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The Philippine Revolution (1896—1898) was an armed conflict between the Spanish colonial regime and the Katipunan, which sought Philippine independence from Spain. Nickname: Pearl of the Orient, City by the Bay, Distinguished and Ever Loyal City Map of Metro Manila showing the location of Manila Coordinates: 14°35 N 121° E Country Philippines Region National Capital Region Districts 1st to 6th districts of Manila Barangays 897 Incorporated (city) June 10, 1574 Government...
Combatants United States Republic of Cuba Philippine Republic Spain Commanders Nelson A. Miles William R. Shafter George Dewey Máximo Gómez Emilio Aguinaldo Patricio Montojo Pascual Cervera Casualties 3,289 U.S. dead (only 432 from combat); considerably higher although undetermined Cuban and Filipino casualties Unknown[1] The Spanish...
Flag Anthem: Himno Nacional Filipina Location of Filipinas in Asia Capital Bacoor, Cavite Malolos, Bulacan January 23, 1899-March 29, 1899 San Isidro, Nueva Ecija March 29, 1899-May 9, 1899 Palanan, Isabela September 6, 1900-March 23, 1901 Language(s) Spanish (official), Tagalog Government Republic President - 1898-1901 Emilio...
The Katipunan was a secret society founded in the Philippines by Andrés Bonifacio aimed towards liberating the country from the Spanish colonizers. ...
Military flag of the Spanish Empire from the 16th century up to 1843. ...
Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro (November 30, 1863 – May 10, 1897) was one of the chief leaders of the revolution of the Philippines against Spanish colonial rule, the first revolution in Asia against European colonial rule. ...
Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy (March 22, 1869 – February 6, 1964) was a Filipino general, politician, and independence leader. ...
Governor-General of the Philippines was the title of the chief political executive during two pre-independence phases in the history of the Philippines, under Spanish and US rule. ...
The Katipunan was a secret society founded in the Philippines by Andrés Bonifacio aimed towards liberating the country from the Spanish colonizers. ...
History
 The Roman Catholic Church was a very powerful institution during Spanish rule When the Revolution began, Spain had been colonizing the Philippines for over 300 years. Power was centered around the colonial government in Manila and the Church, although in reality it was a frailocracia,[1] --the Dominican friars exercising more power than the civilian government due to the stringent control of the Church over the populace. Because of the imposition of excessive taxes and forced labor on the indios (as the Filipinos were called), several revolts occurred in the middle and latter part of the 19th century, all without success. The Spaniards implemented the age-old strategy of divide et impera - divide and rule. The government would conscript Filipino troops from the Tagalog provinces to suppress a revolt in the Ilocos, and would quell a Visayan uprising largely with the help of troops recruited from Pampanga province. This caused hatred and discord among the indios who were never to unite until the late 19th century. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1196x799, 444 KB) The church of Baclayon on Bohol. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1196x799, 444 KB) The church of Baclayon on Bohol. ...
This article covers the history of the Philippines from 1521 to 1898. ...
Nickname: Pearl of the Orient, City by the Bay, Distinguished and Ever Loyal City Map of Metro Manila showing the location of Manila Coordinates: 14°35 N 121° E Country Philippines Region National Capital Region Districts 1st to 6th districts of Manila Barangays 897 Incorporated (city) June 10, 1574 Government...
The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ...
Indio, California is a city located in the Coachella Valley of Southern Californias desert region. ...
In politics and sociology, divide and rule is a strategy of gaining and maintaining power by breaking up larger concentrations of power into chunks that individually have less power than the one implementing the strategy. ...
Tagalog can mean: The Tagalog language, the most widely-spoken of the Philippine languages. ...
Ilocos collectively refers to two provinces in the Philippines: Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur. ...
Visayan may refer to: Visayan languages, spoken in the central Philippines. ...
Pampanga is a [[]] and Nueva Ecija to the north, and Bulacan to the southeast. ...
A combination of external and internal factors precipitated the revolution. The archipelago was opened to foreign trade during the mid-19th century, aided by the launching of the Suez Canal in 1869. Along with the import of goods came an inflow of western thought, such as the pursuit of liberty and independence. Schools, organizations, literature and other means fostering these ideals were considered subversive and banned by the colonial administration and the entrenched frailocracia. The filipinos who were influenced by these liberal concepts were the same people who benefited from foreign trade--the ilustrados, members of the prosperous merchant class who sent their sons to study at universities in Spain and elsewhere in Europe. Many of these students, chief among them Jose Rizal and Graciano Lopez-Jaena, would organize a reform organization, called the Propaganda Movement. International trade is defined as trade between two or more partners from different countries (an exporter and an importer). ...
Suez Canal, seen from Earth orbit, NASA. Ships moored at El Ballah during transit The Suez Canal (Arabic: , transliteration: ), is a large artificial canal in Egypt west of the Sinai Peninsula. ...
This article is 150 kilobytes or more in size. ...
José Rizal José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda (June 19, 1861 - December 30, 1896) is the national hero of the Philippines. ...
Graciano Lopez-Jaena (born December 29, 1856 in Jaro,Iloilo - died January 22, 1896 in Barcelona, Spain) was one of the leading propagandists in Spain, for reforms in the Philippines. ...
José Rizal José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda (June 19, 1861 - December 30, 1896) is the national hero of the Philippines. ...
The internal factor was the execution of three Filipino priests. During the mid-19th century, a campaign was initiated by Father Pedro Pelaez calling for the "naturalization" of Filipino parishes--the turnover of churches to native-born Filipinos. After Pelaez's death in an earthquake, the crusade was led by Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora. Gomburza stood for Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Apolonio Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, three Filipino priests who were executed on February 17, 1873 by Spanish colonial authorities on charges of subversion coming from the 1872 Cavite mutiny. ...
The frailocracia was adamantly opposed to reforms and looked for pretext to arrest the trio. They had their opportunity when a mutiny in the fort in Cavite was aborted. Although the rebellion was led by a disaffected military officer and did not involve the priests, the civil government and church hierarchy nonetheless accused them of conspiracy. After a swift trial, the priests--known collectively and posthumously by the acronym Gomburza--were executed by garrote in February 17, 1872 at Bagumbayan in Manila. The sympathetic archbishop of Manila refused the order that they be defrocked and instead directed the pealing of church bells as a sign of mourning. w:This article is about the province of Cavite. ...
A garrote (a Spanish word; alternative spellings include garotte and garrotte) is a handheld weapon, most often referring to a ligature of chain, rope, scarf, or wire used to strangle someone to death. ...
The execution enraged many Filipinos, and years later, an ilustrado by the name of Jose Rizal would later acknowledge this as the one event that changed his life. José Rizal José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda (June 19, 1861 - December 30, 1896) is the national hero of the Philippines. ...
Propaganda Movement
Members of the Propaganda Movement. Left to right: Rizal, del Pilar, Ponce. A group of Filipino ilustrados in Madrid, shocked by what they saw as the disparity between Spain and her colony, organized the "Propaganda Movement". Among its members were Rizal, Lopez-Jaena, the political exile Marcelo del Pilar, Mariano Ponce, and the Luna brothers--Juan and Antonio. They published a fortnightly newspaper in Spanish called La Solidaridad. Its aim was to expose corruption and atrocities in the Philippine colony. The publication lasted from 1889 to 1895. Copies of it were smuggled into the Philippines and were read surreptitiously behind closed doors. Image File history File links B155. ...
Image File history File links B155. ...
Marcelo H. del Pilar (August 30, 1850—July 4, 1896) was a celebrated figure in the Philippine Revolution and a leading propagandist for reforms in the Philippines. ...
Mariano Ponce (March 23, 1863-May 23, 1918) was a Filipino physician who was a leader of the Propaganda Movement that spurred the Philippine Revolution against Spanish in 1896. ...
Juan Luna y Novicio was a 19th century Filipino painter. ...
Gen. ...
La Solidaridad is the name of a society of Filipino intellectuals (ilustrados) in Spain who sought to create adequate representation for the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes (parliament). ...
In its later years, because of differences in opinion, the movement suffered a division. One faction supported del Pilar as its leader, while the other supported Rizal. To resolve the dispute, Rizal volunteered to pack his bags and leave Barcelona, where the group was by now based. Rizal's departure would signal its slow and steady downfall. With the subsequent demise of both Lopez-Jaena and del Pilar the group failed to witness the fruition of their dream for internal reform in the colony as well as their hopes for representation in the Spanish Cortes. However, through the La Solidaridad, they not only voiced out their outrage to their readers in Spain and the rest of the western world, but conveyed their protests to their countrymen which gave rise to greater dissent and discontent. The Cortes Generales (Spanish for General Courts) is the legislature of Spain. ...
La Liga Filipina Rizal returned to his native land in 1892 and established La Liga Filipina. The progressive organization continued Rizal's aim of implementing reforms inside the colony. Despite its avowed aims for peaceful reforms, the government felt threatened by its existence and had it disbanded. They were especially disturbed by one clause in its Declaration calling for "defence against all violence and injustice" and arrested Rizal on July 6. La Liga Filipina was an organization created by Dr. Jose Rizal in the Philippines. ...
The coalition subsequently splintered into two factions with differing agenda. The moderate wing reorganized itself as Cuerpo de Compromisarios with the purpose of providing funds for La Solidaridad. The radical wing, led by a warehouse clerk named Andres Bonifacio, reorganized into a secret society called the Katipunan whose goal was complete independence from Spain through all means, including a bloody confrontation. Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro (November 30, 1863 – May 10, 1897) was one of the chief leaders of the revolution of the Philippines against Spanish colonial rule, the first revolution in Asia against European colonial rule. ...
Katipunan -
The first flag of the Katipunan. On the night of July 7, 1892, members of the defunct Liga, Ladislao Diwa, Teodoro Plata, Valentin Diaz, and Deodato Arellano, joined Bonifacio to found the Katipunan in a house on Calle Azcarraga (now Claro M. Recto Avenue). Bonifacio was hailed as the Supremo (supreme leader). With the nation's total liberation as its ultimate purpose, the secret society's immediate goal was to institute a government to be installed upon the overthrow of the Spanish administration. They raised funds to purchase weapons and sought the help of a Japanese ship docked in Manila as middleman, but failed in the attempt. Eventually, the men got hold of a small number of smuggled and stolen firearms; however, the majority of the militants were only armed with bolos or itak, locally-made machete-like knives. The Katipunan was a secret society founded in the Philippines by Andrés Bonifacio aimed towards liberating the country from the Spanish colonizers. ...
Flag of the Philippine Revolution: Flag of the Katipunan featuring the societys acronym KKK in white in a line in the middle of a field of red. ...
Flag of the Philippine Revolution: Flag of the Katipunan featuring the societys acronym KKK in white in a line in the middle of a field of red. ...
Ladislao Diwa (June 27, 1863-March 12, 1930) was a Filipino patriot who was among the founders of the Katipunan that initiated the Philippine Revolution against Spain in 1896. ...
Teodoro Plata (died February 6, 1897) was a Filipino patriot who was among those who founded the Katipunan that sparked the Philippine Revolution against Spain in 1896. ...
Valentin Diaz (November 1, 1845-1916) was a Filipino patriot who was among the founders of the Katipunan that started the Philippine Revolution against Spain in 1896. ...
Deodato Arellano (July 26, 1844-October 7, 1899) was a Filipino patriot who was among the founders of the Katipunan that started the Philippine Revolution against Spain. ...
The Katipunan was a secret society founded in the Philippines by Andrés Bonifacio aimed towards liberating the country from the Spanish colonizers. ...
Look up bolo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
To spread their revolutionary ideas, they published the newspaper Kalayaan (Freedom). It was edited by Emilio Jacinto and printed (along with other Katipunan documents) on a printing press purchased with proceeds from the lottery winnings of Francisco del Castillo and Candido Iban, who would later found the Katipunan in Panay. To mislead the Spanish authorities, it carried a false masthead declaring Marcelo del Pilar the editor and Yokohama the site of the printing press. The newspaper was published only once, before the katipuneros, having been alerted of the organization's discovery by the Spaniards, destroyed their printing press. They then moved their operations to the offices of Diario de Manila where one other edition of the paper was printed in secrecy. Emilio Jacinto(December 15,1875-April 16,1899)The Brains of the Katipunan He was born in Trozo, Manila. ...
The printing press is a mechanical device for printing many copies of a text on rectangular sheets of paper. ...
Panay is an island in the Philippines located in the Visayas. ...
For the town of Yokohama in Aomori Prefecture, see Yokohama, Aomori. ...
It did not take long before Katipunan membership swelled in numbers, its aims and ideals spreading to other provinces. By March 1896, councils were being organized in the towns of San Juan del Monte, San Felipe Neri, Pasig, Pateros, Marikina, Caloocan, Malabon and surrounding areas. It later dispersed to the provinces of Bulacan, Batangas, Cavite, Nueva Ecija, Laguna and Pampanga. It also included women among its ranks, with the first female inductee in 1893. From a measly 300, the Katipunan grew to an army of more than 30,000 which made Bonifacio confident that liberation of the Katagalugan (as he called the Philippines) was imminent. The City of Pasig is one of the cities and municipalities that comprise Metro Manila in the Philippines. ...
This article is about an animal. ...
Malabon City is one of the cities and municipalities that comprise Metro Manila in the Philippines. ...
Provincial Capitol of Bulacan. ...
w:This article is about the province of Cavite. ...
Laguna may refer to more than one article: Laguna, a Philipine province; Laguna, Santa Catarina, a city located in southern Brazil; Laguna de Cameros, a municipality in La Rioja, Spain San Cristóbal de La Laguna (also La Laguna), a municipality in the island of Tenerife, province of Santa Cruz...
Cry of Pugadlawin
The Supremo's battle standard. Two katipuneros, Teodoro Patiño and Apolonio dela Cruz, were engaged in a bitter personal dispute. The former, Patiño, deciding to seek revenge, exposed the secrets of the Katipunan to his sister who was a nun, who in turn revealed it to a Spanish priest, Father Mariano Gil. The priest was led to the printing press of Diario de Manila and found a lithographic stone used to print the secret society's receipts. A locker was seized containing a dagger and secret documents. Flag of the Philippine Revolution: Flag of the Katipunan shown at Pugadlawin. ...
Flag of the Philippine Revolution: Flag of the Katipunan shown at Pugadlawin. ...
Bold text This article is about the weapon. ...
Several arrests ensued which included some of the wealthiest ilustrados. Despite their denial, many of them were executed. It was speculated that Bonifacio intended for the events leading to their arrest to happen in order to coerce the wealthy into joining the Katipunan.
The news immediately reached the top leadership of the organization. Panic-stricken, they immediately called a meeting of the remaining members, first in Kangkong and then in the house of katipunero Juan Ramos in Pugadlawin in Balintawak. The first meeting yielded nothing. On the second meeting, Bonifacio, fed up with the seemingly-endless squabbling, tore up his cedula (residence certificate) and cried Mabuhay ang Katagalugan! (Long live Katagalugan!). It was a cry to arms and was echoed by the majority of the men in attendance. The Revolution had begun.
The first armed encounter between the Spanish colonists and a small group of the Katipunan took place in Pasong Tamo in Caloocan and signaled a small victory for the revolutionaries. The first battle of note occurred in San Juan del Monte in Manila. The katipuneros were winning initially, but were subsequently defeated by reinforcements summoned by Governor-General Ramon Blanco. Bonifacio then ordered his men to retreat to Mandaluyong. Caloocan City (in Filipino Kalookan) is one of the cities and municipalities that comprise Metro Manila in the Philippines. ...
Governor-General (or Governor General) is a term used both historically and currently to designate the appointed representative of a head of state or their government for a particular territory, historically in a colonial context, but no longer necessarily in that form. ...
Mandaluyong City is one of the cities and municipalities that comprise Metro Manila in the Philippines. ...
Death of Rizal -
Moments before the execution of convicted Filipino rebel leaders at Bagumbayan field (now Luneta). Not long after their disastrous defeat in San Juan (the site is now known as Pinaglabanan, Tagalog for "battleground"), several uprisings occurred in nearby provinces. Governor-General Blanco was obliged to place eight provinces under martial law. These were Manila, Bulacan, Cavite, Pampanga, Tarlac, Laguna, Batangas, and Nueva Ecija. They would later be represented in the eight rays of the sun in the Filipino flag. Arrests and interrogations were intensified and many Filipinos died from torture. José Rizal José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda (June 19, 1861 - December 30, 1896) is the national hero of the Philippines. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Nickname: Pearl of the Orient, City by the Bay, Distinguished and Ever Loyal City Map of Metro Manila showing the location of Manila Coordinates: 14°35 N 121° E Country Philippines Region National Capital Region Districts 1st to 6th districts of Manila Barangays 897 Incorporated (city) June 10, 1574 Government...
Provincial Capitol of Bulacan. ...
w:This article is about the province of Cavite. ...
Pampanga is a [[]] and Nueva Ecija to the north, and Bulacan to the southeast. ...
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES Province of Tarlac Region: Central Luzon (Region III) Capital: Tarlac City Founded: 1872 Population: 2000 census—1,068,783 (23rd largest) Density—350 per km² (14th highest) Area: 3,053. ...
Laguna may refer to more than one article: Laguna, a Philipine province; Laguna, Santa Catarina, a city located in southern Brazil; Laguna de Cameros, a municipality in La Rioja, Spain San Cristóbal de La Laguna (also La Laguna), a municipality in the island of Tenerife, province of Santa Cruz...
Batangas is a province of the Philippines located on the southwestern part of Luzon in the CALABARZON region. ...
Nueva Ecija is a landlocked province of the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region. ...
Flag ratio: 1:2 The national flag of the Philippines features an eight-rayed sun and three stars, all in gold, on a white equilateral triangle on the mast. ...
When the revolution broke out, Jose Rizal was living as a political exile in Dapitan and had just volunteered to serve as a doctor in Cuba, where a similar revolution was taking place. Instead of taking him to Barcelona from where he would be sent to Cuba, his ship, acting upon orders from Manila, took him instead to the capital where he was imprisoned in Fortaleza (Fort) Santiago. There he wrote his famous valedictory poem and awaited his execution which came on December 30, 1896 after a military trial. Although Rizal opposed the Katipunan from the beginning, he became a hero of the revolution through his martyred death and his incendiary writings critical of Spanish rule. His execution fanned the Filipinos' anger and ensured that the revolution would stay. Map of the West Indies, Mexico and New Spain with Cuba in the center drawn by Herman Moll in 1736. ...
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Cavite
 Gen. Emilio "Miong" Aguinaldo. The province of Cavite gradually emerged as the hotbed for the uprising. The revolutionary group led by young General Emilio Aguinaldo, had a string of victories starting with the Battle of Imus in 1 September 1896 with the aid of Jose Tagle. It was not long before the issue of leadership was debated. The Magdiwang faction, led by Bonifacio's uncle Mariano Alvarez, recognized Bonifacio as supreme leader, being the founder. The Magdalo faction, led by Emilio's cousin Baldomero Aguinaldo, agitated for "Heneral Miong" (Emilio's nickname) to be the organization's head because of his successes in the battrlefield. Bonifacio meanwhile had had a succession of defeats. The friction between the two intensified when they refused to cooperate and aid each other in battle. As a result, the Spanish forces, now under the command of Governor-General Camilo de Polavieja, steadily gained ground. photo of Emilio Aguinaldo, c. ...
photo of Emilio Aguinaldo, c. ...
Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy (March 22, 1869 – February 6, 1964) was a Filipino general, politician, and independence leader. ...
Mariano Alvarez (1818-1924) - Filipino general, statesman, and teacher. ...
Baldomero Aguinaldo (February 27, 1869—February 4, 1915) was a leader of the Philippine Revolution. ...
Tejeros Convention In order to unite the Katipunan in Cavite, the Magdiwang invited Bonifacio, who was fighting in Morong (now Rizal) province, to come to Cavite, Aguinaldo's home ground. The Supremo reluctantly obliged. On December 31, an assembly was convened in Imus to settle the leadership issue once and for all. The Magdalo insisted on the establishment of a pamahalaang mapanghimagsik (revolutionary government) to replace the Katipunan and continue the struggle. On the other hand, the Magdiwang favored the Katipunan's retention, arguing that it was a government in itself. The assembly dispersed without a consensus.
On March 22, 1897, another meeting was held in Tejeros. It called for the election of officers for the pamahalaang mapanghimagsik. Bonifacio, again reluctantly, chaired the election. This convention ended in further conflict and led to the Katipunan's demise.
Bonifacio, apparently confident that he would be elected president, called for the election results to be respected. When the voting ended, Bonifacio lost the race--and the leadership of the revolution--to Aguinaldo, who was away fighting in Pasong Santol. According to historian Ambeth Ocampo, Bonifacio lost through dagdag-bawas. Instead, he was elected to a much inferior position, director of the interior, and even then his qualifications to serve were questioned by a Magdalo, Daniel Tirona. Bonifacio, though literate, was not an ilustrado and only had an elementary-school education. Humiliated, Bonifacio drew his pistol and was about to shoot him had not Artemio Ricarte intervened. Bonifacio declared the election null and void and stomped out in anger. Aguinaldo took his oath of office as president the next day in Santa Cruz de Malabon (now Tanza) in Cavite, as did the rest of the officers, except for Bonifacio. Electoral fraud is illegal interference with the process of an election. ...
Artemio Ricarte was born on October 20, 1866 in Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to Faustino Ricarte and Bonifacia Garcia. ...
Death of Bonifacio
Bonifacio lost his life in the hands of ilustrado revolutionaries. In Naic, Bonifacio and his officers created the Naic Military Agreement, establishing a rival government to Aguinaldo's. It rejected the election at Tejeros and restored Bonifacio as the "true" Supremo. When Aguinaldo learned of the document, he ordered the arrest of Bonifacio and his men. Colonel Agapito Benzon chanced upon Bonifacio in Limbon. In the subsequent battle, Bonifacio and his brother Procopio were wounded, while their brother Ciriaco was killed. They were taken to Naic to stand trial. Image File history File links Gat_Andres_Bonifacio. ...
Image File history File links Gat_Andres_Bonifacio. ...
The Consejo de Guerra (War Council) sentenced Andres and Procopio Bonifacio to death for sedition and treason. Aguinaldo commuted the punishment to deportation, but withdrew his decision following pressure from other officers.
On May 10, Colonel Lazaro Makapagal, upon orders from ex-Bonifacio supporter General Mariano Noriel, executed the Bonifacio brothers on Mt. Buntis. Andres Bonifacio and his brother were buried in a shallow grave marked only with twigs.
Biak-na-Bato
 The flag used by the Republic of Biak-na-Bato. Augmented by new recruits from Spain, government troops recaptured several towns in Cavite. The succession of defeats for the Katipunan could also be attributed to conflict within the organization that resulted from Bonifacio's assassination, with those loyal to him refusing to subject themselves to the command of Aguinaldo. It did not, however, deter Aguinaldo and his men to keep on fighting. They moved northward, from one town to the next, until they finally settled in Biak-na-Bato, in the town of San Miguel de Mayumo in Bulacan. Here they established what became known as the Republic of Biak-na-Bato, with a constitution drafted by Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer and based on the first Cuban Constitution. Image File history File links 1st version of the Official flag of the Philippines. ...
Image File history File links 1st version of the Official flag of the Philippines. ...
Cuba has had several constitutions. ...
With the new Spanish Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera declaring, "I can take Biak-na-Bato. Any army can capture it. But I cannot end the rebellion," he proffered the olive branch of peace to the revolutionaries. Lawyer Pedro Paterno volunteered as negotiator between the two sides. For four months, he traveled between Manila and Biak-na-Bato. His hard work finally bore fruit when, on December 14-15, 1897, the Pact of Biak-na-Bato was signed. Made up of three documents, it called for the following agenda: Fernando Primo de Rivera, also known in English by the name Prime Fernando of Creek and Sobremonte (1831-1921), was a Spanish politician and soldier. ...
Pedro Alejandro Paterno (February 27, 1858—March 11, 1911) was a Filipino statesman as well as a poet and writer. ...
The Pact of Biak na Bato, signed in December 1897, created a truce between rival rebel groups in the Philippine Revolution: Magdiwang, led by Mariano Alvarez and Magdalo, led by Emilio Aguinaldo. ...
- The surrender of Aguinaldo and the rest of the revolutionary corps.
- Amnesty for those who participated in the revolution..
- Exile to Hong Kong for the revolutionary leadership.
- Payment by the Spanish government to the revolutionaries in three installments: 400,000 pesos upon leaving the country, 200,000 pesos upon the surrender of at least 700 firearms, and another 200,000 pesos upon the declaration of general amnesty.
In accordance with the first clause, Aguinaldo and twenty five other top officials of the revolution were banished to Hong Kong with 400,000 pesos in their pockets. The rest of the men got 200,000 pesos and the third installment was never received. General amnesty was never declared because sporadic skirmishes continued.
The Revolution Continues Not all the revolutionary generals complied with the treaty. One, General Francisco Makabulos, established a Central Executive Committee to serve as the interim government until a more suitable one was created. Armed conflicts resumed, this time coming from almost every province in Spanish-governed Philippines. The Spaniards, on the other hand, continued the arrest and torture of those suspected of "banditry". It has been suggested that transitional government be merged into this article or section. ...
The Pact of Biak-na-Bato did not signal an end to the war. Aguinaldo and his men were convinced that the Spaniards would never give the rest of the money as a condition of surrender. Furthermore, they believed that Spain reneged on her promise of amnesty. The exiles renewed their commitment for complete independence and ouster of the colonialists. They purchased more arms and ammunitions to ready themselves for another siege.
The Spaniards and their once-loyal subjects now had conflicting goals, and both were determined to achieve theirs, by any means necessary.
American Intervention
 The Battle of Manila Bay. The United States emerged a world power after decisive victories during the Spanish-American War. The Philippine revolution could not have happened at a more opportune time. Not only were the Spaniards waging war against the Filipinos, they were also engaged in a much more costly war against an emerging world power. After the "destruction" of the USS Maine, United States President William McKinley declared war against Spain. America was concerned over the situation in Cuba in particular, where there was an ongoing revolution. Newspapers were publishing stories that portrayed the Spanish authorities as "merciless, barbaric evil-doers". In particular, the governor-general in Cuba, Valeriano Weyler (who also served as Governor-General of the Philippines) was nicknamed "The Butcher". The angry American people quickly called for war against Spain, which was realized when the Congress of the United States voted in favor of direct intervention in Cuba. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (740x695, 98 KB) Licensing U.S. Naval Historical Center Photograph. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (740x695, 98 KB) Licensing U.S. Naval Historical Center Photograph. ...
Combatants United States Republic of Cuba Philippine Republic Spain Commanders Nelson A. Miles William R. Shafter George Dewey Máximo Gómez Emilio Aguinaldo Patricio Montojo Pascual Cervera Casualties 3,289 U.S. dead (only 432 from combat); considerably higher although undetermined Cuban and Filipino casualties Unknown[1] The Spanish...
In the context of international relations and diplomacy, power (sometimes clarified as international power, national power, or state power) is the ability of one state to influence or control other states. ...
Four ships of the United States Navy have borne the name USS Maine, named for the 23rd state. ...
The presidential seal was first used in 1880 by President Rutherford B. Hayes and last modified in 1959 by adding the 50th star for Hawaii The President of the United States of America is the head of state and head of government of the United States. ...
For the mountain, see Mount McKinley. ...
Military flag of the Spanish Empire from the 16th century up to 1843. ...
General Valeriano Weyler Valeriano Weyler y Nicolau, marqués de Tenerife (17 September 1838 - 20 October 1930) was a Spanish soldier. ...
Governor-General of the Philippines was the title of the chief political executive during two pre-independence phases in the history of the Philippines, under Spanish and U.S. rule. ...
For other uses, see United States (disambiguation) and US (disambiguation). ...
Congress in Joint Session. ...
Commodore George Dewey, acting upon orders, sailed to Manila Bay on April 25, 1898. He encountered a fleet of twelve old rusty ships commanded by Admiral Patricio Montojo. The resulting battle lasted only a few hours, with all of Montojo's fleet subdued. Because he did not have enough troops to capture Manila, Dewey had to call for armed reinforcements and while waiting, contented himself with merely acting as a blockade for Manila Bay[2] Commodore is a military rank used in some navies for officers whose position exceeds that of a Captain, but is less than that of a Flag Officer. ...
George Dewey (December 26, 1837 – January 16, 1917) was an admiral of the United States Navy, best known for his victory (without the loss of a single life of his own forces due to combat; one man died of heatstroke) at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American...
Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks, of the highest naval officers. ...
The Battle of Manila Bay took place on 1 May 1898 during the Spanish-American War. ...
Photography sunset in Bay City, Pasay (near SM Mall of Asia) Manila Bay is one of the finest natural harbors in the world which serves the port of Manila (on Luzon), in the Philippines. ...
Meanwhile, United States consuls E. Spencer Pratt and Rounceville Wildman paid Aguinaldo a visit while in Hong Kong. The two persuaded Aguinaldo to again take up the mantle of leadership in the revolution. After some discussion with his Hong Kong junta, he agreed to return to the country with Commodore Dewey.
When Aguinaldo returned to Hong Kong after a brief spell in Singapore (where he had met Pratt), Dewey had already gone back to Manila. The commodore, however, left instructions for the arrangement of Heneral Miong's return to the country. Aguinaldo left aboard the ship McCulloch on May 15, 1898, and arrived in Cavite two days later.
Public jubilance marked the general's return. Several revolutionaries, as well as Filipino soldiers employed by the Spaniards, submitted themselves to Aguinaldo's command. Soon after, Imus and Bacoor in Cavite, Parañaque and Las Piñas in Morong, Macabebe and San Fernando in Pampanga, as well as Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Tayabas (now Quezon), and the Camarines provinces, were liberated by the Filipinos. They were also able to secure the port of Dalahican in Cavite. The revolution was gaining ground. Bacoor is a municipality in the province of Cavite in the Philippines. ...
Parañaque City (pop. ...
Morong may refer to the following municipalities in the Philippines Morong, in the province of Bataan Morong, in the province of Rizal This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ...
San Fernando (Spanish for Saint Ferdinand) may refer to: Argentina San Fernando, Buenos Aires, city of the Greater Buenos Aires. ...
Laguna may refer to more than one article: Laguna, a Philipine province; Laguna, Santa Catarina, a city located in southern Brazil; Laguna de Cameros, a municipality in La Rioja, Spain San Cristóbal de La Laguna (also La Laguna), a municipality in the island of Tenerife, province of Santa Cruz...
Provincial Capitol of Bulacan. ...
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES Province of Bataan Region: Central Luzon (Region III) Capital: Balanga City Founded: —1754 Population: 2000 census—557,659 (46th largest) Density—406 per km² (12th highest) Area: 1,373. ...
Camarines was a historical province in the Philippines found on the northern end of the Bicol Peninsula. ...
Denouement The Spanish colonial government, now under Governor-General Basilio Augustín y Dávila, in order to win over the Filipinos from Aguinaldo and the Americans, established the Volunteer Militia and Consultative Assembly. Both groups were made up of Filipino recruits. However, most of them remained loyal to the revolution. The Volunteer Militia literally joined its supposed enemy, while the Assembly, chaired by Paterno, never had the chance to accomplish their goals. Basilio AugustÃn y Dávila (1840 - 1910) was briefly a Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines, from April 11 to July 24, 1898, in the middle of the Philippine Revolution. ...
Declaration of Independence
 The declaration of Filipino independence, as portrayed at the back of the now-defunct 5-peso bill. -
By June, the island of Luzon, except for Manila and the port of Cavite, was under Filipino control. The revolutionaries were laying siege to Manila and cutting off its food and water supply. With most of the archipelago under his control, Aguinaldo decided it was time to establish a Philippine government. Back side of the 5-Philippine peso bill. ...
Back side of the 5-Philippine peso bill. ...
The Philippine Declaration of Independence occurred on June 12, 1898 in the Philippines where Filipino revolutionary forces under General Emilio Aguinaldo (later to become the Philippines first Republican President) proclaimed the sovereignty and independence of the Philippine Islands from the colonial rule of Spain after the latter was defeated at...
When Aguinaldo arrived from Hong Kong, he brought with him a copy of a plan drawn by Mariano Ponce, calling for the establishment of a revolutionary government. Upon the advice of Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, however, an autocratic regime was established instead on May 24, with Aguinaldo as dictator. Mariano Ponce (March 23, 1863-May 23, 1918) was a Filipino physician who was a leader of the Propaganda Movement that spurred the Philippine Revolution against Spanish in 1896. ...
It was under this dictatorship that independence was finally proclaimed on June 12, 1898 in Aguinaldo's house in Kawit, Cavite. The first Filipino flag was unfurled and the national anthem was played for the first time. The Philippine Declaration of Independence occurred on June 12, 1898 in the Philippines where Filipino revolutionary forces under General Emilio Aguinaldo (later to become the Philippines first Republican President) proclaimed the sovereignty and independence of the Philippine Islands from the colonial rule of Spain after the latter was defeated at...
June 12 is the 163rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (164th in leap years), with 202 days remaining. ...
Year 1898 (MDCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...
Kawit (formerly Cavite El Viejo) is a 1st class urban municipality in the province of Cavite, Philippines. ...
w:This article is about the province of Cavite. ...
Flag ratio: 1:2 The national flag of the Philippines features an eight-rayed sun and three stars, all in gold, on a white equilateral triangle on the mast. ...
When the national anthem was first played, this was the flag displayed to the Filipino people. ...
Apolinario Mabini, Aguinaldo's closest adviser, was opposed to Aguinaldo's decision towards a dictatorial rule. He instead urged for the reformation of a government that could prove its stability and competency as prerequisite. Aguinaldo refused to do so; however, Mabini was able to convince him to turn his autocratic administration into a revolutionary one. Aguinaldo declared a revolutionary government on July 23. Apolinario Mabini Apolinario Mabini (July 23, 1864—May 13, 1903) was a Filipino theoretician who wrote the constitution for the first Philippine republic of 1899-1901, and served as its first premier in 1899. ...
Aftermath
The Revolutionary Congress in Malolos.
 General Aguinaldo (first row, center) with several members of the Congress. The Revolution did not end with the June 12th declaration. The Filipinos were not able to liberate Spanish-controlled Philippines until December, and Manila did not fall into Americans' hands until August of the following year. The United States would not grant complete autonomy for the Philippines until 1946. Image File history File links Malolos_congress. ...
Image File history File links Malolos_congress. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1188x951, 256 KB) Summary General Emilio Aguinaldo Description: General Aguinaldo (seated, center) and ten of the delegates to the Assembly of Representatives that passes the Constitución PolÃtica de la República Filipina on Jan. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1188x951, 256 KB) Summary General Emilio Aguinaldo Description: General Aguinaldo (seated, center) and ten of the delegates to the Assembly of Representatives that passes the Constitución PolÃtica de la República Filipina on Jan. ...
Upon the recommendations of the decree that established the revolutionary government, a Congreso Revolucionario was assembled at Barasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan. All of the delegates to the congress were from the ilustrado class, signaling a distinct change from the proletarian leadership of Tejeros. Mabini objected to the call for a constitutional assembly; when he did not succeed, he drafted a constitution of his own, and this too failed. A draft by ilustrado lawyer Felipe G. Calderón was instead laid on the table and this became the framework upon which the assembly drafted the first constitution. Look up Congress in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Felipe Gonzales Calderón (April 4, 1868 - July 6, 1908) was a Filipinopolitician,intellect and Father of the Malolos Constitution. ...
On November 29, the assembly, now popularly-called Malolos Congress, finished the draft. However, Aguinaldo, who always placed Mabini in high esteem and heeded most of his advice, refused to sign it when the latter objected. In January 21, 1899, after a few modifications were made to suit Mabini's arguments, the constituton was finally approved by the congreso and signed by Aguinaldo. The Malolos Constitution was the first Philippine constitution, from 1899. ...
The Constitution of the Philippines (Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas in Filipino) is the supreme law of the Philippines. ...
Two days later, the Filipino Republic (also called the First Republic and Malolos Republic) was inaugurated in Malolos with Aguinaldo as president. Flag Anthem: Himno Nacional Filipina Location of Filipinas in Asia Capital Bacoor, Cavite Malolos, Bulacan January 23, 1899-March 29, 1899 San Isidro, Nueva Ecija March 29, 1899-May 9, 1899 Palanan, Isabela September 6, 1900-March 23, 1901 Language(s) Spanish (official), Tagalog Government Republic President - 1898-1901 Emilio...
Legacy The Philippine Revolution was, and still is, important in many aspects. Image File history File links Supremo_monument_caloocan. ...
Image File history File links Supremo_monument_caloocan. ...
Caloocan City (in Filipino Kalookan) is one of the cities and municipalities that comprise Metro Manila in the Philippines. ...
- Second, the Revolution led to the establishment of the first non-western independent republic. Although unrecognized by most nations, the Philippines' First Republic was important because it represented the aspirations and struggle of a brown, Asian people to be independent of control by a white world power.
Aguinaldo Shrine in Kawit, where Aguinaldo declared Philippine independence - Third, it showed how disunity and discord can affect a revolution. The internal struggle between Bonifacio and Aguinaldo was one reason why the revolution faltered in its crucial stage. Subsequently, the refusal of several revolutionaries (many of them pro-Bonifacio) to fight with Aguinaldo was a major reason the revolution failed to achieve immediate and complete independence for the nation.
- And fourth, the Revolution united the Filipinos for the first time. Before and during Spanish colonization, there was no such thing as a Filipino people. The nation was segregated into ethnic and regional groups speaking 77 different languages, and allegiances were confined to one's language or territorial affiliation resulting in a lack of national sentiment. With the Revolution, the people no longer saw themselves primarily as Cebuanos, Tagalogs, Ilokanos, Kapampangans, etc., but as "Filipinos", first and foremost.
Eugène Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolising French nationalism during the July Revolution. ...
The storming of the Bastille, 14 July 1789 during the French Revolution. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ...
The Chinese Revolution may refer to: The Xinhai Revolution of 1911-1912, which led to the founding of the Republic of China, also known as the Republican Revolution. ...
Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box: A republic is a form of government maintained by a state or country whose sovereignty is based on popular consent and whose governance is based on popular representation and control. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata A_shrine. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata A_shrine. ...
Kawit (formerly Cavite El Viejo) is a 1st class urban municipality in the province of Cavite, Philippines. ...
Notes - ^ As the word frailocracia cannot be found in most Spanish dictionaries nor the word "frailocracy" in the English, the term must have been coined by succeeding Filipino writers to refer to this 'unique' system of government
- ^ Gathering at the Golden Gate: Mobilizing for War in the Philippines, 1898. Stephen D. Coats
See also The Philippine Declaration of Independence occurred on June 12, 1898 in the Philippines where Filipino revolutionary forces under General Emilio Aguinaldo (later to become the Philippines first Republican President) proclaimed the sovereignty and independence of the Philippine Islands from the colonial rule of Spain after the latter was defeated at...
José Rizal José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda (June 19, 1861 - December 30, 1896) is the national hero of the Philippines. ...
External links
Philippine Revolution
 Apolinario Mabini Apolinario Mabini (July 23, 1864—May 13, 1903) was a Filipino theoretician who wrote the constitution for the first Philippine republic of 1899-1901, and served as its first premier in 1899. ...
Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy (March 22, 1869 – February 6, 1964) was a Filipino general, politician, and independence leader. ...
Flag of the Philippine Revolution: Flag of the Katipunan featuring the societys acronym KKK in white in a line in the middle of a field of red. ...
Image File history File links Philippines_flag_original. ...
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