This article is about general theory and electromagnetic phased array. For the ultrasonic and medical imaging application, see phased array ultrasonics. View of a fetus in the womb, created by a phased array instrument Principle of operation of phased array (PA). ...

PAVE PAWS Clear AFS

PAVE PAWS phased array radar in Alaska

RAF Fylingdales

Cobra Dane

PAVE PAWS

Mammut phased array radar WW II

In wave theory, a phased array is a group of antennas in which the relative phases of the respective signals feeding the antennas are varied in such a way that the effective radiation pattern of the array is reinforced in a desired direction and suppressed in undesired directions.^[1] This technology was originally developed by future Nobel Laureate Luis Alvarez during World War II as a rapidly-steerable radar system for "ground-controlled approach", a system to aid in the landing of airplanes in England. (GEMA in Germany built at the same time the PESA Mammut 1. ^[2]) It was later adapted for radio astronomy, leading to Physics Nobel Prizes for Antony Hewish and Martin Ryle after several large phased arrays were developed at Cambridge University. The design is also used in radar, and is generalized in interferometric radio antennas. Recently, DARPA researchers announced a 16 element phased array integrated with all necessary circuits to send at 30-50 GHz on a single silicon chip for military purposes^[3]. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 531 pixelsFull resolution (2048 × 1360 pixel, file size: 993 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 531 pixelsFull resolution (2048 × 1360 pixel, file size: 993 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Coverage of PAVE PAWS is show in blue. ... Clear AFS is about five miles (8km) south of Anderson, Alaska Clear Air Force Station (ICAO: PACL) is a United States Air Force Station located 5 miles (8 km) south of Anderson, Alaska, USA. The 13th Space Warning Squadron is located at this base; a part of the 21st Space... Image File history File links PAVE_PAWS_Radar_Clear_AFS_Alaska. ... Image File history File links PAVE_PAWS_Radar_Clear_AFS_Alaska. ... Coverage of PAVE PAWS is show in blue. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (4448x2805, 2417 KB) Summary BMEWS solid-state phased-array radar at RAF Fylindales. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (4448x2805, 2417 KB) Summary BMEWS solid-state phased-array radar at RAF Fylindales. ... BMEWS solid-state phased-array radar at RAF Fylingdales RAF Fylingdales is a British Royal Air Force station on Fylingdales Moor, North Yorkshire, England. ... The Cobra Dane Radar is a radar installation in Shemya, Alaska initially designed to monitor for Soviet ICBMs. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1056x698, 108 KB) // This map shows the ballistic missile warning coverage provided by PAVE PAWS (blue) and BMEWS (red). ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1056x698, 108 KB) // This map shows the ballistic missile warning coverage provided by PAVE PAWS (blue) and BMEWS (red). ... Coverage of PAVE PAWS is show in blue. ... Mastodon is also a Heavy Metal Band. ... German soldiers at the Battle of Stalingrad World War II was the most extensive and costly armed conflict in the history of the world, involving the great majority of the worlds nations, being fought simultaneously in several major theatres, and costing tens of millions of lives. ... This article is about waves in the most general sense; a separate article focuses on ocean waves. ... A yagi antenna Most simply, an antenna is an electronic component designed to send or receive radio waves. ... In telecommunication, signaling has the following meanings: The use of signals for controlling communications. ... In telecommunication, the term radiation pattern has the following meanings: 1. ... For the microarray in genetics, see SNP array. ... The Nobel Prize (Swedish: ) was established in Alfred Nobels will in 1895, and it was first awarded in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace in 1901. ... Portrait of Luis Alvarez Luis Walter Alvarez (June 13, 1911 – September 1, 1988) of San Francisco, California, USA, was a famed physicist of Spanish descent, who worked at the University of California, Berkeley. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... In aviation a ground-controlled approach (GCA), is a type of precision instrument approach, used to guide aircraft to a safe landing in adverse weather conditions. ... The Very Large Array, a radio interferometer in New Mexico, USA Radio astronomy is a subfield of astronomy that studies celestial objects in the radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. ... List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physics from 1901 to the present day. ... Antony Hewish (born Fowey, Cornwall, May 11, 1924) is a British radio astronomer who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1974 (together with fellow radio-astronomer Martin Ryle) for his work on the development of radio aperture synthesis and its role in the discovery of pulsars. ... Sir Martin Ryle (September 27, 1918 – October 14, 1984) was a British radio astronomer who developed revolutionary radio telescope systems (see e. ... The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University), located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world and has a reputation as one of the most prestigious universities in the world. ... For other uses, see Radar (disambiguation). ... It has been suggested that Optical interferometry be merged into this article or section. ... The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is an agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of new technology for use by the military. ...

An antenna array is a multiple of active antennas coupled to a common source or load to produce a directive radiation pattern. Usually the spatial relationship also contributes to the directivity of the antenna. Use of the term "active antennas" is intended to describe elements whose energy output is modified due to the presence of a source of energy in the element (other than the mere signal energy which passes through the circuit) or an element in which the energy output from a source of energy is controlled by the signal input.

Usage

The relative amplitudes of — and constructive and destructive interference effects among — the signals radiated by the individual antennas determine the effective radiation pattern of the array. A phased array may be used to point a fixed radiation pattern, or to scan rapidly in azimuth or elevation. Simultaneous electrical scanning in both azimuth and elevation was first demonstrated in a phased array antenna at Hughes Aircraft Company, Culver City, CA, in 1957 (see Joseph Spradley, “A Volumetric Electrically Scanned Two-Dimensional Microwave Antenna Array,” IRE National Convention Record, Part I - Antennas and Propagation; Microwaves, New York: The Institute of Radio Engineers, 1958, 204-212). When phased arrays are used in sonar, it is called beamforming. It has been suggested that pulse amplitude be merged into this article or section. ... For other uses, see Interference (disambiguation). ... In telecommunication, the term radiation pattern has the following meanings: 1. ... The terms scan and scanning have several meanings: Wiktionary has related dictionary definitions, such as: scan The term scan has the following meanings: To examine sequentially, part by part. ... Azimuth is the horizontal component of a direction (compass direction), measured around the horizon, from the north toward the east (i. ... Beamforming is a signal processing technique used with arrays of transmitting or receiving transducers that control the directionality of, or sensitivity to, a radiation pattern. ...

The phased array is used for instance in optical communication as a wavelength-selective splitter. Optical communication is any form of telecommunication that uses light as the transmission medium. ... For other uses, see Wavelength (disambiguation). ... In telecommunications, multiplexing (also muxing or MUXing) is the combining of two or more information channels onto a common transmission medium using hardware called a multiplexer or (MUX). ...

For information about active as well as passive phased array radars, see also active electronically scanned array. APAR AESA An Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA), also known as active phased array radar is a revolutionary type of radar whose transmitter and receiver functions are composed of numerous small transmit/receive (T/R) modules. ...

Broadcasting

In broadcast engineering, phased arrays are required to be used by many AM broadcast radio stations to enhance signal strength and therefore coverage in the city of license, while minimizing interference to other areas. Due to the differences between daytime and nighttime ionospheric propagation at mediumwave frequencies, it is common for AM broadcast stations to change between day (groundwave) and night (skywave) radiation patterns by switching the phase and power levels supplied to the individual antenna elements (mast radiators) daily at sunrise and sunset. More modest phased array longwire antenna systems may be employed by private radio enthusiasts to receive longwave, mediumwave (AM) and shortwave radio broadcasts from great distances. Broadcast engineering is the field of electrical engineering, and now to some extent radio and television broadcasting. ... AM broadcasting is radio broadcasting using Amplitude Modulation. ... A radio station is a site configured for broadcasting sound. ... In telecommunications, and particularly in radio, signal strength transmitted signal is being received, measured, or predicted, at a reference point that is a significant distance from the transmitting antenna. ... Relationship of the atmosphere and ionosphere The ionosphere is the uppermost part of the atmosphere, distinguished because it is ionized by solar radiation. ... Radio propagation is a term used to explain how radio waves behave when they are transmitted, or are propagated from one point on the Earth to another. ... Mediumwave radio transmissions serves as the most common band for broadcasting. ... Groundwave is the propagation of radio waves close to the surface of the Earth. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Ionosphere. ... This article is about a portion of a periodic process. ... A typical mast radiator Base feed: mast is fed from Aerial Tuning Unit on right via conductor to top of brown ceramic insulator. ... A typical sunrise, in New Zealand A sunrise through clouds over Oakland, California. ... A composite image showing the terminator dividing night from day, running across Europe and Africa. ...

On VHF, phased arrays are used extensively for FM broadcasting. These greatly increase the antenna gain, magnifying the emitted RF energy toward the horizon, which in turn greatly increases a station's broadcast range. In these situations, the distance to each element from the transmitter is identical, or is one (or other integer) wavelength apart. Phasing the array such that the lower elements are slightly delayed (by making the distance to them longer) causes a downward beam tilt, which is very useful if the antenna is quite high on a radio tower. Very high frequency (VHF) is the radio frequency range from 30 MHz to 300 MHz. ... FM broadcasting is a broadcast technology invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong that uses frequency modulation (FM) to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio. ... Antenna gain is the measurement of an antennas ability to amplify the incoming microwave signals in a particular direction, compared with the sensitivity of an isotropic antenna in any direction, or a dipole antenna in the equatorial direction. ... Horizon. ... The integers are commonly denoted by the above symbol. ... Beam tilt is used in radio to aim the main lobe of the vertical plane radiation pattern of an antenna below (or above) the horizontal plane. ... A transmitting tower is, in contrast to a radio mast, a free standing construction, which serves either as carrier for transmitting antennas or directly as transmitting antenna (radiating transmitting tower). ...

Other phasing adjustments can increase the downward radiation in the far field without tiliting the main lobe, creating null fill to compensate for extremely high mountaintop locations, or decrease it in the near field, to prevent excessive exposure to those workers or even nearby homeowners on the ground. The latter effect is also achieved by half-wave spacing – inserting additional elements halfway between existing elements with full-wave spacing. This phasing achieves roughly the same horizontal gain as the full-wave spacing; that is, a five-element full-wave-spaced array equals a nine- or ten-element half-wave-spaced array. In the study of diffraction and antenna design, the near field is that part of the radiated field that is within a small number of wavelengths of the diffracting edge or antenna. ... In telecommunication, the term lobe has the following meanings: An identifiable segment of an antenna radiation pattern. ... Null fill is used in radio antenna systems which are located on mountains or tall towers, to prevent too much of the signal from overshooting the intended coverage area. ... For other uses, see Mountain (disambiguation). ... In the study of diffraction and antenna design, the near field is that part of the radiated field that is within a small number of wavelengths of the diffracting edge or antenna. ...

Naval usage

Port and starboard octagonal panels are the phased array radar, AN/SPY-1D, on the USS Mason (DDG-87).

Phased array radar systems are also used by warships of several navies including the Chinese, Japanese, Norwegian, Spanish, Korean and United States' navies in the Aegis combat system. Phased array radars allow a warship to use one radar system for surface detection and tracking (finding ships), air detection and tracking (finding aircraft and missiles) and missile uplink capabilities. Prior to using these systems, each surface-to-air missile in flight required a dedicated fire-control radar, which meant that ships could only engage a small number of simultaneous targets. Phased array systems can be used to control missiles during the mid-course phase of the missile's flight. During the terminal portion of the flight, continuous-wave fire control directors provide the final guidance to the target. Because the radar beam is electronically steered, phased array systems can direct radar beams fast enough to maintain a fire control quality track on many targets simultaneously while also controlling several in-flight missiles. The AN/SPY-1 phased array radar, part of the Aegis combat system deployed on modern U.S. cruisers and destroyers, "is able to perform search, track and missile guidance functions simultaneously with a capability of over 100 targets."^[4] Likewise, the Thales Herakles phased array multi-function radar onboard the Formidable class frigates of the Republic of Singapore Navy has a track capacity of 200 targets and is able to achieve automatic target detection, confirmation and track initiation in a single scan, while simultaneously providing mid-course guidance updates to the MBDA Aster missiles launched from the ship.^[5] The German Navy and the Dutch Navy have developed the Active Phased Array Radar System (APAR). Download high resolution version (580x750, 80 KB)The USS Mason (DDG-87) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Download high resolution version (580x750, 80 KB)The USS Mason (DDG-87) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... USS Mason (DDG-87) is an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer in the United States Navy. ... USS Port Royal (CG-73), a Ticonderoga class cruiser. ... USS Lake Champlain, a Ticonderoga-class Aegis guided missile cruiser, launched in 1987 The Aegis combat system is an integrated missile guidance system used by the United States Navy. ... For other uses, see Radar (disambiguation). ... Akash Missile Firing French Air Force Crotale battery Bendix Rim-8 Talos surface to air missile of the US Navy A surface-to-air missile (SAM) is a missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy aircraft. ... A fire-control radar is a radar which is designed specifically to provide information (mainly target azimuth, elevation, range and velocity) to a fire-control system in order to calculate a firing solution (i. ... A continuous wave (CW) (or Continous Waveform) is an electromagnetic wave of constant amplitude and frequency; and in mathematical analysis, of infinite duration. ... A fire-control system is a computer, often mechanical, which is designed to assist a weapon system in hitting its target. ... The AN/SPY-1 is a US naval radar system manufactured by Lockheed Martin. ... USS Lake Champlain, a Ticonderoga-class Aegis guided missile cruiser, launched in 1987 The Aegis combat system is an integrated missile guidance system used by the United States Navy. ... The USS Port Royal (CG-73), a Ticonderoga class cruiser. ... USS Lassen, an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer In naval terminology, a destroyer is a fast and maneuverable yet long-endurance warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet or battle group and defend them against smaller, short-range attackers (originally torpedo boats, later submarines and aircraft). ... For the Defense and Security Company, see Thales Group. ... The Formidable class multi-role stealth frigates are the latest platforms to enter into service with the Republic of Singapore Navy, and are multi-mission derivatives of the French Navy’s La Fayette class frigate. ... The Republic of Singapore Navy (Abbreviation: RSN; Chinese: 新加坡共和国海军部队; Malay: Angkatan Laut Republik Singapura) is the navy of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF), responsible for the defence of Singapore against sea-borne threats and protection of its sea lines of communications. ... Aster is a family of surface-to-air missiles manufactured by Eurosam, a European consortium consisting of MBDA France, MBDA Italy (combined 66%) and the Thales Group (33%). // The Aster family was developed to perform three distinct missions: Naval autodefence — using the Aster 15 surface-to-air anti-missile missile... German frigate Karlsruhe rescuing shipwrecked people off the coast of Somalia while participating in the international anti-terror operation ENDURING FREEDOM, April 2005 The Laboe Naval Memorial for sailors who lost their lives at sea during the World Wars and while on duty at sea and U 995 Modern air... Royal Netherlands Navy Jack The Koninklijke Marine (Royal Netherlands Navy ) is the navy of the Netherlands. ... APAR AESA An Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA), also known as active phased array radar is a revolutionary type of radar whose transmitter and receiver functions are composed of numerous small transmit/receive (T/R) modules that each scan a small fixed area, negating the need for a moving antenna. ...

Active Phased Array Radar mounted on top of Sachsen class frigate F220 Hamburg's superstructure of the German Navy.

See also: Active Electronically Scanned Array, Aegis combat system and AN/SPY-1

Image File history File links APAR.jpg Summary Thales Nederlands Active Phased Array Radar (APAR), mounted on Sachsen class frigate F220 Hamburg. ... Image File history File links APAR.jpg Summary Thales Nederlands Active Phased Array Radar (APAR), mounted on Sachsen class frigate F220 Hamburg. ... APAR AESA An Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA), also known as active phased array radar is a revolutionary type of radar whose transmitter and receiver functions are composed of numerous small transmit/receive (T/R) modules that each scan a small fixed area, negating the need for a moving antenna. ... The F124 Sachsen class is Germanys latest class of frigates. ... German frigate Karlsruhe rescuing shipwrecked people off the coast of Somalia while participating in the international anti-terror operation ENDURING FREEDOM, April 2005 The Laboe Naval Memorial for sailors who lost their lives at sea during the World Wars and while on duty at sea and U 995 Modern air... APAR AESA An Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA), also known as active phased array radar is a revolutionary type of radar whose transmitter and receiver functions are composed of numerous small transmit/receive (T/R) modules. ... USS Lake Champlain, a Ticonderoga-class Aegis guided missile cruiser, launched in 1987 The Aegis combat system is an integrated missile guidance system used by the United States Navy. ... The AN/SPY-1 is a US naval radar system manufactured by Lockheed Martin. ...

Space probe communication

The MESSENGER spacecraft is a mission to the planet Mercury (arrival 18 March 2011). This spacecraft is the first deep-space mission to use a phased-array antenna for communications. The radiating elements are linearly-polarized, slotted waveguides. The antenna, which uses the X band, uses 26 radiative elements but can gracefully downgrade.^[6] This article is about the NASA space mission. ... This article is about the planet. ... is the 77th day of the year (78th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2011 (MMXI) will be a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Copy of the original phone of Alexander Graham Bell at the Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris Telecommunication is the assisted transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose of communication. ... In electrodynamics, linear polarization or plane polarization of electromagnetic radiation is a confinement of the electric field vector or magnetic field vector to a given plane along the direction of propagation. ... Look up waveguide in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The X band (3-cm radar spot-band) of the microwave band of the electromagnetic spectrum roughly ranges from 5. ...

Weather research usage

AN/SPY-1A radar installation at NSSL, Norman, OK.

The National Severe Storms Laboratory has been using a SPY-1A phased array antenna, provided by the US Navy, for weather research at its Norman, Oklahoma facility since April 23, 2003. It is hoped that research will lead to a better understanding of thunderstorms and tornadoes, eventually leading to increased warning times and enhanced prediction of tornadoes. Project participants include the National Severe Storms Laboratory and National Weather Service Radar Operations Center, Lockheed Martin, United States Navy, University of Oklahoma School of Meteorology and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education, the Federal Aviation Administration, and Basic Commerce and Industries. The project includes research and development, future technology transfer and potential deployment of the system throughout the United States. It is expected to take 10 to 15 years to complete and initial construction was approximately $25 million.^[7] Image File history File links Par_installation. ... Image File history File links Par_installation. ... The National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) is a weather research laboratory based in Norman, Oklahoma. ... The National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) is a weather research laboratory based in Norman, Oklahoma. ... Norman, Oklahoma, is the county seat and largest city in Cleveland County in the U.S. state of Oklahoma, and is part of the Oklahoma City Metropolitan Statistical Area. ... is the 113th day of the year (114th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Lockheed/BAE/Northrop F-35 Lockheed Trident missile C-130 Hercules; in production since the 1950s, now as the C-130J Lockheed Martin (NYSE: LMT) is an aerospace manufacturer formed in 1995 by the merger of Lockheed Corporation with Martin Marietta. ... USN redirects here. ... University of Oklahoma, abbreviated OU, is a coeducational public research university located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. ... FAA redirects here. ... The phrase research and development (also R and D or, more often, R&D), according to the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, refers to creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use... Technology transfer is the process of developing practical applications for the results of scientific research. ...

Optics

Within the visible or infrared spectrum of electromagnetic waves it is also possible to construct optical phased arrays. They are used in wavelength multiplexers and filters for telecommunication purposes^[8], laser beam steering, and holography. Phased array optics (PAO) is the technology of controlling the phase of light waves transmitting or reflecting from a two-dimensional surface by means of adjustable surface elements. ...

Mathematical perspective and formulae

A phased array is an example of N-slit diffraction. It may also be viewed as the coherent addition of N line sources. Since each individual antenna acts as a slit, emitting radio waves, their diffraction pattern can be calculated by adding the phase shift φ to the fringing term. The intensity pattern formed on a screen by diffraction from a square aperture Diffraction refers to various phenomena associated with wave propagation, such as the bending, spreading and interference of waves passing by an object or aperture that disrupts the wave. ... North-South Expressway in Malaysia; a roadway can be considered as a line source of air and noise pollution and need not be a straight line. ...

We will begin from the N-slit diffraction pattern derived on the diffraction page. The intensity pattern formed on a screen by diffraction from a square aperture Diffraction refers to various phenomena associated with wave propagation, such as the bending, spreading and interference of waves passing by an object or aperture that disrupts the wave. ...

Now, adding a φ term to the fringe effect in the second term yields:

Taking the square of the wave function gives us the intensity of the wave.

Now space the emitters a distance apart. This distance is chosen for simplicity of calculation but can be adjusted as any scalar fraction of the wavelength.

Sin achieves its maximum at so we set the numerator of the second term = 1.

Thus as N gets large, the term will be dominated by the term. As sin can oscillate between −1 and 1, we can see that setting will send the maximum energy on an angle given by

Additionally, we can see that if we wish to adjust the angle at which the maximum energy is emitted, we need only to adjust the phase shift φ between successive antennas. Indeed the phase shift corresponds to the negative angle of maximum signal.

A similar calculation will show that the denominator is minimized by the same factor.

Different types of phased arrays

There are two main different types of phased arrays, also called beamformers. There are time domain beamformers and frequency domain beamformers. Time-domain is a term used to describe the analysis of mathematical functions, or real-life signals, with respect to time. ... Frequency domain is a term used to describe the analysis of mathematical functions with respect to frequency. ...

A time domain beamformer works, as the name says, by doing time-based operations. The basic operation is called "delay and sum". It delays the incoming signal from each array element by a certain amount of time, and then adds them together. Sometimes a multiplication with a window across the array is done to increase the mainlobe/sidelobe ratio, and to insert zeroes in the characteristic.

There are two different types of frequency domain beamformers. The first type separates the different frequency components that are present in the received signal into different frequency bins (using either an FFT or a filterbank). When different delay and sum beamformers are applied to each frequency bin, it is possible to point the main lobe to different directions for different frequencies. This can be an advantage for communication links. FFT may be: Fast Fourier transform Finite Fourier transform, another name for the discrete Fourier transform US Navy hull classification symbol for Reserve Training Frigates Final Fantasy Tactics, a video game. ... A filter bank is an array of band-pass filters that separates the input signal into several components, each one carrying a single frequency subband of the original signal. ...

The other type of frequency domain beamformers makes use of so called Spatial Frequency. This means that an FFT is taken across the different array elements, not in time. The output of the N point FFT are N channels, which are evenly divided in space. This approach makes a simple implementation of several beamformers at the same time possible, but this approach is not flexible, because the different directions are fixed.

See also

• Active Phased Array Radar
• Aperture synthesis
• Beamforming
• Synthetic aperture radar
• Synthetic aperture sonar
• Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR)
• Side-scan sonar
• Smart antenna
• Active Electronically Scanned Array
• Phased array optics
• Phased array ultrasonics
• Radar MASINT
• Thinned array curse
• NIIP and NIIR, Russian developers of phased arrays

APAR AESA An Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA), also known as active phased array radar is a revolutionary type of radar whose transmitter and receiver functions are composed of numerous small transmit/receive (T/R) modules that each scan a small fixed area, negating the need for a moving antenna. ... Aperture synthesis is a type of interferometry that mixes signals from a collection instruments to produce measurements having the same angular resolution as an instrument the size of the entire collection. ... Beamforming is a signal processing technique used with arrays of transmitting or receiving transducers that control the directionality of, or sensitivity to, a radiation pattern. ... The surface of Venus, as imaged by the Magellan probe using SAR Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a form of radar in which sophisticated post-processing of radar data is used to produce a very narrow effective beam. ... Synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) is a form of sonar in which sophisticated post-processing of sonar data are used in ways closely analogous to synthetic aperture radar. ... This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. ... Diagram of sidescan sonar Side scan sonar (also sometimes called side-scan sonar, sidescan sonar, side looking sonar and side-looking sonar) is a category of sonar system that is used to efficiently create an image of large areas of the sea floor. ... Smart Antenna refers to a system of antenna arrays with smart signal processing algorithms that are used to identify the direction of arrival (DOA) of the signal, and use it to calculate beamforming vectors, to track and locate the antenna beam on the mobile/target. ... APAR AESA An Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA), also known as active phased array radar is a revolutionary type of radar whose transmitter and receiver functions are composed of numerous small transmit/receive (T/R) modules. ... Phased array optics (PAO) is the technology of controlling the phase of light waves transmitting or reflecting from a two-dimensional surface by means of adjustable surface elements. ... View of a fetus in the womb, created by a phased array instrument Principle of operation of phased array (PA). ... The thinned array curse (sometimes, sparse array curse) is a theorem in electromagnetic theory of transmitters. ... JSC V.V. Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design (Russian: , Russian: , NIIP) - joint stock company, one of the major russian enterprises in the fields of developing the aircraft weaponry control systems for fighter planes and mobile medium range anti-aircraft SAM defence vehicles. ... Phazotron or NIIR, is Russias largest developer of military radars and avionics. ...

References

MIL-STD-188 is a series of U.S. military standards relating to telecommunications. ... Federal Standard 1037C, entitled Telecommunications: Glossary of Telecommunication Terms is a United States Federal Standard, issued by the General Services Administration pursuant to the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949, as amended. ... is the 117th day of the year (118th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Janes Information Group (often referred to as Janes) was founded by John F.T. Jane in 1898. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 222nd day of the year (223rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is a scientific agency of the United States Department of Commerce focused on the conditions of the oceans and the atmosphere. ... is the 96th day of the year (97th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• Radar Research and Development - Phased Array Radar - National Severe Storms Laboratory experimental phased array radar, using a former US Navy SPY-1A antenna.
• Shipboard Phased Array Radars

• [1] NASA Report: MMICs For Multiple Scanning Beam Antennas for Space Applications.

Kyocera America, Inc. TR Modules for Phased Array Radars The National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) is a weather research laboratory based in Norman, Oklahoma. ...