Map of Greece showing Philippi

Philippi (in Ancient Greek Φἱλιπποι/ Philippoi) was a city in eastern Macedonia, founded by Philip II in 356 BC and abandoned in the 14th century after the Ottoman conquest. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (493x639, 175 KB) Drawing by Marsyas. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (493x639, 175 KB) Drawing by Marsyas. ... Ancient Greek refers to the stage in the history of the Greek language corresponding to Classical Antiquity, which normally applies on two ancient periods of Greek history: Archaic and Classic Greece. ... Philip II of Macedon (382 BC–336 BC; Greek: ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΣ) was the King of Macedon from 359 BC until his death. ... Centuries: 5th century BC - 4th century BC - 3rd century BC Decades: 400s BC 390s BC 380s BC 370s BC 360s BC - 350s BC - 340s BC 330s BC 320s BC 310s BC 300s BC 361 BC 360 BC 359 BC 358 BC 357 BC 356 BC 355 BC 354 BC 353... This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right}. It is housed in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. As a means of recording the passage of time, the 14th century was that century which lasted from 1301 to... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (the Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Bursa (1335 - 1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Ä°stanbul (Constantinople) (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40...

Origins

Philippi was founded by the king of Macedon, Philip II, on the site of the Thasian colony of Crenides (Κρηνἱδες, "Fountains"), near the head of the Aegean Sea at the foot of Mt. Orbelos (the modern Mt. Lekani), about 8 miles north-west of Kavalla, on the northern border of the marsh that in Antiquity covered the entire plain separating it from the Pangaion hills to the south. Macedon (also sometimes known as Macedonia) was an ancient kingdom in the present-day territory of northern Greece, inhabited by Dorian Greeks. ... Thasos (Greek: ) or Thassos is the name of an island in the north of the Aegean Sea, off the coast of Thrace and the plain of the river Nestos (during the Ottoman times Kara-Su). ... Krinides or Crenides (Greek, Modern/Monotonic: Κρηνίδες, Ancient/Polytonic: Κρηνἱδες) is a town and an ancient site that includes the archaeological site of Philippi in the Kavala prefecture in eastern Macedonia. ... The Aegean Sea. ... Kavala (also seen as Kavála, Kavalla, Cavalla, and Cavalle), (2001 pop. ... The Pangaion Hills are a mountain range in Greece, approximately 40 km from Kavala. ...

The objective of founding the town was to take control of the neighbouring gold mines and to establish a garrison at a strategic passage: the site controlled the route between Amphipolis and Neapolis, part of the great royal route which crosses Macedonia from the east to the west and which was reconstructed later by the Roman Empire as the Via Egnatia. Philip II endowed the new city with important fortifications, which partially blocked the passage between the swamp and Mt. Orbelos, and sent colonists to occupy it. Philip also had the marsh partially drained, as is attested by the writer Theophrastus. Philippi preserved its autonomy within the kingdom of Macedon, and had its own political institutions (the Assembly of the demos). The discovery of new gold mines near the city, at Asyla, contributed to the wealth of the kingdom, and Philip established a mint there. The city was finally fully integrated into the kingdom under Philip V. General Name, Symbol, Number gold, Au, 79 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 6, d Appearance metallic yellow Atomic mass 196. ... Amphipolis (modern Greek: Amfipoli), was an ancient city of Macedonia, on the east bank of the river Strymon, where it emerges from Lake Cercinitis, about 3 m. ... Kavala (also seen as Kavála, Kavalla, Cavalla, and Cavalle (Greek: Καβάλα), (2001 pop. ... The Roman Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Ancient Roman polity in the centuries following its reorganization under the leadership of Octavian (better known as Caesar Augustus), until its radical reformation in what was later to be known as the Byzantine Empire. ... Ancient Via Egnatia route Via Egnatia (Greek: Εγνατία Οδός) was a road constructed by the Romans around 146 BC. It was named after Gnaeus Egnatius, proconsul of Macedonia, who ordered its construction. ... Theophrastus, the successor of Aristotle in the Peripatetic school, a native of Eresus in Lesbos, was born c. ... The ecclesia or ekklesia was the principal assembly of the democracy of ancient Athens. ... In political science, the demos (Greek: people) is the common populace of a state. ... Coin of Philip V of Macedon (r. ...

The city remained despite its modest size of perhaps 2000 people. When the Romans destroyed the Antigonid dynasty of Macedon in 167 BC and divided it into four separate states (merides), it was Amphipolis and not Philippi that became the capital of the eastern Macedonian state. The Antigonid dynasty was a dynasty of Macedonian kings descended from Alexander the Greats general Antigonus I Monophthalmus (the One-eyed). Antigonus himself ruled mostly over Asia Minor and northern Syria. ... Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC - 160s BC - 150s BC140s BC 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC Years: 172 BC 171 BC 170 BC 169 BC 168 BC - 167 BC - 166 BC 165 BC 164...

Almost nothing is known about the city in this period, aside from the walls, the Greek theatre, the foundations of a house under the Roman forum, and a little temple dedicated to a hero cult. This monument covers the tomb of a certain Exekestos, is possibly situated on the agora, and is dedicated to the κτίστης (ktistès), the foundation hero of the city. Greek theatre or Greek Drama came into its own between 600 and 200 BC in the ancient city of Athens. ... Forums on computers are really good you really should join one to share your ideas ... Hero cult was one of the most distinctive features of ancient Greek religion. ... Map of the Agora of Athens in Socrates and Platos time An agora (αγορά), translatable as marketplace, was an essential part of an ancient Greek polis or city-state. ...

The Roman era

Ruins of the centre of the city: the forum in the foreground, the market and the basilica in the background.

The city reappears in the sources during the Roman civil war that followed the assassination of Julius Caesar. His heirs Mark Antony and Octavian confronted the assassins of Caesar, Marcus Junius Brutus and Cassius, at the Battle of Philippi in the plain to the west of the city in October, 42 BC. Antony and Octavian were victorious in this final battle against the partisans of the Republic. They released some of their veteran soldiers, probably from legion XXVIII, and colonized them in the city, which was refounded as Colonia Victrix Philippensium. In 30 BC, Octavian became Roman emperor, reorganized the colony, and established more settlers there, veterans possibly from the Praetorian Guard and other Italians. The city was renamed Colonia Iulia Philippensis, and then Colonia Augusta Iulia Philippensis after January, 27 BC, when Octavian received the title Augustus from the Roman Senate. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2454x1675, 1811 KB) Philippis forum and basilica B seen from the acropolis. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2454x1675, 1811 KB) Philippis forum and basilica B seen from the acropolis. ... Gaius Julius Caesar (Classical Latin: IMP·C·IVLIVS·CAESAR·DIVVS) (b. ... Bust of Mark Antony Marcus Antonius (Latin: M·ANTONIVS·M·F·M·N¹) (ca. ... Augustus Caesar Caesar Augustus (Latin: IMP·CAESAR·DIVI·F·AVGVSTVS)¹ (23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), known earlier in his life as Gaius Octavius or Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, was the first Roman Emperor and is traditionally considered the greatest. ... Marcus Junius Brutus Caepio (85 BC – 42 BC), or simply Brutus, was a Roman senator of the late Roman Republic. ... Gaius Cassius Longinus was the prime mover and Senator in the conspiracy against Julius Caesar. ... For the American Civil War battle, see Battle of Philippi Races. ... Events October 3 - First Battle of Philippi: The Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesars assassins Marcus Junius Brutus and Cassius. ... The Roman legion (from the Latin legio, meaning levy) was the basic military unit of ancient Rome. ... Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC 40s BC - 30s BC - 20s BC 10s BC 0s 10s 20s Years: 35 BC 34 BC 33 BC 32 BC 31 BC 30 BC 29 BC 28 BC 27 BC 26 BC... Roman Emperor is the title historians use to refer to rulers of the Roman Empire, after the epoch conventionally named the Roman Republic. ... The Praetorian Guard of Caesar Augustus - 1st century A.D. Depicted in a marble bas-relief. ... Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC 40s BC 30s BC - 20s BC - 10s BC 0s 10s 20s 30s Years: 32 BC 31 BC 30 BC 29 BC 28 BC 27 BC 26 BC 25 BC 24 BC 23 BC 22... Augustus (plural Augusti) is Latin for majestic or venerable. The greek equivalent is sebastos, or a mere grecization (by changing of the ending) augustos. ... The Roman Senate (Latin, Senatus) was a deliberative body which was important in the government of both the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. ...

Following this second renaming, and perhaps after the first, the territory of Philippi was centuriated (divided into squares of land) and distributed to the colonists. The city kept its Macedonian walls, and its general plan was modified only partially by the construction of a forum, a little to the east of the site of Greek agora. It was a "miniature Rome," under the municipal law of Rome and governed by two military officers, the duumviri, who were appointed directly from Rome.

The colony recognized its dependence on the mines that brought it its privileged position on the Via Egnatia. This wealth was shown by the many monuments that were particularly imposing considering the relatively small size of the urban area: the forum, laid out in two terraces on both sides of the main road, was constructed in several phases between the reigns of Claudius and Antoninus Pius, and the theatre was enlarged and expanded in order to hold Roman games. There is an abundance of Latin inscriptions testifying the prosperity of the city. A statue of Emperor Claudius Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (August 1, 10 BC–October 13, 54), previously Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus, was the fourth Roman Emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, ruling from January 24, 41 to his death in 54. ... Emperor Antoninus Pius Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus Pius (September 19, 86–March 7, 161) was Roman emperor from 138 to 161. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ...

In AD 49 or 50, the city was visited by the apostle Paul who was guided there by a vision (Acts 16:9-10). Accompanied by Silas, Timothy and possibly Luke, the author of the Acts of the Apostles, he preached for the first time on European soil in Philippi (Acts 16:12-40) and baptized Lydia, a purple dye merchant, in a river to the west of the city. While in Philippi, his exorcism of a demon from a slave girl caused a great uproar in the city which led to their (Paul and Silas) public beating and arrest (Acts 16:16-24). An earthquake caused their prison to be opened. When the jailer awoke, he prepared to kill himself thinking all the prisoners had escaped knowing that he would be severely punished. Paul stopped him indicating that all the prisoners where in fact still there. The jailer then became one of the first Christians in Europe (Acts 16:25-40). At this time, there was also a Jewish community and a synagogue attested by inscriptions. For other uses, see number 49. ... Events Londinium is founded by the Romans, taking over as capital of the local Roman province, from Colchester (approximate date) Roman Emperor Claudius appoints Agrippa II governor of Chalcis. ... An early portrait of the Apostle Paul. ... Silas or Silvanus (flourished 1st century) was an early Christian who was a companion of Paul and Peter. ... Timothy (whose Greek name means to fear or to honor God) was a first-century Christian bishop who died about AD 80 (or CE). ... Luke may refer to: A personal name, sometimes short for Lucas. ... The Acts of the Apostles, (Greek Praxeis Apostolon) is a book of the Bible, which now stands fifth in the New Testament. ... Chromaticity diagram. ... // The word Jew (Hebrew: יהודי transliterated: Yehudi) is used in many ways, but generally refers to a follower of Judaism, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity; and often a combination of these attributes. ... A synagogue or synagog (from Greek συναγωγή, transliterated sunagoge, place of assembly literally meeting, assembly) is a Jewish house of prayer and study. ...

Paul visited the city on two other occasions, in 56 and 57. The Epistle to the Philippians dates from around 54-55 and shows the immediate impact of Paul's instruction. The subsequent development of Christianity in Philippi is well-attested notably by a letter from Polycarp of Smyrna addressed to the community in Philippi around 160 and by funerary inscriptions. For other uses, see number 56. ... For other uses, see number 57. ... Philippians redirects here. ... Events October 13 - Roman Empire emperor Claudius dies after being poisoned by Agrippina, his wife and niece. ... For other uses, see number 55. ... Beliefs Though enormous diversity exists in the beliefs of those who self-identify as Christian, it is possible to venture general statements which describe the beliefs of a large majority . ... Polycarp of Smyrna (69?-155?, 80?-166?, 81?-167?, 79?-165?, or 70?-156?) was a Christian bishop of Smyrna (now in Asiatic Turkey) in the second century. ... For other uses, see number 160. ...

The early Christian era

Basilica B, seen from the southwest, and the acropolis in the background.

The first church attested in the city is a small building that was probably originally a small prayer house. This Basilica of Paul, identified by an mosaic inscription on the pavement, is dated around 343 from a mention by the bishop Porphyrios, who was present at the Council of Serdica that year. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1200x1600, 696 KB) Basilica B seen from the S.-W. in the foreground, acropolis in the background. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1200x1600, 696 KB) Basilica B seen from the S.-W. in the foreground, acropolis in the background. ... A church building (or simply church) is a building used in Christian worship. ... Mosaic is the art of decoration with small pieces of colored glass, stone or other material. ... Events Roman emperor Constans travels to Britain, possibly for a military expedition. ... The city of Sofia (Bulgarian: София), at the foot of the Vitosha mountain, has a population of 1,208,930 (2003), and is the biggest city and capital of the Republic of Bulgaria. ...

Inscription of Bishop Porphyrios in the Basilica of Paul.

Although there is neither archaeological nor literary evidence for the foundation of the Christian community by Paul, the prosperity of the city in the 5th and 6th centuries was attributed to him and to his martyr cult. As in other cities, many new ecclesiastical buildings were constructed at this time. Seven different churches were constructed in Philippi between the mid-4th century and the end of the 6th, some of which competed in size and decoration with the most beautiful buildings in Thessalonica, or even those of Constantinople. The relationship of the plan and of the architectural decoration of Basilica B with Hagia Sophia and Saint Irene in Constantinople accorded a privileged place to this church in the history of early Christian art. The complex cathedral which took the place of the Basilica of Paul at the end of the 5th century, constructed around an octagonal church, also rivaled the churches of Constantinople. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1200x528, 799 KB) Philippi, inscription of the bishop Porphyrios on the floor of Pauls Basilica : it dates the church ca. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1200x528, 799 KB) Philippi, inscription of the bishop Porphyrios on the floor of Pauls Basilica : it dates the church ca. ... // Events Romulus Augustus, Last Western Roman Emperor Rome sacked by Visigoths in 410. ... This Buddhist stela from China, Northern Wei period, was built in the early 6th century. ... Historically, a martyr is a person who dies for his or her religious faith. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 4th century was that century which lasted from 301 to 400. ... The White Tower The Arch of Galerius Map showing the Thessaloníki prefecture Thessaloníki (Θεσσαλονίκη) is the second-largest city of Greece and is the principal city and the capital of the Greek region of Macedonia. ... Map of Constantinople. ... Hagia Sophia as it appears today A plan of the original architecture of Hagia Sophia, the great church Part of the interior of Hagia Sophi as it was when built. ...

In the same age, the fortifications of the city were rebuilt in order to better defend against the growing instability in the Balkans. In 473, the city was besieged by the Ostrogoths, who were unable to take it but burned down the surrounding villages. The Balkans is the historic and geographic name used to describe a region of south-eastern Europe. ... Events Glycerius is named Western Roman Emperor. ... This article deals with the continental Ostrogoths. ...

The Byzantine and Ottoman era

Ruins at Philippi

Already weakened by the Slavic invasions at the end of the 6th century, which ruined the agrarian economy of Macedon, and probably also by the Plague of Justinian in 547, the city was almost totally destroyed by an earthquake around 619, from which it never recovered. There was a small amount of activity there in the 7th century, but the city was now hardly more than a village. Download high resolution version (1200x1600, 623 KB)Early Christian cathedral with temple ruins in foreground at Philippi This picture was taken and is Copyright by Peter Nelson. ... Download high resolution version (1200x1600, 623 KB)Early Christian cathedral with temple ruins in foreground at Philippi This picture was taken and is Copyright by Peter Nelson. ... The Slavic peoples are defined by their linguistic attainment of the Slavic languages. ... The Plague of Justinian (541-542) is the first known pandemic on record, and it also marks the first firmly recorded pattern of bubonic plague. ... Events Ida founds the kingdom of Bernicia at Bamburgh (traditional date). ... Global earthquake epicenters, 1963–1998 An earthquake is a sudden and sometimes catastrophic movement of a part of the Earths surface. ... ... // Events Islam starts in Arabia, the Quran is written, and Syria, Iraq, Persia, North Africa and Central Asia convert to Islam. ...

The Byzantine Empire possibly maintained a garrison there, but in 838 the city was taken by the Bulgars under khan Isbul, who celebrated their victory with a monumental inscription on the stylobate in Basilica B, now partially in ruins. The site of Philippi was so strategically sound that the Byzantines attempted very soon to recapture it ca. 850. Several seals of civil servants and other Byzantine officials, dated to the first half of the 9th century, prove the presence of Byzantine armies in the city. The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ... Events At Hingston Down, Egbert of Wessex beats the Danish and the West Welsh. ... Bulgars (also Bolgars or proto-Bulgarians) - a people of Central Asia, probably originally Pamirian, who became Turkified and later Slavicized over time. ... In Greek architecture, stylobate is a platform on which colonnades of columns are placed (it is the floor of the temple). ... Events April 20 - Guntherus becomes Bishop of Cologne. ... This earthenware dish was made in 9th century Iraq. ...

Around 969, Emperor Nicephorus II Phocas rebuilt the fortifications on the acropolis and in part of the city. These gradually helped weaken Bulgar power and strengthen the Byzantine presence in the area. In 1077, Bishop Basil Kartzimopoulos rebuilt part of the defenses inside the city. The city began to prosper once more, as witnessed by the Arab geographer Al Idrisi, who mentions it as a centre of business and wine production around 1150. Events December 11 - John I becomes Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire. ... Emperor Nicephoros Phocas Nicephorus II Phocas was one of the most brilliant generals in the history of Byzantium who rose to become a mediocre emperor in 963. ... Events January 26 - Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor visits Pope Gregory VII as a penitent, asking him remove sentence of excommunication Robert Curthose instigates his first insurrection against his father, William the Conqueror Seljuk Turks capture Nicaea Süleyman I of Rüm becomes the leader of the Sultanate of... The Arabs ((Arabic: عرب Ê»arab) are a large ethnic group widespread in the Middle East and North Africa, originating in the Arabian Peninsula of southwest Asia. ... A geographer is a crazy psycho whose area of study is geocrap, the pseudoscientific study of Earths physical environment and human habitat and the study of boring students to death. ... Al_Idrisis world map from 1154. ... It has been suggested that Red wine be merged into this article or section. ... Events Åhus, Sweden gains city privileges City of Airdrie, Scotland founded King Sverker I of Sweden is deposed and succeeded by Eric IX of Sweden. ...

After a brief occupation by the Franks after the Fourth Crusade and the capture of Constantinople in 1204, the city fell into the hands of the Serbs. Still, it remained a notable fortification on the route of the ancient Via Egnatia; in 1354, the pretender to the Byzantine throne, Matthew Cantacuzenus, was captured there by the Serbs. The Franks or the Frankish people were one of several west Germanic tribes who entered the late Roman Empire from Frisia as foederati and established a lasting realm (sometimes referred to as Francia) in an area that covers most of modern-day France and the western regions of Germany (Franconia... The Fourth Crusade (1202–1204), originally designed to conquer Jerusalem by taking Egypt first, instead, in 1204, sacked and conquered the Orthodox Christian city of Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire. ... // Events February - Byzantine emperor Alexius IV is overthrown in a revolution, and Alexius V is proclaimed emperor. ... Serbs (in the Serbian language Срби, Srbi) are a south Slavic people living chiefly in Serbia and Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... Ancient Via Egnatia route Via Egnatia (Greek: Εγνατία Οδός) was a road constructed by the Romans around 146 BC. It was named after Gnaeus Egnatius, proconsul of Macedonia, who ordered its construction. ... Events End of reign of John VI Cantacuzenus, as Byzantine emperor. ... Matthew Cantacuzenus, (Matthaios Asanes Kantakuzenos) Byzantine emperor, was the son of John VI Cantacuzenus. ...

The city was abandoned at an unknown date, but when the French traveller Pierre Belon visited it in the 16th century, there were nothing but ruins, used by the Turks as a quarry. The name of the city was preserved at first by a Turkish village on the nearby plain, Philibedjik, which has since disappeared, and then by a Greek village in the mountains. (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ...

Archaeological excavation of the site

The ruins of Direkler (Basilica B), drawn by H. Daumet in 1861

Noted or briefly described by 16th century travellers, the first archaeological description of the city was made in 1856 by Perrot, then in 1861 by L. Heuzey and H. Daumet in their famous Mission archéologique de Macédoine. Nevertheless the first excavations did not begin until the summer of 1914, and were soon interrupted by the First World War. The excavations, carried out by the École française d'Athènes, were renewed in 1920 and continued until 1937. During this time the Greek theatre, the forum, Basilicas A and B, the baths, and the walls were excavated. After the Second World War, Greek archaeologists returned to the site. From 1958 to 1978 the Société Archéologique, then the Service archéologique and the University of Thessalonica uncovered the bishop's quarter and the octagonal church, large private residences, a new basilica near the Museum and two others in the necropolis to the east of the city. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x984, 585 KB) Philippi; drawing of the Direkler ruins by H. Daumet (1861). ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x984, 585 KB) Philippi; drawing of the Direkler ruins by H. Daumet (1861). ... 1856 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... 1914 (MCMXIV) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... École française dAthènes (the French School of Athens) or the EfA with the f decapitalized is a French-speaking university school promoting the studies of the language, the history and Ancient Greece. ... 1920 (MCMXX) is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1978 calendar). ... A necropolis (plural: necropolises or necropoleis) is a cemetery or burying-place, literally a city of the dead. Apart from the occasional application of the word to modern cemeteries outside large towns, the term is chiefly used of burial grounds near the sites of the centers of ancient civilizations. ...

References

Translated from the French Wikipedia article, retrieved February 11, 2005. That article, in turn, gives the following references: February 11 is the 42nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

• P. Collart, Philippes ville de Macédoine de ses origines jusqu'à la fin de l'époque romaine, Paris, 1937. (In French.)
• P. Lemerle, Philippes et la Macédoine orientale, Paris, 1945. (In French.)
• M. Sève, "De la naissance à la mort d'une ville : Philippes en Macédoine (IVe siècle av. J.-C.–VIIe siècle apr. J.-C.)", Histoire urbaine n° 1, juin 2000, 187–204. (In French.)
• Ch. Bakirtzis, H. Koester (ed.), Philippi at the Time of Paul and after His Death, Harrisburg, 1998. (In English.)
• Ch. Koukouli-Chrysanthaki, Ch. Bakirtzis, Philippi Athens, second edition, 1997. (In English.)
• G. Gounaris, E. Gounaris, Philippi: Archaeological Guide, Thessaloniki, 2004. (In Greek.)

External links

• Philippi - Catholic Encyclopedia
• Livius, Philippi by Jona Lendering (ancient history)