Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE) is a popular interdisciplinary degree which combines study from the three eponymous disciplines. It used to be most strongly associated with the University of Oxford – the institution that first offered the degree – but is increasingly being offered at other universities across the English-speaking world. Interdisciplinary work is that which integrates concepts across different disciplines. ... It has been suggested that Professional degree be merged into this article or section. ... The University of Oxford, located in the city of Oxford, England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ...

In the past, this was a programme taken seriously by those who sought a career in politics or public life – and quite a few who subsequently achieved it – but now only by those seeking a broader range of subjects for their first degree. The degree is currently offered by universities in the United Kingdom (such as Oxford, York, Durham, Warwick, UEA, Manchester, Lancaster, Essex, Hull Hull and Open), in the United States (such as Yale, Penn, Wesleyan, Pomona, Claremont McKenna, Eastern Oregon and The King's College), in South Africa (at Stellenbosch and Cape Town), in Canada (at Wilfrid Laurier) and in New Zealand (at Otago). Oxford's famous PPE graduates include Harold Wilson, Imran Khan, Edward Heath, Wesley Clark, David Cameron, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer, and Benazir Bhutto, among others. Italic text For other uses, see Politics (disambiguation). ... Representation of a university class, 1350s. ... The University of York is a campus university in York, England. ... Durham University is a university in England. ... University of Warwick Motto: Mens agitat molem Logo © University of Warwick The University of Warwick is a world-class campus university which, despite its name, is located mainly inside the southern boundary of Coventry, England, some 11 km ( 7 miles) from the town of Warwick, the remainder of the campus... The University of East Anglia (UEA) is a campus university located in Norwich, Norfolk, England, founded as part of the British Governments New Universities programme in the 1960s. ... University of Manchester Motto: Cognitio Sapientia Hvmanitas Knowledge, wisdom, humanity. ... Lancaster University (originally created as the University of Lancaster) is a collegiate campus university in Lancaster, UK. The University has a good academic reputation, doing well in national league tables. ... Introduction The University of Essex is a Campus university based at Wivenhoe Park on the outskirts of Colchester (the oldest recorded town in Britain) in the English county of Essex, less than a mile from the town of Wivenhoe. ... The University of Hull, also known as Hull University, is an English university in East Yorkshire which was founded in 1927. ... Affiliations EADTU, MSACS Website www. ... Yale redirects here. ... The University of Pennsylvania (or Penn[3][4]) is a private, nonsectarian research university located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ... Wesleyan University, founded in 1831, is a private, liberal arts university in Middletown, Connecticut. ... The Smith Campus Center Fountain at Pomona College during the inauguration of College President David Oxtoby Pomona College is a small private residential liberal arts college located 30 miles (48 km) east of Downtown Los Angeles in Claremont, California. ... A member of the Claremont Colleges, Claremont McKenna College is a small, highly selective, private coeducational, liberal arts college enrolling about 1100 students with a curricular emphasis on government, economics, and public policy. ... Eastern Oregon University (or EOU) is one of seven state-funded, four-year universities of higher education in the U.S. state of Oregon and belongs to the Oregon University System. ... The Kings College is a small Christian institution of higher education, founded by Percy Crawford in 1938. ... Stellenbosch University (Afrikaans: Universiteit van Stellenbosch) is an internationally recognised university which is situated in the town of Stellenbosch, South Africa. ... The University of Cape Town is a major tertiary education institution in Cape Town, South Africa, located on the Rhodes Estate on the slopes of Devils Peak. ... Wilfrid Laurier University (WLU) is a public university located in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. ... The University of Otago in Dunedin is New Zealands oldest university with over 20,000 students enrolled during 2006. ... James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, KG, OBE, FRS, PC (11 March 1916 – 24 May 1995) was one of the most prominent British politicians of the 20th century. ... Imran Khan (Urdu/Pashto: عمران احمد خان نیازی) (Imran Ahmad Khan Niazi; son of Ikram Ullah khan Niazi Shermankhel) born November 25, 1952, in Lahore is a Pakistani former cricketer turned politician. ... Sir Edward Richard George Heath, KG, MBE (9 July 1916 – 17 July 2005), soldier and politician, was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1970 to 1974 and leader of the Conservative Party from 1965 to 1975. ... Wesley Kanne Clark (born December 23, 1944) is a retired four-star general in the U.S. Army. ... David William Donald Cameron (born 9 October 1966) is a British politician, Leader of the Conservative Party, and Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons. ... Stephen Gerald Breyer (born August 15, 1938) is an American attorney, political figure, and jurist. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

PPE was established in Oxford in 1920 as a modern alternative to Classics (known as Greats) because it was thought that a course in Philosophy and Ancient History was no longer relevant for those entering the civil service. It was thus initially known as Modern Greats. It was also the first opportunity for students to study philosophy at Oxford without having to learn Ancient Greek or Latin and hence sparked a huge growth in the number of students studying philosophy at Oxford. Literae Humaniores is the name given to the study of Classics at Oxford and some other universities. ... The Death of Socrates, by Jacques-Louis David (1787) depicts the philosopher Socrates carrying out his own execution. ... Ancient history is the study of significant cultural and political events from the beginning of human history until the Early Middle Ages. ... A civil servant or public servant is a civilian career public sector employee working for a government department or agency. ... Note: This article contains special characters. ... Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ...

The design of the programme emanates from the view that to understand social phenomena one must approach them from several complementary disciplinary directions and analytical frameworks. In this regard, the study of philosophy is considered important because it both equips students with meta-tools such as the ability to reason rigorously and logically, and facilitates ethical reflection. The study of politics is considered necessary because it acquaints students with the authoritative structures that govern society and help solve collective action problems. Moreover, the study of political science is thought to put students in a position to evaluate the choices political systems and regimes regularly make. Finally, studying economics is seen as vital in the modern world because political decisions often concern economic matters, and government decisions are often influenced by economic events. Additionally, the analytical framework of economics (the rational actor model) is an important approach to studying social phenomena and, as such, students ought to be familiar with it. A contraction of meta- and tools defined as tools which work on metadata describing a target space. ... Ethics is a general term for what is often described as the science (study) of morality. In philosophy, ethical behavior is that which is good or right. ... Italic text For other uses, see Politics (disambiguation). ... The economic theory of collective action is concerned with the provision of public goods (and other collective consumption) through the collaboration of two or more individuals, and the impact of externalities on group behavior. ... Political science is the field of the social sciences concerning the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behavior. ... Face-to-face trading interactions among on the New York Stock Exchange trading floor Economics, as a social science, studies the production, distribution, and consumption of resources. ...

See also

• Greats degree course
• Interdisciplinarity

Literae Humaniores is the name given to the study of Classics at Oxford and some other universities. ... Interdisciplinarity is a type of academic collaboration in which specialists drawn from two or more academic disciplines work together in pursuit of common goals. ...

External links

• PPE at Oxford
• PPE at The University of Pennsylvania
• The PEP School at York
• The PPE School at the University of Durham
• P&E at Bayreuth