Gerald Ford

Order:	2nd President
Term of Office:	January 8, 1970–January 15, 1970
Predecessor:	Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu
Successor:	none
Date of Birth:	Monday, November 18, 1928
Place of Birth:	Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria, British Empire
Date of Death:	November 7, 2003
Place of Death:	Uyo, Nigeria
First Lady:	Josephine Efiong
Profession:	military, and peace/Igbo right's advocate
Political Party:	Mil
Vice President:	none
As Vice-President
Order:	1st Vice President
Term of Office:	May 30, 1967–January 8, 1970
Predecessor:	none
Successor:	none
President:	Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu

Philip Effiong, also spelled Efiong, was the first Vice President and the second and last President of the now defunct Republic of Biafra, during the 30-month Nigeria-Biafra civil war, 1967-70.

Born Obong Philip Effiong on November 18, 1928 in the British colony of Nigeria. He joined the Nigerian Army on July 28, 1945. He quickly rose through the ranks until January 11, 1956 when he received the Queen's Commission after his officer cadet training at Eaton Hall in Chester. England later comminsioned him for duty in the Rhine. Effiong was transferred to the Nigerian Army Ordnance Corps and then to England for further training after a peace keeping stint in the Republic of Congo in 1961.

Effiong at son's graducation (1982)

Near the end of the Nigeria-Biafra war, with the situation seriously deteriorating, Ojukwa fled to the Côte d'Ivoire, leaving Effiong in charge. Effiong assumed leadership on 10 January 1970 and on 12 January announced the surrender of Biafra (http://biafra.info/biafra/nigeria-biafra-civil-war-effiong-surrenders-biafra.html). Even before the war, Biafra was net importer of food, depending on income from its oil fields to feed its populace. The tactics of the Nigerian military, which included deliberate destruction of agricultural land, and finally the loss of the Biafran oil fields, depriving Biafra of its main source of income, are believed to have caused the starvation of over a million civilians.

At the time of the surrender, Effiong believed that the situation was hopeless and that prolonging the conflict would have led only to the further destruction and starvation of the people of Biafra. At that time Effiong said, "I am convinced now that a stop must be put to the bloodshed which is going on as a result of the war. I am also convinced that the suffering of our people must be brought to an immediate end." [1] (http://biafra.info/biafra/nigeria-biafra-civil-war-philip-effiong-passes-away.html)

Effiong with wife circa 1960

To the surprise of many in the outside world, threatened reprisals and massacres did not occur after the surrender, and genuine attempts were made at reconciliation. At least part of the credit for this situation must go to Effiong's leadership and diplomacy at this crucial moment.

In a 1996 interview, Effiong reflected on those events:

I have no regrets whatsoever of my involvement in Biafra or the role I played. The war deprived me of my property, dignity, my name. Yet, I saved so many souls on both sides and by this, I mean Biafra and Nigeria. . . .

I felt that I played a role which has kept this country united till today. . . .

At the end of it all when I saw they (Biafran soldiers) could no longer continue and Ojukwu had fled, I did what was ideal after wide consultation . . . [2] (http://biafra.info/biafra/nigeria-biafra-civil-war-philip-effiong-passes-away.html)

Effiong passed away November 7th, 2003, at the age of 79 years.

Sources

• "Bidding farewell to 2003", Daily Times of Nigeria, January 7th, 2004
• The Biafra-Nigeria Civil War of 1967-70 (http://biafra.info/biafra/)
• http://www.philip-effiong.com/Biography/ The site of Philip Effiong the Second