were established as the upmost political elite of Greekdom. According to Paparregopoulos, this was a natural evolution, given the Phanariotes' education and their experience in supervising vast regions of the Empire.^[8] In parallel, Svoronos argued that they subordinated their national identity to their class identity, since they merely endeavored to achieve peaceful co-existence of the conqueror and the conquered; Svoronos believes that, in this way, Phanariotes failed to enrich the Greek national identity, and lost ground to the groups that grew through their confrontation with the Ottoman Empire, first the klephts and then the Armatoloi.^[11] Combatants Greek revolutionaries United Kingdom France Russian Empire Ottoman Empire Egyptian Khedivate Commanders Theodoros Kolokotronis, Alexander Ypsilanti Omer Vryonis, Dramalis, Ibrahim Pasha. ... For publications of this name, see also Nation (disambiguation) A nation is a community of people who live together in an area (or, more broadly, of their descendants who may now be dispersed); and who regard themselves, or are regarded by others, as sharing some common identity, to which certain... Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions between individuals or groups in societies or cultures. ... Klephts (Greek κλέφτης, pl. ... The Armatoloi (Αρματωλοι in Greek meaning Armed People) were local Greek villagers that functioned as military/police units governing Byzantine lands. ...

Phanariote rule of the Danubian Principalities

Establishment and contrasts

The period is not to be understood as marking the introduction into the Principalities of a Greek presence, which had already established itself in both provinces, and had even resulted in the appointment of Greek Princes before the 18th century. After the end of the Phanariote epoch, various families of Phanariote ancestry in both Wallachia and Moldavia identified themselves as Romanian, and remained present in Romanian society - among them, the Rosetti family, whose member C. A. Rosetti represented the radical and nationalist cause during and after the 1848 Wallachian revolution, and the Ghicas (who, despite direct Phanariote lineage, held the throne in Wallachia with Grigore IV and Alexandru II as the first "non-Phanariote" rulers after 1821). (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Motto (each main institution has its own motto) Anthem DeÅŸteaptă-te, române! Romania() – on the European continent() – in the European Union() [] Capital (and largest city) Bucharest (BucureÅŸti) Official languages Romanian1 Government Republic  -  President Traian Băsescu  -  Prime Minister Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu Independence  -  Declared 9 May... Constantin Rosetti For other uses, see C. A. Rosetti (disambiguation). ... This article gives an overview of Liberalism and Radicalism in Romania. ... Eugène Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolising French nationalism during the July Revolution. ... Ghica family was a Romanian noble family. ... Grigore IV Ghica Grigore IV Ghica or Grigore Dimitrie Ghica was Prince of Wallachia between 1822 and 1828. ... Alexandru II or Alexandru D. Ghica (1796 - 1862), a member of the Ghica family, was caimacam (regent) of Wallachia (4 July 1856- October 1858); between April 1834 and 7 October 1842, he was Prince of Wallachia. ...

The attention of Phanariotes was concentrated on occupying the most favorable offices the Empire could offer, but also to the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, which were still relatively rich, and more importantly, autonomous (despite having to pay tribute as vassal states). Many Greeks had found there favorable conditions for commercial activities, by far more advantageous when compared with the difficultes inside the Ottoman Empire, and also an opportunity to gain political power. Many had entered the ranks of Wallachian and Moldavian boyar nobility by marriage. A tribute (from Latin tribulum, contribution) is wealth one party gives to another as a sign of respect or, as was often case in historical contexts, of submission or allegiance. ... Look up vassal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A boyar (also spelled bojar) or bolyarin was a member of the highest rank of the feudal Russian, Romanian and Bulgarian aristocracy, second only to the ruling princes, from the tenth through the seventeenth century. ...

Although rarely occurring, reigns of local Princes were not excluded on principle. This situation had even determined two arguably hellenized Romanian noble families, the Callimachis (originally Călmaşul) and Racoviţăs, to penetrate into the Phanar nucleus, in order to facilitate and increase their chances to occupy the thrones, and later to successfully maintain their positions. Hellenisation (or Hellenization) is a term used to describe a cultural change in which something non-Greek becomes Greek (Hellenic). ... Callimachi or Kallimachi (CalmaÅŸul, CălmaÅŸu) was a Moldavian princely family. ... The Racoviţă or Racovitza family were a partially hellenized family of Wallachian boyars which held gave the Danubian Principalities several hospodars, becoming influential inside the Ottoman Empire and the Phanariote kinship network. ...

While most sources would agree to 1711 being the moment where the gradual erosion of the traditional institutions had reached its ultimate stage, characteristics usually ascribed to the Phanariote era had made themselves felt long before it. The Ottoman overlord had been enforcing its choice for Hospodars throughout previous centuries (as far back as the 15th), and foreign — usually Greek or Levantine — boyars had been competing with the local ones since the late 1500s. Rulers since Dumitraşcu Cantacuzino in Moldavia and George Ducas, a Prince of Greek origin, in Wallachia (both in 1673) had been forced to surrender all of their families, and not just selected members, as hostages in Constantinople. At the same time, the traditional elective system in the Principalities had accounted for long periods of political disorder, and was in fact dominated by a small number of ambitious families (whether local or foreign), who had entered violent competition for the two thrones and monopolized land ownership^[12] - a notable example is the conflict opposing the Craioveşti and the Cantacuzinos in the period before 1711. In feudalism, an overlord is a supreme lord; one who is the lord of other lords. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... The Levant The Levant (IPA: /lÉ™vænt/) is an imprecise geographical term historically referring to a large area in the Middle East south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea on the west, and by the northern Arabian Desert and Upper Mesopotamia to the east. ... A boyar (also spelt bojar; Romanian: boier) was a member of the highest rank of the feudal Ruthenian (Russian) and Romanian aristocracy, second only to the ruling princes, from the 10th through the 17th century. ... The decade of years from 1500 to 1509, inclusive. ... Voivode George Ducas (Greek: Γεώργιος Δούκας, Romanian: Gheorghe Duca) (d. ... 1673 (MDCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Police often train to recover hostages taken by force, as in this exercise For the 2005 film, see Hostage (film). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The CraioveÅŸti, later BrâncoveneÅŸti, were a boyar family in Wallachia who gave the country several of its Princes and held the title of Ban of Oltenia (whether of Strehaia or Craiova) for ca. ... The Cantacuzino (Cantacuzène) family is an old boyar family of Wallachia that claims to have its roots in the Byzantine Greek emperor John VI Cantacuzenus. ...

1711-1715

The clear change in policy was determined by the fact that Wallachia and Moldavia, although autonomous, had entered a period of continuous skirmishes with the Ottomans, due to insubordination of the native princes, one especially associated with the rise of Imperial Russia's power under Peter the Great and the firm presence of the Habsburg Empire on the Carpathian border with the Principalities. Dissidence within the two countries became more dangerous for the Turks, who were now confronted with the attraction exercised on the population by the protection offered to them by a fellow Eastern Orthodox Empire. This became obvious with Mihai Racoviţă's second rule in Moldavia, when the Prince plotted with Peter to have Ottoman rule removed. Incidentally, his replacement, Nicholas Mavrocordatos, was also the first official Phanariote in his second reign in Moldavia (he was also to replace Ştefan Cantacuzino in Wallachia, as the first Phanariote ruler in that country). Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... Peter the Great or Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov (Russian: Пётр I Алексеевич Pyotr I Alekséyevich) (9 June 1672–8 February 1725 [[30 May 1672–28 January 1725 O.S.][1]) ruled Russia from 7 May (27 April O.S.) 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his weak and sickly... The Habsburg Monarchy, often called Austrian Monarchy or simply Austria, are the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor House of Habsburg-Lorraine, between 1526 and 1867/1918. ... Satellite image of the Carpathians. ... Eastern Orthodoxy (also called Greek Orthodoxy and Russian Orthodoxy) is a Christian tradition which represents the majority of Eastern Christianity. ... Mihai or Mihail Racoviţă (d. ... Nicholas Mavrocordatos Nicholas Mavrocordatos (Greek: Νικόλαος Μαυροκορδάτος, Romanian: Nicolae Mavrocordat; May 3, 1670—September 3, 1730) was a Greek member of the Mavrocordatos family, Grand Dragoman to the Divan (1697), and consequently the first Phanariote Hospodar of the Danubian Principalities - Prince of Moldavia, and Prince of Wallachia (both on two separate occasions). ... Stefan Cantacuzino, a Serbian, the Voivode of Wallachia from 1714 to 1716, was killed by the Turks together with his father Constantine Cantacuzino. ...

A crucial moment in the policy change was the Russo-Turkish War of 1710-1713, when Dimitrie Cantemir sided with Russia and agreed to a Russian tutelage over his country. After Russia suffered a major defeat and Cantemir went into exile, the Ottomans took charge of the succession to the throne of Moldavia, soon followed by similar measures in Wallachia (in this case, prompted by Ştefan Cantacuzino's alliance with the Habsburg commander Prince Eugene of Savoy in the closing stages of the Great Turkish War). Russo-Turkish War of 1710-1713, a war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, which started after the Russians had defeated the Swedes in the Battle of Poltava. ... // Events April 10 - The worlds first copyright legislation became effective, Britains Statute of Anne Ongoing events Great Northern War (1700-1721) War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713) Births January 3 - Richard Gridley, American Revolutionary soldier (d. ... Year 1713 (MDCCXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Dimitrie Cantemir (-Romanian, Дмитрий Кантемир in Russian, KantemiroÄŸlu in Turkish, Kantymir in Polish), (October 26, 1673 - 1723) was a Moldavian Voivode (Prince; March-April 1693 and 1710-1711), philosopher, historian, composer, linguist and scholar. ... Exile (band) may refer to: Exile - The American country music band Exile - The Japanese pop music band Category: ... Stefan Cantacuzino, a Serbian, the Voivode of Wallachia from 1714 to 1716, was killed by the Turks together with his father Constantine Cantacuzino. ... Prince Eugen von Savoyen in a contemporary painting François-Eugène, Prince of Savoy-Carignan, known as Prinz Eugen von Savoyen in German and Eugenio, Principe di Savoia in Italian (October 18, 1663 – April 24, 1736) was arguable the greatest general to serve the Habsburgs. ... The Great Turkish War was a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and European powers at the time (joined into a Holy League) during the second half of the 17th century. ...

Characteristics

Rulers and retinues

Stavropoleos Church, built in Bucharest by Nicholas Mavrocordatos, in an 1868 lithograph by Amadeo Preziosi

The person raised to the princely dignity was usually the chief Dragoman of the Sublime Porte, and was consequently well versed in contemporary politics and the statecraft of the Ottoman government. Image File history File links Stavropoleos_Preziosi. ... Image File history File links Stavropoleos_Preziosi. ... Stavropoleos Church (Romanian, Biserica Stavropoleos) is an Eastern Orthodox church, built in Brâncovenesc style, in central Bucharest, Romania. ... Status Capital of Romania Mayor Adriean Videanu, since 2005 Area 238 km² Population (2005) 1,924,959[1] Density 8,088 inh/km² Geographical coordinates Web site http://www. ... Nicholas Mavrocordatos Nicholas Mavrocordatos (Greek: Νικόλαος Μαυροκορδάτος, Romanian: Nicolae Mavrocordat; May 3, 1670—September 3, 1730) was a Greek member of the Mavrocordatos family, Grand Dragoman to the Divan (1697), and consequently the first Phanariote Hospodar of the Danubian Principalities - Prince of Moldavia, and Prince of Wallachia (both on two separate occasions). ... Lithography is a method for printing on a smooth surface, as well as a method of manufacturing semiconductor and MEMS devices. ... This article needs cleanup. ... Dragoman, a word of Aramaic/Assyrian origin, designates the function of interpreter, translator and official guide in countries and polities of the Near East. ... Synonym of the government of the Ottoman Empire often confusing the Sublime Porte and the High Porte. ... Motto: دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem: Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299-1326) Bursa (1326-1365) Edirne (1365-1453) Constantinople (Istanbul) (1453-1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 Osman I  - 1918–1922 Mehmed VI...

The new Prince, who obtained his office in exchange for a heavy bribe (not a new requirement in itself), proceeded to the country which he was selected to govern, and of the language of which he was in most cases totally ignorant. Once the new Princes were appointed, they were escorted to Iaşi or Bucharest by retinues composed of their families, favourites, and their creditors (from whom they had borrowed the bribe funds). The prince and his appointees counted on recouping themselves in as short a time as possible for their initial outlay and in laying by a sufficiency to live on after the termination of the Princes' brief authority. Bribery is a crime implying a sum or gift given alters the behaviour of the person in ways not consistent with the duties of that person. ... County IaÅŸi County Status Municipality Mayor Gheorghe Nichita, Social Democratic Party, since 2003 Area 93. ... Status Capital of Romania Mayor Adriean Videanu, since 2005 Area 238 km² Population (2005) 1,924,959[1] Density 8,088 inh/km² Geographical coordinates Web site http://www. ... A retinue (O. Fr. ...

As a total for the two principalities together, 31 princes from 11 different families have ruled during the Phanariote epoch. Many times they were exiled or even executed: of these 31 princes, seven suffered a violent death, and a few were executed at their own courts of Bucharest or Iaşi. The fight for the throne could become as harsh as to provoke murders carried out among members of the same family.

When, owing to relatively numerous cases of treachery among the Princes, the choice became limited to a few families, it became frequent that rulers would be shifted from one principality to the other: the Prince of Wallachia, the richer of the two Principalities, would pay certain sums in order to avert his transfer to Iaşi, while the Prince of Moldavia would bribe supporters in Constantinople in exchange for his appointment to Wallachia. For example, Constantine Mavrocordatos accumulated a total of ten different rules in Moldavia and Wallachia. The debt was, however, owed to various creditors, and not to the Sultan himself: in fact, the central institutions of the Ottoman Empire generally seemed determined to maintain their rule over the Principalities, and not exploit them irrationally. In one early example, Ahmed III even paid part of Nicholas Mavrocordatos' sum. Constantine Mavrocordatos (February 27, 1711-November 23, 1769) (Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Μαυροκορδάτος, Romanian: Constantin Mavrocordat ) was Prince of Wallachia and Prince of Moldavia at several intervals. ... The Ottoman Dynasty (or the Imperial House of Osman) ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1281 to 1923, beginning with Osman I (not counting his father, ErtuÄŸrul), though the dynasty was not proclaimed until 1383 when Murad I declared himself sultan. ... Sultan Ahmed III Köçeks at a fair. ... Nicholas Mavrocordatos Nicholas Mavrocordatos (Greek: Νικόλαος Μαυροκορδάτος, Romanian: Nicolae Mavrocordat; May 3, 1670—September 3, 1730) was a Greek member of the Mavrocordatos family, Grand Dragoman to the Divan (1697), and consequently the first Phanariote Hospodar of the Danubian Principalities - Prince of Moldavia, and Prince of Wallachia (both on two separate occasions). ...

Administration and boyars

Alexander Mourousis welcoming the British ambassador in Curtea Nouă

The Phanariote epoch was initially characterized by excessive fiscal policies, driven by both Ottoman needs and by the ambitions of some of the Hospodars (who, mindful of their fragile status, sought to pay back their creditors and increase their wealth while they still were in a position of power). In order to make the reigns lucrative while raising funds that would satisfy the needs of the Porte (increased during the Stagnation of the Ottoman Empire), Princes channeled their energies into spoliation, and the inhabitants, liable to increasing and diversified taxation, were in many instances reduced to destitution. However, the most hated taxes identified with the Phanariotes were of relevant tradition (such as the văcărit, first imposed by Iancu Sasul in the 1580s). Image File history File links Alexandru_Moruzi_at_Curtea_Nouă.jpg‎ File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Alexander Mourousis ... Image File history File links Alexandru_Moruzi_at_Curtea_Nouă.jpg‎ File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Alexander Mourousis ... Alexander Mourousis welcoming the British ambassador in Curtea Nouă Alexander Mourousis (Greek: Αλεξανδρος Μουρουζης - Alexandros Mourouzis, Romanian: Alexandru Moruzi; d. ... Curtea Nouă (Romanian for New Court) was the residence of the prince of Wallachia between 1776 and 1812. ... The Battle of Vienna of 1683 was the real point at which the Empire began its decline. ... Iancu Sasul (John the Saxon) or Ioan Vodă V (Voivode John V; d. ...

The malignant effects of many Phanariote rules are in contrast with the achievements and projects of others, such as Constantine Mavrocordatos' (who abolished serfdom in 1746 in Wallachia, and in 1749 in Moldavia) and Alexander Ypsilantis'. Ypsilantis tried to reform the legislation and impose salaries for administrative offices - in an effort to halt the depletion of funds through the sums the administrators, local and Greek alike, were using for their own maintenance (it had by then become more profitable to hold office than to own land). His Pravilniceasca condică, a rather modern legal code, met stiff boyar resistance. It has been suggested that Villein be merged into this article or section. ... Alexander Ypsilanti (Romanian: Alexandru Ipsilanti, 1725-1805) was Prince of Wallachia from 1775 to 1782, and again from 1796 to 1797, and also Prince of Moldavia from 1786 to 1788. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... A legal code is a moral code enforced by the law of a state. ...

In fact, the focus of such rules was many times the improvement of state structures against conservative wishes. Documents for the time show that, despite the change in leadership and boyar complaints, around 80% of those seated in the Divan (an institution roughly equivalent to the Estates of the realm) were members of traditionally local families.^[13] This tended to render endemic the social and economical issues of previous periods, as the inner circle of boyars not only managed to block initiatives such as Alexander Ypsilantis', but also pressured for tax exemptions — which they obtained, extended, and successfully preserved.^[14] This article deals with conservatism as a political philosophy. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      The National Assembly is either a legislature, or the lower house of a bicameral legislature in some countries. ... In several different regions of medieval Europe, and continuing in some countries[] down to the present day, the estates of the realm were broad divisions of society, usually distinguishing nobility, clergy, and commoners; this last group was, in some regions, further divided into burghers (also known as bourgeoisie) and peasants. ... A tax exemption is an exemption to the tax law of a state or nation in which part of the taxes that would normally be collected from an individual or an organization are instead foregone. ...

After the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji (1774) allowed Russia to intervene on the side of Ottoman Eastern Orthodox subjects, most of the Turkish political pressures became ineffective. The Porte had to further offer concessions, with the imperative of maintaining hold over the countries as economical and strategic assets: the treaty made any increase in the tribute impossible, and, between 1774 and the 1820s, it plummeted from around 50,000 to 20,000 gold coins (equivalent to Austrian gold currency) in Wallachia, and just 3,100 in Moldavia.^[15] The Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji (Küçük Kaynarca) was signed on July 21, 1774, between Russia (represented by Field-Marshal Rumyantsev) and the Ottoman Empire after the Ottoman Empire was defeated in the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774. ... Chesma Column in Tsarskoe Selo, commemorating the end of the Russo-Turkish War. ... Gold coins are one of the oldest forms of money. ... The gulden was the currency of Austria-Hungary between 1754 and 1892. ...

In the immediately following period, Russia made use of its new prerogative with notable force: the deposition of Constantine Ypsilantis (in Wallachia) and Alexander Mourousis (in Moldavia) by Selim III, called on by the French Empire's ambassador to Turkey, Horace Sébastiani (whose fears of pro-Russian conspiracies in Bucharest were partly confirmed), constituted the casus belli for the conflict of 1806-1812 (the Russian general Mikhail Andreyevich Miloradovich swiftly reinstated Ypsilantis during his military expedition to Wallachia). Constantine Ypsilanti (Greek: Κωνσταντινος Υψηλαντης - Constantinos Ypsilantis; Romanian: Constantin Ipsilanti, d. ... Alexander Mourousis welcoming the British ambassador in Curtea Nouă Alexander Mourousis (Greek: Αλεξανδρος Μουρουζης - Alexandros Mourouzis, Romanian: Alexandru Moruzi; d. ... Sultan Selim III Selim III (December 24, 1761 – July 28/29, 1808) was a sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1789–1807). ... Map of the First French Empire in 1811, with the Empire in dark blue and sattelite states in light blue Capital Paris Language(s) French Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1804-1814/1815 Napoleon I Napoleon II Legislature Parliament  - Upper house Senate  - Lower house Corps législatif History  - French Consulate  - Established 18... Ahmed III receiving the embassy of Charles de Ferriol in 1699; painting by Jean-Baptiste van Mour France has had a permanent embassy the Ottoman Empire since 1535, during the times of King Francis I and Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. ... Horace François Bastien Sebastiani (1772-1851) was a French soldier and diplomat. ... In a political sense, conspiracy refers to a group of persons united in the goal of usurping or overthrowing an established political power. ... Casus belli is a modern Latin language expression meaning the justification for acts of war. ... The Russo-Turkish War, 1806-1812 was one of many wars fought between Imperial Russia and Ottoman Empire. ... Count Mikhail Andreyevich Miloradovich (October 1 (O.S.), 1771 - December 14 (O.S.), 1825) was a Russian general prominent during the Napoleonic wars. ...

Such gestures inaugurated a period of effective Russian supervision, which culminated with the Organic Statute administration of the 1830s; the Danubian Principalities grew in strategic importance with the Napoleonic Wars and the Decline of the Ottoman Empire, as European states became interested in halting Russian southwards expansion (of which a noted development was the annexation of Bessarabia in 1812). In turn, the new consulates opened in the two countries' capitals, as a means to ensure observation of developments in Russian-Ottoman relations, had an indirect impact over the local economy, as rival diplomats began awarding their protection and sudit status to merchands competing with the local guilds. The National Assembly of Wallachia in 1837 Regulamentul Organic (Romanian name, translated as Organic Statute or Organic Regulation; French: Règlement Organique, Russian: Oрганический регламент, Organichesky reglament)[1] was a quasi-constitutional organic law enforced in 1831–1832 by the Imperial Russian authorities in Moldavia and Wallachia (the two Danubian Principalities... Combatants Allies: Austria[1] Portugal Prussia[1] Russia[2] Spain[3] Sweden United Kingdom[4] Ottoman Empire[5] French Empire Holland Kingdom of Italy Kingdom of Naples Duchy of Warsaw Bavaria[6] Saxony[7] Denmark [8] Commanders Archduke Charles Prince Schwarzenberg Karl Mack von Leiberich Gebhard von Blücher Karl... Graphical timeline Decline of the Ottoman Empire covers the military and political events between 1828 to 1908. ... // Catherine II died in 1796, and her son Paul (r. ... 1927 map of Bessarabia from Charles Upson Clarks book Bessarabia or Bessarabiya (Basarabia in Romanian, Besarabya in Turkish, Бесарабія in Ukrainian) is a historical term for the geographic entity in Eastern Europe bounded by the Dniester River on the East and the Prut River on the West. ... For the uses of Consul as Chief Magistrate of a (city) state, see Consul. ... People in Bucharest during the late 1700s The Sudiţi (plural of Sudit - Romanian language, from Italian suddito, meaning subject or citizen) were inhabitants of the Danubian Principalities (Wallachia and Moldavia) who, for the latter stage of the 18th and a large part of the 19th century — during and after... For the guitar manufacturer, see Guild Guitar Company. ...

In parallel, the boyars started a petitioning campaign against the Princes in power: although sometimes addressed to the Porte and even the Habsburg Monarchy, they mostly demanded Russian supervision. While making reference to cases of corruption and misrule, the petitions show their signers' conservative intentions. The boyars tend to refer to specific, but nonetheless fictitious, Capitulations that either of the Principalities would have signed with the Ottomans - demanding that the rights guaranteed through them be restored.^[16] They also viewed with suspicion reform attempts on the side of Princes, claiming these were not legitimate - in alternative proposals (usually taking the form of constitutional projects), the boyars express a wish for the establishment of an aristocratic republic.^[17] Look up Petition in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Habsburg Monarchy, often called Austrian Monarchy or simply Austria, are the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor House of Habsburg-Lorraine, between 1526 and 1867/1918. ... Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire are contracts between Ottoman Empire and European powers. ... Mixed government, also known as a mixed constitution, is a form of government that integrated facets of democracy, oligarchy, and monarchy. ...

Ending and legacy

Main article: National awakening of Romania

The active part taken by the Greek Princes in revolts after 1820 (see Greek War of Independence), together with the chaos provoked by Philikí Etaireía occupation in Moldavia and Tudor Vladimirescu's Wallachian uprising, led to the disappearance of promotions from within the Phanar community. Relevant for the tense relations between boyars and princes, Vladimirescu's revolt was, for most of its duration, the result of compromise between Oltenian pandurs and the regency of boyars attempting to block the ascension of Scarlat Callimachi, the last Phanariote ruler in Bucharest.^[18] During the period of Austro-Hungarian rule in Transylvania and Ottoman suzerainty over Wallachia and Moldavia, most Romanians were in the situation of being second-class citizens (or even non-citizens) in their own country. ... 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Combatants Greek revolutionaries United Kingdom France Russian Empire Ottoman Empire Egyptian Khedivate Commanders Theodoros Kolokotronis, Alexander Ypsilanti Omer Vryonis, Dramalis, Ibrahim Pasha. ... The Filiki Eteria (spelt also Philikí Etaireía), meaning Friendly Society in Greek, was a secret organisation working in the early 19th century, whose purpose was to overthrow the Ottoman rule over Greece and to establish an independent Greek state. ... Tudor Vladimirescu (1780, Vladimiri - 27 May 1821 Târgovişte) was a Romanian revolutionary hero and the leader of the Wallachian uprising of 1821. ... The Wallachian uprising of 1821 was an uprising in Wallachia (a region of Romania) which happened in 1821. ... Map of Romania with Oltenia highlighted Oltenia or Lesser Wallachia is a historical province of Romania. ... Pandurs were a non-linear (irregular) army, whose main objective was to assassinate enemy officers, conduct guerrilla warfare, and to fight in extended formations. ... Regent, from the Latin, a person selected to administer a state because the ruler is a minor or is not present or debilitated. ...

Ioan Sturdza's rule in Moldavia and Grigore IV Ghica's in Wallachia are considered the first of the new period: as such, the new regime was to have its own abrupt ending with the Russian occupation during another Russo-Turkish War, and the subsequent period of Russian influence (see Regulamentul Organic). Ioan Sturdza was a prince of Moldavia (1822-1828) and the most famous descendant of Alexandru Sturdza. ... The Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829 was sparked by the Greeks struggle for independence. ... The National Assembly of Wallachia in 1837 Regulamentul Organic (Romanian name, translated as Organic Statute or Organic Regulation; French: Règlement Organique, Russian: Oрганический регламент, Organichesky reglament)[1] was a quasi-constitutional organic law enforced in 1831–1832 by the Imperial Russian authorities in Moldavia and Wallachia (the two Danubian Principalities...

Condemnation of the Phanariotes is a particular focus of Romanian nationalism, usually integrated with the resentment of foreigners as a whole. The tendency unifies pro- and anti-modernising attitudes: Phanariotes may represent reactionary elements (as their image was presented by Communist Romania), as well as agents of brutal and opportunistic change (as illustrated by Mihai Eminescu's Scrisoarea a III-a). Eugène Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolising French nationalism during the July Revolution. ... Reactionary (or reactionist) is a political epithet, generally used as a pejorative, originally applied in the context of the French Revolution to counter-revolutionaries who wished to restore the real or imagined conditions of the monarchical Ancien Régime. ... The Soviets pressed for inclusion of Romanias heretofore negligible Communist Party in the post-war government, while non-communist political leaders were steadily eliminated from political life. ... Mihai Eminescu Mihai Eminescu (pronunciation in Romanian: ) (January 15, 1850 – June 15, 1889), born Mihail Eminovici, was a late Romantic poet, the best-known and most influential Romanian poet celebrated in both Romania and Moldova. ...

Leading Phanariote families

• Argyropoulos
• Callimachi (Călmaşu), originally a Moldavian boyar family
• Cantacuzino
• Caradjas (Caragea)
• Ghikas (Ghica, Ghyka or Ghika), originally an Epirotan family of possible Aromanian ancestry
• Mavrocordatos (Mavrocordat)
• Mavrogenes (Mavrogheni)
• Mourousis (Moruzi)
• Musurus
• Racovitza (Racoviţă), originally a Walachian boyar family
• Rosettis (Ruset or Russeti)
• Soutzos (Suţu or Sutzu)
• Ypsilantis (Ipsilanti)

Callimachi or Kallimachi (Calmaşul, Călmaşu) was a Moldavian princely family. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... The Cantacuzino (Cantacuzène) family is an old boyar family of Wallachia which they claim to get their roots from the Byzantine Emperor John VI Cantacuzenus. ... The Caragea or Caradja were a boyar family of Phanariote Greek origins, present as dignitaries in the Ottoman Empire, and established in the late 17th century in Wallachia, remaining present in modern-day Romania. ... Ghica family was a Romanian noble family. ... Epirus (Greek Ήπειρος, Ípiros) is a geographical and historical region of the Balkan peninsula in south-eastern Europe. ... Aromanians (also called: Arumanians or Macedo-Romanians; in Aromanian they call themselves Arumâni, Armâni, Rămăni, Rumâni or Aromâni) are a people living throughout the southern Balkans, especially in northern Greece, Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria, and as an emigrant community in Romania... Mavrocordatos (also Mavrocordato, Mavrokordatos, Mavrocordat or Mavrogordato; Greek: Μαυροκορδάτος) was the name of a family of Phanariot Greeks, distinguished in the history of the Ottoman Empire, Wallachia, Moldavia, and modern Greece. ... The Mourousis or Moruzi are a family which was first mentioned in the Empire of Trebizond. ... The Racoviţă or Racovitza family were a partially hellenized family of Wallachian boyars which held gave the Danubian Principalities several hospodars, becoming influential inside the Ottoman Empire and the Phanariote kinship network. ... Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ... The Soutzos (Romanian: Suţu or Sutzu) were a Greek Phanariote family which grew into prominence and power in Istanbul during the last centuries of Ottoman Empire and gave several short-reign hospodars to Danubian Principalities. ... The Ypsilantis (Romanian: Ipsilanti) were a Greek Phanariote family which grew into prominence and power in Istanbul during the last centuries of Ottoman Empire and gave several short-reign hospodars to the Danubian Principalities. ...

See also

• Early Modern Romania
• Greeks in Romania
• History of the Russo-Turkish wars
• List of rulers of Moldavia
• List of rulers of Wallachia
• State organisation of the Ottoman Empire

It has been suggested that Byzantium after Byzantium be merged into this article or section. ... There has been a Greek presence in what is now Romania for at least 27 centuries. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... This is a list of rulers of Moldavia. ... Below is the list of Wallachian rulers, since the first mentioned until the unification with Moldavia in 1859. ... The Ottoman Empire developed a highly advanced organisation of state over the centuries. ...

Notes

Fanar (formerly Phanar, Fener in Turkish) is a neighborhood in Istanbul, Turkey (formerly Constantinople). ... A HDR image of a traditional lighthouse For other uses, see Lighthouse (disambiguation). ...

References

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
• Mihai Berza, "Haraciul Moldovei şi al Ţării Româneşti în sec. XV–XIX", in Studii şi Materiale de Istorie Medie, II, 1957, p.7–47
• Neagu Djuvara, Între Orient şi Occident. Ţările române la începutul epocii moderne, Humanitas, Bucharest, 1995
• Vlad Georgescu, Istoria ideilor politice româneşti (1369-1878), Munich, 1987
• Glenny, Misha (2001). The Balkans: Nationalism, War & the Great Powers, 1804-1999. Penguin (Non-Classics). ISBN 014-023-377-6. 
• Eric Hobsbawm, Age of Revolutions, section "Greek War of Independence"
• Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos (- Pavlos Karolidis), History of the Hellenic Nation (Volume Eb), Eleftheroudakis, Athens, 1925
• L. S. Stavrianos, The Balkans Since 1453
• Svoronos, Nikos (2004). "The Ideology of the Organization and of the Survival of the Nation", The Greek Nation. Polis. ISBN 960-435-028-5.