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Artificial intelligence Portal

The philosophy of artificial intelligence concerns questions of artificial intelligence (AI) such as: Image File history File links Information. ... Image File history File links Portal. ... The philosopher Socrates about to take poison hemlock as ordered by the court. ... Garry Kasparov playing against Deep Blue, the first machine to win a chess game against a reigning world champion. ...

• What is intelligence? How can one recognize its presence and applications? Is it possible for machines to exhibit intelligence?

• Does the presence of human-like intelligence imply consciousness and emotions?

• Is creating human-like artificial intelligence moral? What ethical stances should they take? What ethical stances should humans take toward them?

AI may be considered as a goal, an academic field of study within computer science, and as the techniques developed by such study. The philosophy of AI studies many topics that overlap with the philosophy of mind. Intelligence is the mental capacity to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend ideas and language, and learn. ... Consciousness is a quality of the mind generally regarded to comprise qualities such as subjectivity, self-awareness, sentience, sapience, and the ability to perceive the relationship between oneself and ones environment. ... For other uses, see Emotion (disambiguation). ... -1... For other uses, see Ethics (disambiguation). ... A Phrenological mapping of the brain. ...

Conditions for intelligence

The Turing test suggests a sufficient condition for intelligence is the ability to converse with a human in such a way that the human is fooled into thinking the conversation is with another human. (In order to remove biases based on how the AI looks, the conversation is normally imagined to take place through a medium like modern-day instant messaging chats.) Doctor Who novel named after the test, see The Turing Test. ... In logic, the words necessary and sufficient describe relations that hold between propositions or states of affairs, if one is conditional on the other. ... Instant messaging (IM) is a form of real-time communication between two or more people based on typed text. ...

Such a test is not a necessary condition; it seems for example that ET was intelligent even if it couldn't convince anyone of this fact due to language barriers and the like. Others doubt that it is even a sufficient condition. Chatbots, for example, are learning more and more sophisticated algorithms for sounding intelligent without any actual understanding of the conversations. In logic, the words necessary and sufficient describe relations that hold between propositions or states of affairs, if one is conditional on the other. ... For the Atari 2600 video game based on the movie, see E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (Atari 2600). ... A chatterbot is a computer program designed to simulate an intelligent conversation with one or more human users via auditory or textual methods. ...

John Searle argues that AI is impossible in his famous thought experiment, the Chinese room. Searle argues that syntax is not sufficient for semantics—that mere symbol manipulation, no matter how complicated, cannot provide genuine meaning or understanding, and that therefore no computer program can be written that in and of itself could cause a computer to think or understand. Because Searle admits that the human brain is essentially a computer, he does not go so far as to say that it is impossible to build a computer that could have semantics, but only so far as to say that such a computer would have to have physical causality similar to that of the human brain^[1]. Searle essentially sees computer programs as sets of syntactic rules, and argues that since no computer program could ever duplicate the physical causality of the human brain, strong AI's approach of programming computers to behave like people is futile. Most professional philosophers in the area believe that Searle failed to establish that AI is impossible, but there is disagreement about exactly what is wrong with his argument, with the Systems Reply, Robot Reply, and Brain Simulator Reply being among the objections.^[2] John Rogers Searle (born July 31, 1932 in Denver, Colorado) is the Slusser Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley, and is noted for contributions to the philosophy of language, philosophy of mind and consciousness, on the characteristics of socially constructed versus physical realities, and on practical reason. ... In philosophy, physics, and other fields, a thought experiment (from the German Gedankenexperiment) is an attempt to solve a problem using the power of human imagination. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Syntax (disambiguation). ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Intentionality, originally a concept from scholastic philosophy, was reintroduced in contemporary philosophy by the philosopher and psychologist Franz Brentano in his work Psychologie vom Empirischen Standpunkte. ... Look up understanding in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Strong AI vs. Weak AI

Main article: Strong AI vs. Weak AI

This debate argues that some forms of artificial intelligence can truly reason and solve problems. While such critics as John Lucas, Hubert Dreyfus, Joseph Weizenbaum and Terry Winograd denies the possibility, strong AI defenders like Daniel Dennett, Marvin Minsky, Hans Moravec and Ray Kurzweil claim that it is possible for computers to become sapient. In the philosophy of artificial intelligence, Strong AI vs. ... There have been several well-known people named John Lucas, including: Sir John Lucas (Royalist) John Lucas (philosopher) John Lucas, professional basketball player, Houston Rockets, NBA John Meredyth Lucas, screenwriter, director John Lucas (VC), the recipient of the Victoria Cross John P. Lucas - American general in WWII. ... Hubert Dreyfus (born 1929) is a professor of philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley. ... Joseph Weizenbaum. ... Terry A. Winograd Terry Allen Winograd (born February 24, 1946) is a professor of computer science at Stanford University. ... Daniel Clement Dennett (b. ... Marvin Lee Minsky (born August 9, 1927), sometimes affectionately known as Old Man Minsky, is an American cognitive scientist in the field of artificial intelligence (AI), co-founder of MITs AI laboratory, and author of several texts on AI and philosophy. ... Hans Moravec (born November 30, 1948 in Austria) is a research professor at the Robotics Institute (Carnegie Mellon) of Carnegie Mellon University. ... Dr. Raymond Kurzweil (born February 12, 1948) is a pioneer in the fields of optical character recognition (OCR), text-to-speech synthesis, speech recognition technology, and electronic musical keyboards. ...

Ethical issues

There are many ethical problems associated with working to create intelligent creatures.

• AI rights: if an AI is comparable in intelligence to humans, then should it have comparable moral status?
• Would it be wrong to engineer robots that want to perform tasks unpleasant to humans?
• Would a technological singularity be a good result or a bad one? If bad, what safeguards can be put in place, and how effective could any such safeguards be?
• Could a computer simulate an animal or human brain in a way that the simulation should receive the same animal rights or human rights as the actual creature?
• Under what preconditions could such a simulation be allowed to happen at all?

A major influence in the AI ethics dialogue was Isaac Asimov who, at the insistence of his editor John W. Campbell Jr., proposed the Three Laws of Robotics to govern artificial intelligent systems. Much of his work was then spent testing the boundaries of his three laws to see where they would break down, or where they would create paradoxical or unanticipated behavior. Ultimately, a reading of his work concludes that no set of fixed laws can sufficiently match the possible behavior of AI agents and human society. A criticism of Asimov's robot laws is that the installation of unalterable laws into a sentient consciousness would be a limitation of free will and therefore unethical. Consequently, Asimov's robot laws would be restricted to explicitly non-sentient machines, which possibly could not be made to reliably understand them under all possible circumstances. When plotted on a logarithmic graph, 15 separate lists of paradigm shifts for key events in human history show an exponential trend. ... In transhumanism and science fiction, mind transfer (also referred to as mind uploading or mind downloading, depending on ones point of reference), whole body emulation, or electronic transcendence refers to the hypothetical transfer of a human mind to an artificial substrate. ... For the album by Moby, see Animal Rights (album). ... Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ... Isaac Asimov (January 2?, 1920?[1] – April 6, 1992), IPA: , originally Исаак Озимов but now transcribed into Russian as Айзек Азимов) was a Russian-born American Jewish author and professor of biochemistry, a highly successful and exceptionally prolific writer best known for his works of science fiction and for his popular science books. ... For other persons of the same name, see John Campbell. ... This cover of I, Robot illustrates the story Runaround, the first to list all Three Laws of Robotics. ... Free-Will is a Japanese independent record label founded in 1986. ...

The movie The Thirteenth Floor suggests a future where simulated worlds with sentient inhabitants are created by computer game consoles for the purpose of entertainment. The movie The Matrix suggests a future where the dominant species on planet Earth are sentient machines and humanity is treated with utmost Speciesism. The short story The Planck Dive suggest a future where humanity has turned itself into software that can be duplicated and optimized and the relevant distinction between types of software is sentient and non-sentient. The same idea can be found in the Emergency Medical Hologram of Starship Voyager, which is an apparently sentient copy of a reduced subset of the consciousness of its creator, Dr. Zimmerman, who, for the best motives, has created the system to give medical assistance in case of emergencies. The movies Bicentennial Man and A.I. deal with the possibility of sentient robots that could love. I, Robot explored some aspects of Asimov's three laws. All these scenarios try to foresee possibly unethical consequences of the creation of sentient computers. Movie Poster The Thirteenth Floor is a 1999 film released to cinemas in Germany and the United States (as The 13th Floor). ... The Nintendo GameCube is an example of a popular video game console. ... The Matrix is a 1999 science fiction action film written and directed by Larry and Andy Wachowski and starring Keanu Reeves, Laurence Fishburne, Carrie-Anne Moss, Joe Pantoliano and Hugo Weaving. ... The relevance of particular information in (or previously in) this article or section is disputed. ... Luminous is a collection of short science fiction stories by Greg Egan. ... In the Star Trek fictional universe, the Emergency Medical Hologram or EMH (full name: EMH Program AK-1 Diagnostic and Surgical Subroutine Omega-323) is a holographic program intended to support or replace medical personnel aboard a Starfleet vessel or installation in case of emergency. ... The USS Voyager (NCC-74656) is an Intrepid class starship in the Star Trek fictional universe. ... In the fictional Star Trek universe, Dr. Lewis Zimmerman is the creator of the Emergency Medical Hologram, or EMH. Dr. Zimmerman is the Director of Holographic imaging and Programming on Jupiter Station, and is regarded as the father of modern holography. ... The Bicentennial Man is a novella by Isaac Asimov. ... Artificial Intelligence: A.I. is a science fiction film co-produced, written, and directed by Steven Spielberg and released in 2001. ... I, Robot is a science fiction film filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, but produced in the United States released on July 16, 2004, attributed to Isaac Asimovs Robot Series, especially a short-story collection of the same name. ...

Over time, debates have tended to focus less and less on possibility and more on desirability, as emphasized in the "Cosmist" and "Terran" debates initiated by Hugo de Garis and Kevin Warwick. A Cosmist, according to Hugo de Garis, is actually seeking to build more intelligent successors to the human species. Hugo de Garis (born 1947, Sydney, Australia) became an associate professor of computer science at Utah State University. ... Kevin Warwick speaking at the Tomorrows People conference hosted by Oxford University. ...

Expectations of AI

AI methods are often employed in cognitive science research, which tries to model subsystems of human cognition. Historically, AI researchers aimed for the loftier goal of so-called strong AI—of simulating complete, human-like intelligence. This goal is epitomised by the fictional strong AI computer HAL 9000 in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey. This goal is unlikely to be met in the near future and is no longer the subject of most serious AI research. The label "AI" has something of a bad name due to the failure of these early expectations, and aggravation by various popular science writers and media personalities such as Professor Kevin Warwick whose work has raised the expectations of AI research far beyond its current capabilities. For this reason, many AI researchers say they work in cognitive science, informatics, statistical inference or information engineering. Recent research areas include Bayesian networks and artificial life. Cognitive science is usually defined as the scientific study either of mind or of intelligence (e. ... In the philosophy of artificial intelligence, strong AI is the supposition that some forms of artificial intelligence can truly reason and solve problems; strong AI supposes that it is possible for machines to become sapient, or self-aware, but may or may not exhibit human-like thought processes. ... HAL 9000 (Heuristically programmed ALgorithmic computer) is a fictional character in Arthur C. Clarkes Space Odyssey saga. ... Kevin Warwick speaking at the Tomorrows People conference hosted by Oxford University. ... Cognitive science is usually defined as the scientific study either of mind or of intelligence (e. ... Informatics includes the science of information, the practice of information processing, and the engineering of information systems. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with inferential statistics. ... Information Engineering (IE) or Information Engineering Methodology (IEM) is an approach to designing and developing information systems. ... A Bayesian network (or a belief network) is a probabilistic graphical model that represents a set of variables and their probabilistic dependencies. ... Artificial Life, (commonly Alife or alife) is a field of study and art form that examines systems related to life, its processes and its evolution through simulations using computer models, robotics, and biochemistry [1] (called soft, hard, and wet approaches respectively[2]). Artificial life complements traditional Biology by trying to...

The vision of artificial intelligence replacing human professional judgment has arisen many times in the history of the field, and today in some specialized areas where "expert systems" are routinely used to augment or to replace professional judgment in some areas of engineering and of medicine. This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

References

1. ^ Searle, John R. Is the Brain's Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, January 1990, 26-31
2. ^ http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/chineser.htm

See also

Artificial consciousness (AC), also known as machine consciousness (MC) or synthetic consciousness, is a field related to artificial intelligence and cognitive robotics whose aim is to define that which would have to be synthesized were consciousness to be found in an engineered artifact. ... Garry Kasparov playing against Deep Blue, the first machine to win a chess game against a reigning world champion. ... Map of the human X chromosome (from the NCBI website). ... // A brain-computer interface (BCI), sometimes called a direct neural interface or a brain-machine interface, is a direct communication pathway between a human or animal brain (or brain cell culture) and an external device. ... In animals, the brain or encephalon (Greek for in the head), is the control center of the central nervous system, responsible for behaviour. ... Data mining has been defined as the nontrivial extraction of implicit, previously unknown, and potentially useful information from data [1] and the science of extracting useful information from large data sets or databases [2]. Data mining involves sorting through large amounts of data and picking out relevant information. ... As a broad subfield of artificial intelligence, machine learning is concerned with the design and development of algorithms and techniques that allow computers to learn. At a general level, there are two types of learning: inductive, and deductive. ... The philosophy of information (PI) is a new area of research, which studies conceptual issues arising at the intersection of computer science, information technology, and philosophy. ... A Phrenological mapping of the brain. ... In the philosophy of artificial intelligence, Strong AI vs. ... When plotted on a logarithmic graph, 15 separate lists of paradigm shifts for key events in human history show an exponential trend. ... This cover of I, Robot illustrates the story Runaround, the first to list all Three Laws of Robotics. ... Book cover of the 1979 paperback edition What Computers Cant Do: The Limits of Artificial Intelligence (ISBN 0-06-090613-8) is a controversial work on artificial intelligence, authored by Hubert Dreyfus, a professor of philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley. ...

External links

• Philosophical Arguments against Strong AI
• BBC News: Games to take on a life of their own
• 3 Laws Unsafe Campaign - Asimov's Laws & I, Robot
• Who's Afraid of Robots?, an article on humanity's fear of artificial intelligence.