Pharyngealisation is a secondary feature of phonemes in a language. It refers to a constriction of the pharynx produced at the same time as a phoneme is produced.
Not every language utilises pharyngealisation; English, for instance, neglects it from a phonemic point of view. However, in Russian, the letter l can represent two phonemes, one traditionally called palatalised, the other called plain. The "plain" l in Russian is realised as l with pharyngealisation.
Ubykh, another language of Russia, also uses pharyngealisation, possessing 14 pharyngealised consonants.
Arabic also uses phonemic secondary pharyngealisation, with the "emphatic" dental consonants in Arabic actually being pharyngealised.
pharyngeal or visceral arches; they form the crucial bones, skin, nerves, muscle, and other features of the head and neck.
Hemifacial microsomia is known by a variety of other names, including craniofacial microsomia, first and second pharyngeal arch syndrome, Goldenhar syndrome, and lateral facial dysplasia.
It occurs when soft tissue and bone from the pharyngeal arches on one side of a child's face fails to develop fully.
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