1933 Portrait of Philip Johnson by Carl Van Vechten

Philip Cortelyou Johnson (July 8, 1906 – January 25, 2005) was an influential American architect. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (824x1024, 61 KB) Date:1933 Jan. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (824x1024, 61 KB) Date:1933 Jan. ... Photographic self-portrait by Carl Van Vechten, 1934 Carl Van Vechten (June 17, 1880 – December 21, 1964) was an American writer and photographer who was a patron of the Harlem Renaissance and the literary executor of Gertrude Stein. ... July 8 is the 189th day of the year (190th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 176 days remaining. ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... January 25 is the 25th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Architect at his drawing board, 1893 An architect is a person involved in the planning, designing and oversight of a buildings construction. ...

With his thick, round-framed glasses, Johnson was the most recognizable figure in American architecture for decades. Part icon, part oracle, part stand-up comic, Johnson was a reliable source of wit and provocation.

The founder of the Department of Architecture and Design at the Museum of Modern Art (New York) in 1946, and later a trustee, he was awarded an American Institute of Architects Gold Medal in 1978 and the first Pritzker Architecture Prize in 1979. He was a student at the Harvard Graduate School of Design. View across garden, in new MoMA building by Yoshio Taniguchi. ... 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... The American Institute of Architects (AIA) is the professional organization for architects in the United States. ... 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... The Pritzker Architecture Prize is awarded annually by the Hyatt Foundation to honor a living architect. ... This page refers to the year 1979. ... The Harvard Graduate School of Design (GSD) is a graduate school at Harvard University offering degrees in Architecture, Landscape Architecture, and Urban Planning and Design. ...

When Johnson died in January 2005, he was survived by his long time partner, David Whitney. Whitney died only a few months later, on June 12, 2005, at the age of 66. January is the first month of the year and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Early life

Johnson was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He attended the Hackley School, in Tarrytown, New York, and then studied at Harvard as an undergraduate, where he focused on history and philosophy, particularly the work of the Pre-Socratic philosophers. Johnson interrupted his education with several extended trips to Europe. These trips became the pivotal moment of his education; he visited Chartres, the Parthenon, and many other ancient monuments, becoming increasingly fascinated with architecture. [1] Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Official language(s) None Capital Columbus Largest city Columbus Largest metro area Cleveland Area  Ranked 34th  - Total 44,825 sq mi (116,096 km²)  - Width 220 miles (355 km)  - Length 220 miles (355 km)  - % water 8. ... Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, and a member of the Ivy League. ...

Then in 1928 Johnson met the Bauhaus architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who was at the time designing the German Pavilion for the Barcelona exhibition of 1929. The meeting was a revelation for Johnson and formed the basis for a lifelong relationship of both collaboration and competition. The pupil had finally found the master.

Johnson returned from Germany as a proselytizer for the new architecture. Touring Europe more comprehensively with his friends Alfred H Barr Jr and Henry-Russell Hitchcock to examine firsthand recent trends in architecture, the three assembled their discoveries as the landmark show "The International Style: Architecture Since 1922" at the Museum of Modern Art, 1932. The show was profoundly influential and is seen as the introduction of modern architecture to the American public. It introduced such pivotal architects as Le Corbusier, Gropius, and Mies van der Rohe. The exhibition was also notable for a controversy: architect Frank Lloyd Wright withdrew his entries in pique that he was not more prominently featured. Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, widely known as Le Corbusier (October 6, 1887–August 27, 1965), was a Swiss architect famous for his contributions to what is now called modernism, or the International Style. ... Walter Adolph Georg Gropius (May 18, 1883 – July 5, 1969) was a German architect and founder of Bauhaus. ... Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (born Maria Ludwig Michael Mies) (March 27, 1886 - August 17, 1969) was an architect and designer. ... Frank Lloyd Wright (June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959), Master of the Organic Architecture, was one of the most prominent and influential architects of the first half of the 20th century. ...

As critic Pater Blake has stated, the importance of this show in shaping American architecture in the century "cannot be overstated." In the book accompanying the show, coauthored with Hitchcock, argued that the new modern style maintained three formal principles: 1. an emphasis on architectural volume over mass (planes rather than solidity) 2. a rejection of symmetry and 3. rejection of applied decoration. The definition of the movement as a "style" with distinct formal characteristics has been seen by some critics as downplaying the social and political bent that many of the European practitioners shared.

Johnson continued to work as a proponent of modern architecture, using the Museum of Modern Art as a bully pulpit. He arranged for Le Corbusier's first visit to the United States in 1935, then worked to bring Mies and Marcel Breuer to the US as emigres.

During the Great Depression, Johnson resigned his post at MoMA to try his hand at agrarian populist politics, and to try his hand at journalism. His enthusiasm centered on the critique of the liberal welfare state, whose "failure" seemed to be much in evidence during the 1930's. As a correspondent Johnson observed the Nuremberg Rallies in Germany, he covered the invasion of Poland in 1939. The invasion proved the breaking point in Johnson's interest in journalism or politics -- he returned to enlist in the US Army. After a couple of self-admittedly undistinguished years in uniform, Johnson returned to the Harvard Graduate School of Design to finally pursue his ultimate career of architect.

Architectural style

His greatest influence as an architect was his use of glass; his masterpiece was a "Glass House" he designed as his own residence in New Canaan, Connecticut, a profoundly influential work (1949). The concept of a Glass House set in a landscape with views as its real “walls” had been developed by many authors in the German Glasarchitektur drawings of the 1920’s, and already sketched in initial form by Johnon's mentor Mies. The building is an essay in minimal structure, geometry, proportion, and the effects of transparency and reflection.

After completing several houses in the idiom of Mies and Breuer, Johnson joined Mies in the design of the 39 story Seagram Building (1956). This collaboration resulted in the remarkable bronze and glass tower on Park Avenue, whose strength of proportion, elegance of material, and constructional rigor led the New York Times to judge it the most important building of the twentieth century.

Completing the Seagram Building with Mies also decisively marked marked a shift in Johnson's career. After this accomplishment Johnson's practice enlarged as projects came in from the public realm -- such as coordinating the master plan of Lincoln Center and designing the New York State Theater of that complex.

Later Buildings

Although startling when constructed, the glass and steel tower (indeed many idioms of the modern movement) had by the 1960's become commonplace the world over. He eventually rejected much of the metallic appearance of earlier International Style buildings, and began designing spectacular, crystalline structures uniformly sheathed in glass. Many of these became instant icons, such as PPG Place in Pittsburgh and the Crystal Cathedral in Garden Grove, California. PPG Place is one of the major distinctive and recognizable features of the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania skyline. ... Nickname: Steel City, Iron City, City of Champions, City of Bridges, City of Colleges Location in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania Coordinates: Country United States State Pennsylvania County Allegheny County Founded 1758 Mayor Luke Ravenstahl (D) Area    - City 151. ... Crystal Cathedral The Crystal Cathedral campus is a Christian megachurch in the city of Garden Grove, within Orange County in Southern California. ... Country United States State California County Orange Mayor William Dalton Area    - City 46. ...

A model of the Glass House on display at MOMA in NYC

Chapel on Thanks-Giving Square in Dallas

Puerta de Europa in Madrid

The New York State Theater at Lincoln Center, seen from the Lincoln Center Plaza.

Williams Tower in Houston

IDS Center in Minneapolis, one of Johnson's most instantly recognizable works.

Comerica Tower in Detroit

Johnson's architectural work is a balancing act between two dominant trends in post-war American art: the more "serious" movement of Minimalism, and the more populist movement of Pop art. His best work has aspects of both movements. Johnson's personal collections reflected this dichotomy, as he introduced artists such as Rothko to the Museum of Modern Art as well as Warhol. Straddling between these two camps, his work was seen by purists of either side as always too contaminated or influenced by the other. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 451 KB) Summary A model of the Glass House by architect Philip Johnson in display at the MOMA in NYC Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 451 KB) Summary A model of the Glass House by architect Philip Johnson in display at the MOMA in NYC Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under... The Glass house or Johnson house, built in 1949 in New Canaan, Connecticut was an important project for architect Phillip Johnson, and for modern architecture. ... General Electric GE90-115B fanblade, on display at MOMA. The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan in New York City. ... New York, New York redirects here. ... Download high resolution version (451x650, 35 KB)Thanks-Giving Square chapel in Dallas, Texas. ... Download high resolution version (451x650, 35 KB)Thanks-Giving Square chapel in Dallas, Texas. ... The exterior of the Chapel of Thanksgiving The interior of the Chapel of Thanksgiving The Golden Rule mosaic The Bell Tower and the Ring of Thanks Circle of Giving Thanks-Giving Square is an open area in downtown Dallas, Texas that is dedicated to promoting the concept of giving thanks... · · Nickname: Big D Location in the state of Texas Country United States State Texas Counties Dallas, Collin, Denton, Kaufman, and Rockwall Mayor Laura Miller Area    - City 997. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1200x900, 349 KB) spain Source: Csörföly D File links The following pages link to this file: Puerta de Europa ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1200x900, 349 KB) spain Source: Csörföly D File links The following pages link to this file: Puerta de Europa ... The Puerta de Europa twin towers are probably the best known modern buildings of Madrid. ... Location Location of Madrid in Europe Coordinates : 40° 23’N , 3°43′0″W Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Villa de Madrid (Spanish) Spanish name Villa de Madrid Founded 9th century Postal code 28001-28080 Area code 34 (Spain) + 91 (Villa de... Image File history File linksMetadata New_York_City_Opera. ... Image File history File linksMetadata New_York_City_Opera. ... , The New York State Theater at Lincoln Center, seen from the Lincoln Center Plaza. ... The Metropolitan Opera House at Lincoln Center. ... Image File history File links Williams_Tower_Moon. ... Image File history File links Williams_Tower_Moon. ... Williams Tower at dusk The Williams Tower, (formerly the Transco Tower), is a skyscraper located in the Uptown District of Houston. ... Houston redirects here. ... Image:IDS reflecting Wells Fargo. ... Image:IDS reflecting Wells Fargo. ... Opened in 1974, the IDS Center (or IDS Tower) is the tallest building in Minneapolis, Minnesota at 792 feet (241. ... This article is about the city in Minnesota. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1080x1644, 215 KB)Comerica Tower lies adjacent to the Guardian Building, and is not far from the Renaissance Center. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1080x1644, 215 KB)Comerica Tower lies adjacent to the Guardian Building, and is not far from the Renaissance Center. ... Comerica Tower Comerica Tower, formerly known as One Detroit Center, is a skyscraper in downtown Detroit, Michigan. ... Motto: Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus (We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes - this motto was adopted after the disastrous 1805 fire that devastated the city) Nickname: The Motor City and Motown Location in Wayne County, Michigan Founded Incorporated July 24, 1701 1815  County Wayne County Mayor...

From 1967 to 1991 Johnson collaborated with John Burgee, his most productive period certainly by the measure of scale -- he became known at this time as builder of iconic office towers. John Burgee is an American architect important in post-modern architecture. ...

The AT&T Building in Manhattan, now the Sony Building, was completed in 1984 and was immediately controversial for its neo-Georgian pediment (Chippendale top). At the time, it was seen as provocation on a grand scale: crowning a Manhattan skyscraper with a shape echoing a historical wardobe top defied every precept of the modernist aesthetic: historical pattern had been effectively outlawed among architects for years. In retrospect other critics have seen the AT&T Building as the first Postmodernist statement, necessary in the context of modernism's aesthetic cul-de-sac. The AT&T Building, now the Sony Building, is a 37-story highrise in Manhattan, on Madison Avenue between 55th and 56th streets. ... Chippendale may refer to: Thomas Chippendale, or his furniture Chippendales dancers, a chain of clubs and troupe of performers Chippendale, New South Wales [edit] See also Chip n Dale Category: ... This article focuses on the cultural movement labeled modernism or the modern movement. See also: Modernism (Roman Catholicism) or Modernist Christianity; Modernismo for specific art movement(s) in Spain and Catalonia. ... Postmodernism (sometimes abbreviated pomo) is a term applied to a wide-ranging set of developments in critical theory, philosophy, architecture, art, literature, and culture, which are generally characterized as either emerging from, in reaction to, or superseding, modernism. ...

Johnson's archive, including architectural drawings, project records, and other papers, is held by the Drawings and Archives Department of Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library at Columbia University. The Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library is part of Columbia Universitys library system. ... Columbia University is a private university whose main campus lies in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of the Borough of Manhattan in New York City. ...

Johnson's notable works include:

• The Chapel of St. Basil University of St. Thomas (Houston).
• John de Menil House, Houston (1950)
• The Seagram Building, in collaboration with Mies van der Rohe, New York 1956.
• Four Seasons Restaurant, New York City (1959),
• Amon Carter Museum in Fort Worth, Texas (1961, expansion in 2001)
• New York State Theater (home of the New York City Opera and New York City Ballet) at Lincoln Center (with Richard Foster; 1964),
• the Kreeger Museum in Washington D.C. (with Richard Foster; 1967),
• Elmer Holmes Bobst Library of New York University (1967-1972)
• the IDS Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota (1972)
• South Texas Art Museum in Corpus Christi, Texas (1972)
• Boston Public Library (1973)
• Fort Worth Water Gardens (1974)
• Thanks-Giving Square in Dallas, Texas (1976)
• Evangelist Robert Schuller's Crystal Cathedral in Garden Grove, California (1980)
• Metro-Dade Cultural Center in Miami, Florida, 1982
• The Republic Bank Center in Houston, Texas (1981-1984) now rebranded Bank of America Center
• The Transco Tower, now rebranded Williams Tower, Houston, (1983)
• the Cleveland Playhouse in Cleveland, Ohio (extension) (1983)
• PPG Place in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (1984)
• Comerica Tower in Detroit, Michigan (1993)
• Puerta de Europa, Madrid, Spain (1991-1995) John Burgee Architects, Philip Johnson Consultant
• the Neuberger Museum of Art at SUNY Purchase College,
• the main campus mall at the University of Saint Thomas in Houston, Texas
• the Museum of Art at Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute in Utica, New York.
• 190 South LaSalle in Chicago John Burgee Architects, Philip Johnson Consultant
• 191 Peachtree Tower, Atlanta, Georgia John Burgee Architects, Philip Johnson Consultant
• One Atlantic Center (formerly called the IBM Tower). Atlanta, Georgia John Burgee Architects, Philip Johnson Consultant
• 101 California Street, San Francisco

The University of St. ... The Seagram Building The Seagram Building is a skyscraper in New York City. ... Nickname: Big Apple, City that never Sleeps Location in the state of New York Coordinates: Country United States State New York Boroughs Bronx (The Bronx) New York (Manhattan) Queens (Queens) Kings (Brooklyn) Richmond (Staten Island) Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Area    - City 1,214. ... The Amon Carter Museum is located in Fort Worth, Texas. ... Nickname: Cowtown Motto: Where the West Begins Location in the state of Texas Coordinates: Country United States State Texas Counties Tarrant and Denton Mayor Michael J. Moncrief Area    - City 774. ... , The New York State Theater at Lincoln Center, seen from the Lincoln Center Plaza. ... The New York City Opera (NYCO) is New York Citys second opera company (after the Metropolitan Opera). ... Logo of the New York City Ballet The New York City Ballet is a ballet company founded in 1948 by choreographer George Balanchine and Lincoln Kirstein originally known as the American Ballet. ... The Metropolitan Opera House at Lincoln Center. ... The Kreeger Museum is a private museum located in Washington D.C. at the former home of David and Carmen Kreeger, and first opened in 1994. ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United... The Elmer Holmes Bobst Library, built between 1967 and 1972, is the largest library at New York University and one of the largest academic libraries in the United States. ... New York University (NYU) is a major research university in New York City. ... Opened in 1974, the IDS Center (or IDS Tower) is the tallest building in Minneapolis, Minnesota at 792 feet (241. ... Nickname: City of Lakes Motto: En Avant Location in Hennepin County and the state of Minnesota. ... Nickname: Sparkling City by the Sea Location in the state of Texas Counties Nueces County Mayor Henry Garrett Area    - City 1,192. ... The Boston Public Librarys McKim building The Boston Public Library was established in 1848. ... Fort Worth Water Gardens, built in 1974, is located on the south end of downtown Fort Worth between Houston and Commerce Streets next to the Fort Worth Convention Center. ... The exterior of the Chapel of Thanksgiving The interior of the Chapel of Thanksgiving The Golden Rule mosaic The Bell Tower and the Ring of Thanks Circle of Giving Thanks-Giving Square is an open area in downtown Dallas, Texas that is dedicated to promoting the concept of giving thanks... · · Nickname: Big D Location in the state of Texas Country United States State Texas Counties Dallas, Collin, Denton, Kaufman, and Rockwall Mayor Laura Miller Area    - City 997. ... Crystal Cathedral The Crystal Cathedral campus is a Christian megachurch in the city of Garden Grove, within Orange County in Southern California. ... Country United States State California County Orange Mayor William Dalton Area    - City 46. ... Nickname: The Magic City, Location in Miami-Dade County and the state of Florida. ... 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Nickname: Bayou City Location in the state of Texas Coordinates: Counties Harris County Fort Bend County Montgomery County Mayor Bill White Area    - City 1,558 km²  (601. ... Williams Tower at dusk The Williams Tower, (formerly the Transco Tower), is a skyscraper located in the Uptown District of Houston. ... Cleveland Play House is a theater complex in the Fairfax neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio. ... Nickname: The Forest City Motto: Progress and Prosperity Location in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, USA Coordinates: Country United States State Ohio County Cuyahoga Founded 1796 Incorporated 1836 Mayor Frank G. Jackson (D) Area    - City 82. ... PPG Place is one of the major distinctive and recognizable features of the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania skyline. ... Nickname: Steel City, Iron City, City of Champions, City of Bridges, City of Colleges Location in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania Coordinates: Country United States State Pennsylvania County Allegheny County Founded 1758 Mayor Luke Ravenstahl (D) Area    - City 151. ... Comerica Tower Comerica Tower, formerly known as One Detroit Center, is a skyscraper in downtown Detroit, Michigan. ... Nickname: Motor City, Motown Motto: Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus (Latin for, We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes) Location in Wayne County, Michigan Coordinates: Country United States State Michigan County Wayne County Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick Area    - City 370. ... The Puerta de Europa twin towers are probably the best known modern buildings of Madrid. ... Location Location of Madrid in Europe Coordinates : 40° 23’N , 3°43′0″W Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Villa de Madrid (Spanish) Spanish name Villa de Madrid Founded 9th century Postal code 28001-28080 Area code 34 (Spain) + 91 (Villa de... Roy R. Neuberger (born July 21, 1903) is an American financier who has contributed money to the cause of public awareness and publicity of modern art through acquisition of deserving pieces. ... The State University of New York (acronym SUNY; usually pronounced SOO-nee) is a system of public institutions of higher education in New York, United States. ... Purchase College, State University of New York Purchase College, also known as SUNY Purchase or State University of New York College at Purchase, is a public liberal, visual, and performing arts college in Purchase, New York, United States, a part of the State University of New York system. ... The Roman Catholic University of Saint Thomas was founded in Houston, Texas in 1947 by the Basilian Fathers. ... Nickname: Bayou City Location in the state of Texas Coordinates: Counties Harris County Fort Bend County Montgomery County Mayor Bill White Area    - City 1,558 km²  (601. ... Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute (MWPAI) is a regional fine arts center located in Utica, New York. ... Utica, New York is a city in the State of New York and the county seat of Oneida County. ... Nickname: The Windy City, The Second City, Chi Town Motto: Urbs In Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location in Chicagoland and Illinois Coordinates: Country United States State Illinois County Cook Incorporated March 4, 1837 Mayor Richard M. Daley (D) Area    - City 606. ... Nickname: Hotlanta, The Big Peach, The ATL, A-Town Location in Fulton County in the state of Georgia Coordinates: Country United States State Georgia Counties Fulton, Dekalb Mayor Shirley Franklin (D) Area    - City 343. ... Nickname: Hotlanta, The Big Peach, The ATL, A-Town Location in Fulton County in the state of Georgia Coordinates: Country United States State Georgia Counties Fulton, Dekalb Mayor Shirley Franklin (D) Area    - City 343. ... 101 California Street is an office building in San Francisco, California. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ...

Quotes

• "I would rather stay in Chartres Cathedral with the nearest john two blocks away, than spend a single night in a Harvard dorm."
• "Architecture is surely not the design of space, certainly not the massing or organization of volumes. These are ancillary to the main point, which is the organization of procession. Architecture exists in time."
• "The job of the architect today is to create beautiful buildings. That's all." 1965.
• On architects being known for long life spans: "Of course they live long -- they have a chance to act out all their aggressions."
• "To be in the presence of a great work of architecture is such a statisfaction that you can go hungry for days. To create a feeling such as mine in Chartres Cathedral when I was 13 is the aim of architecture."
• "Early unsuccessess shouldn't bother anybody because it happens to absolutely everybody."

Johnson wrote (Heyer, 1966):

The painters have every advantage over us today...Besides being able to tear up their failures—we never can seem to grow ivy fast enough—their materials cost them nothing. They have no committees of laymen telling them what to do. They have no deadlines, no budgets. We are all sickeningly familiar with the final cuts to our plans at the last moment. Why not take out the landscaping, the retaining walls, the colonnades? The building would be just as useful and much cheaper. True, an architect leads a hard life—for an artist.

...Comfort is not a function of beauty... purpose is not necessary to make a building beautiful...sooner or later we will fit our buildings so that they can be used...where form comes from I don't know, but it has nothing at all to do with the functional or sociological aspects of our architecture.

Landscaping refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an area of land, including but not limited to: living elements, such as flora or fauna; natural elements such as landforms, terrain shape and elevation, or bodies of water; human elements such as structures, buildings, fences or other material...

External links

• Academy of Achievement Profile
• Obituary
• Academy of Achievement Biography
• Academy of Achievement Interview
• Academy of Achievement Gallery

References

• Johnson is mentioned in the song Thru These Architect's Eyes on the album 1.outside by David Bowie.

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Philip Johnson

• "Extending the Legacy" Alexandra Lange article on the preservation of the Glass House, from the November 2006 issue of Metropolis magazine.
• Philip Johnson article at Great Buildings Online. Retrieved Sep. 27, 2003.
• Philip Johnson bio on the Pritzker Architecture Prize website. Retrieved Sep. 27, 2003.
• Philip Johnson on NewsHour (1996). Retrieved Sep. 27, 2003.
• Heyer, Paul, ed. (1966). Architects on Architecture: New Directions in America, p. 279. New York: Walker and Company.
• "Philip Johnson: Dean of American Architects," Academy of Achievement (Feb. 28, 1992). (Biography, interview, audio, and photographs.)