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Encyclopedia > Philiki Etaireia

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The Filiki Eteria (spelt also Philikí Etaireía, Greek alphabet: Φιλική Εταιρεία), meaning Friendly Society in Greek, was a secret organisation working in the early 19th century, whose purpose was to overthrow Ottoman rule over Greece and to establish an independent Greek state. The Greek alphabet is an alphabet that has been used to write the Greek language since about the 9th century BCE. It was the first alphabet in the narrow sense, that is, a writing system using a separate symbol for each vowel and consonant alike. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Ottoman (disambiguation). ...


Etairia members were mainly young Phanariot Greeks from Russia and local chieftains from Greece. The Eteria received political and material support from Tsar Alexander I, who had an interest in extending Russian influence in the Balkans. An image of the extravagance attributed to Phanariotes in Wallachia: Nicholas Mavrogenes riding through Bucharest in a deer-drawn carriage (late 1780s) Phanariotes, Phanariots, or Phanariote Greeks (Greek: Φαναριώτες, Romanian: Fanarioţi) were members of those prominent Greek families residing in Phanar[1] (Φανάρι, modern Fener),[2] the chief Greek quarter of... Aleksandr I Pavlovich (Russian: Александр I Павлович) (December 23, 1777–December 1, 1825?), was Emperor of Russia from 23 March 1801-1 December 1825 and Ruler of Poland from 1815–1825, as well as the first Grand Duke of Finland. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...


One of the leaders of the Eteria was Alexander Ypsilantis. Alexander Ypsilantis, Ypsilanti, or Alexandros Ypsilantis, (Greek: Αλέξανδρος Υψηλάντης; Romanian: Alexandru Ipsilanti) (1792—1828) was a Phanariot Greek military commander and national hero. ...


The beginnings

In the context of ardent desire for independence from Turkish occupation and with the explicit influence of secret societies from Europe, three Greeks met one another in 1814 in Odessa and decided the constitution of a secret organisation which would prepare the revolution of all Greeks. These men were 42-year-old Nikolaos Skoufas from Arta province, 42-year-old Emmanuel Ksanthos from Patmos and 26-year-old Athanasios Tsakalov from Epirus. Skoufas had already particular contacts with Konstantinos Rados who was initiated into Carbonarism. Ksanthos was initianted in a Free-Masonic Lodge of Lefkada (Society of Free Builders, of St. Mavra), while Tsakalov was a founding member of the "Greek-speaking Hotel", (Ελληνόγλωσσο Ξενοδοχείο or Ellinoglosso Xenodokheio) a former but not successful society for the liberation of Greece. Year 1814 (MDCCCXIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... ODESSA (German: Organisation der ehemaligen SS-Angehörigen, Organization of Former SS Members) is the name commonly given to an international Nazi network alleged to have been set up towards the end of World War II by a group of SS officers. ... Nikolaos Skoufas (Νικόλαο Σκουφά) (1779-31. ... Arta (Greek: Άρτα, Albanian: Artë)is one of the fifty-one prefectures of Greece. ... Skala viewed from the Monastery of Agios Ioannis Theologos, one of the UN World Heritage Sites. ... Epirus, spanning Greece and Albania. ... The Carbonari (coal-burners) were groups of secret revolutionary societies founded in early 19th century Italy, and instrumental in organising revolution in Italy in 1820, 1830–1831 and 1848. ... “Freemasons” redirects here. ...

Fighting in Bucharest

The growth of the Friendly Society is impressive. At the beginning during the 1814-1816 period, there were roughly twenty members. During 1817, the Society developed mainly between the Greeks of Russia and of Moldowallachia (Moldavia and Wallachia), but once again its membership does not exceed thirty. They started doing massive initiations in 1818. In 1820 the Society expanded in almost all regions of Greece and most Greek communities abroad. By the first months of 1821, the membership numbered around one thousand and the Society had exceeded her own limits. Among her members there were tradesmen, clergy, executives of the Ottoman Empire from Fanari, chieftains like Theodoros Kolokotronis, Odysseas Androutsos, Dimitris Plapoutas, the metropolite of Old Patras Germanos and more. Image File history File links Eteria_Bucharest_1821. ... Image File history File links Eteria_Bucharest_1821. ... Year 1814 (MDCCCXIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... 1816 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1817 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... For other uses of Moldavia or Moldova, see Moldova (disambiguation). ... Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ... 1818 (MDCCCXVIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar. ... 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1821 (MDCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... For other uses, see Ottoman (disambiguation). ... An image of the extravagance attributed to Phanariotes in Wallachia: Nicholas Mavrogenes riding through Bucharest in a deer-drawn carriage (late 1780s) Phanariotes, Phanariots, or Phanariote Greeks (Greek: Φαναριώτες, Romanian: Fanarioţi) were members of those prominent Greek families residing in Phanar[1] (Φανάρι, modern Fener),[2] the chief Greek quarter of... Monument of Theodoros Kolokotronis in Athens. ... Dimitris Koliopoulos Plapoutas was a Greek General who fought during the Greek War of Independence against the rule of the Ottoman Empire. ...


The organizational structure

The whole structure of the Philiki Etaireia was imitating the organisational models of Carbonarism and Freemasonry. The leading team was called the "Invisible Authority" and was surrounded from the first moment with such secret glamour that everybody believed that a lot of important personalities participated, not only Greeks but also foreigners like Russian czar Alexander I. The reality was that during the start, the Invisible Authority was only the three founders. Then, from 1815 until 1818, five more were added and after Skoufas' death three more were added. In 1818 the Invisible Authority was renamed to "Authority of Twelve Apostles" and each Apostle shouldered the responsibility of a big region. The Carbonari (coal-burners) were groups of secret revolutionary societies founded in early 19th century Italy, and instrumental in organising revolution in Italy in 1820, 1830–1831 and 1848. ... “Freemasons” redirects here. ... Aleksandr I Pavlovich (Russian: Александр I Павлович) (December 23, 1777–December 1, 1825?), was Emperor of Russia from 23 March 1801-1 December 1825 and Ruler of Poland from 1815–1825, as well as the first Grand Duke of Finland. ... April 5-12: Mount Tambora explodes, changing climate. ... 1818 (MDCCCXVIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar. ...


The whole structure was pyramid-like in form and in the top dominated the "Invisible Authority". No one knew it or had the right to ask who created it. Her commands were executed unquestioned, and members did not have the right to make decisions. The society was called «Temple» and it had four levels of initiation: a) brothers or vlamides, b) the recommended, γ) the priests and d) the shepherds. The Priests were charged with the duty of initiation in the first two levels. When the Priest approached somebody, it was first to make sure of his patriotism and catechize him in the aims of society; the last stage was to put him under oath. For other uses, see Initiation (disambiguation). ...


Afterwards the initiated were considered neophyte members of the society, with all the rights and obligations of his rank. The Priest immediately had the obligation to reveal all the marks of recognition between the Vlamides or Brothers. Vlamides and Recommended were unaware of the revolutionary aims of the organisation. They only knew that there existed a society that tried hard for the general good of the nation, which included in its ranks important personalities. This myth was propagated deliberately, in order to stimulate the morale of members and also to make proselytism easier.


The course of the revolt

In 1818, the seat of Philiki Etaireia had migrated from Odessa to Constantinople, and Skoufas' death had been a serious loss. The rest of the founders attempted to find a major personality to undertake the reins, one who would give prestige and fresh impetus to the Society. In the beginning of 1818, they had a meeting with John Capodistria, who not only refused, but later wrote that he considered Philiki Etaireia guilty for the havoc that was foreboded in Greece. Finally, after many contacts, in April 1820 Alexander Ypsilantis assumed the leadership of Philiki Etaireia, and began active preparations for a revolt. The Filikoi especially wanted to take advantage of the involvement of significant Turkish forces, including the pasha of the Moreas, against Ali Pasha. Istanbul (Turkish: , Greek: , historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see other names) is Turkeys most populous city, and its cultural and financial center. ... Ioannis Kapodistrias (1776-1831). ... 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Alexander Ypsilantis, Ypsilanti, or Alexandros Ypsilantis, (Greek: Αλέξανδρος Υψηλάντης; Romanian: Alexandru Ipsilanti) (1792—1828) was a Phanariot Greek military commander and national hero. ... Combatants Greek revolutionaries United Kingdom France Russian Empire  Ottoman Empire Egyptian Khedivate Commanders Theodoros Kolokotronis Alexander Ypsilanti Georgios Karaiskakis Omer Vryonis Mahmud Dramali Pasha ReÅŸid Mehmed Pasha Ibrahim Pasha. ... Engraving of Ali Pasha Ali Pashë Tepelena, commonly known as Ali Pasha, (1741 – January 24, 1822) was the military ruler (pasha) of a large area of the Ottoman Empires European territories. ...


Recommended Reading

  • Vournas Tasos, Friendly Society: her illegal organisational and persecution by the foreigners, Tolides Bros, (Athens 1982).
  • Metropolite of Old Patrases Germanos, Memoirs, (Introdutory note, index, ref. Ioanna Yiannaropoulos – Tassos Gritsopoulos), (Athens 1975).
  • Yiannis Kordatos, Rigas Feraios and Balkan Federation, (Athens, 1974)
  • Xanthos Em., Memoirs for the Friendly Society, (facsimile reprint of 1834 ed), Vergina, (Athens 1996)

The original version of this article was based οn the relevant article of Βικιπαίδεια, the Greek Wikipedia published under the GFDL. (contributors) “GFDL” redirects here. ...


  Results from FactBites:
 
Filiki Eteria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (818 words)
The whole structure of the Philiki Etaireia was imitating the organisational models of Carbonarism and Freemasonry.
In 1818, the seat of Philiki Etaireia had migrated from Odessa to Constantinople, and Skoufas' death had been a serious loss.
In the beginning of 1818, they had a meeting with John Capodistria, who not only refused, but later wrote that he considered Philiki Etaireia guilty for the havoc that was foreboded in Greece.
[1821-1833] (387 words)
Until 1818, the year in which the three founders settled in Constantinople, the Philiki Etaireia was an organization with few members and complex initiation procedures, conspiratorial rules and numerous secret symbols.
Furthermore, in the period 1818-1820, the Philiki Etaireia changed its organization, with new members and the specification of a plan for the outbreak of the Revolution.
The objective of the Philiki Etaireia was to approach local agents with social, political or economic standing.
  More results at FactBites »


 

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