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Phimosis is a condition where the male foreskin cannot be fully retracted from the head of the penis. The word derives from the Greek phimos (φῑμός, "muzzle"). As most boys are born with a non-retracting foreskin, the term is confusing because it denotes both a normal stage of development, and a pathological condition (i.e. a condition that causes problems for a person). This confusion is particularly pronounced in regard to infants. Conflicting incidence reports and widely varying post-neonatal circumcision rates reflect looseness in the diagnostic criteria.[1][2] Phimosis has become a topic of contention in circumcision debates.[3] The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ...
The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO). ...
// N00-N39 - Diseases of the genitourinary system: urinary system (N00-N08) Glomerular diseases Prefixes: .2 Diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis (N00) Acute nephritic syndrome (N01) Rapidly progressive nephritic syndrome (N02) Recurrent and persistent haematuria (N03) Chronic nephritic syndrome (N04) Nephrotic syndrome Lipoid nephrosis (N05) Unspecified nephritic syndrome (N06) Isolated proteinuria with specified...
The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ...
The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ...
The Disease Bold textDatabase is a free website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions, symptoms, and medications. ...
eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996. ...
Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. ...
The foreskin or prepuce (a technically broader term that also includes the clitoral hood, the homologous structure in women) is a retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane that covers the glans penis and protects the urinary meatus when the penis. ...
The penis (plural penises, penes) is an external male sexual organ. ...
Incidence is a measure of the risk of developing some new condition within a specified period of time. ...
This article is about male circumcision. ...
In general, diagnosis (plural diagnoses) has two distinct dictionary definitions. ...
Numerous medical studies have tried to assess the effects of circumcision. ...
It is normal for a baby's foreskin not to retract, but as the child grows the foreskin is expected to become retractable. Some have suggested that physiological infantile phimosis be referred to as developmental nonretractility of the foreskin to more clearly distinguish this normal stage of development from pathological forms of phimosis.[4] Different management is appropriate. In other words, there are different degrees of phimosis, and treatment may vary on the degree of phimosis.
Women can suffer from clitoral phimosis.[5] The clitoris is a sexual organ that is present only in female mammals. ...
Natural development of the foreskin
For most of the Twentieth Century, most of the medical profession has recognized that most male infants have foreskins which are still attached to the epithelium of the glans penis [1] and cannot easily be retracted. There have been four types of medical responses and attitudes toward this fact: This article is about the epithelium as it relates to animal anatomy. ...
- In the first half of the Twentieth Century, some physicians recommended that the foreskin be repeatedly retracted, if necessary with some force, to free it from the glans. It was thought that this could prevent later (pathological) phimosis and urinary problems in older boys by permitting washing of the glans and foreskin. Poor hygiene was thought to predispose to pathological phimosis. This approach has not been recommended by physicians for many decades.
- Particularly in the middle of the Twentieth Century, some physicians promoted routine neonatal circumcision to avoid phimosis.[3] While circumcision prevents phimosis, at least 10 to 20 healthy infants must be circumcised for each prevented case of potential phimosis according to some incidence statistics[citation needed]. If one believes even lower phimosis incidence estimates, far more must be circumcised to prevent each case of phimosis. While some[who?] still promote this view, most pediatricians do not consider it a compelling argument for routine neonatal circumcision.[6]
- In the last three decades, as the circumcision rate in North America has declined, the most common official recommendations and guidelines from medical societies, as well as infant care books written by experts, have emphasized that it is normal not to be able to retract an infant's foreskin fully and that it need not be done. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends gentle soap and water cleaning, but specifically recommends against forcible retraction.[6] There is now some suspicion that forceful retraction that results in inflammation may actually contribute to pathological phimosis at an older age.[1] Although the rate of surgical treatment of phimosis (usually circumcision) is falling, some pediatric urologists have argued that many physicians continue to have trouble distinguishing developmental non-retractility from pathological phimosis, and that phimosis is overdiagnosed.[7][8][9]
- Phimosis is sometimes used as a justification for circumcision,[2][9] so that it will be covered by a national health system or insurance plan. The definition may be stretched by a physician for an older child; particularly where (as in North America), post-neonatal circumcision is usually outpatient surgery by a pediatric urologist, more expensive than the neonatal procedure.[9]
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) is an organization of pediatricians, physicians trained to deal with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents. ...
Pediatric urology is a surgical subspecialty of medicine dealing with the disorders of childrens genitourinary systems. ...
Pediatric urology is a surgical subspecialty of medicine dealing with the disorders of childrens genitourinary systems. ...
Pathological phimosis in childhood Pathological phimosis (as opposed to the natural non-retractability of the foreskin) in childhood is rare and the causes are varied. Some cases may arise from balanitis (inflammation of the glans penis), perhaps due in turn to inappropriate efforts to separate and retract an infant foreskin. Other cases of non-retractile foreskin may be caused by preputial stenosis or narrowness that prevents retraction, by fusion of the foreskin with the glans penis in children, or by frenulum breve, which prevents retraction. In some cases a cause may not be clear, or it may be difficult to distinguish physiological phimosis from pathological if an infant appears to be in pain with urination or has obvious ballooning of the foreskin with urination or apparent discomfort. However, even ballooning does not always indicate urinary obstruction.[10] Balanitis is inflammation of the glans penis. ...
Frenulum breve is the condition in which the frenulum preputii penis, which is an elastic band of tissue under the glans penis that connects to the prepuce (foreskin) and helps contract the prepuce over the glans, is short and restricts the movement of the prepuce. ...
Acquired phimosis Phimosis in older children and adults can vary in severity, with some men able to retract their foreskin partially ("relative phimosis"), and some completely unable to retract their foreskin even in the flaccid state ("full phimosis").
Because of the "elasticity" of the diagnostic criteria, there has been considerable variation in the reported prevalence of pathological phimosis. An incidence rate of 1% to 2% of the uncircumcised adult male population is often cited, though some studies of older children or adolescents have reported higher rates.[1] Relative phimosis is more common, with estimates of its frequency at approximately 8% of uncircumcised men.[11]
When phimosis develops in an uncircumcised adult who was previously able to retract his foreskin, it is nearly always due to a pathological cause, and is far more likely to cause problems for the man.
One cause of acquired, pathological phimosis is chronic balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO), a skin condition of unknown origin that causes a whitish ring of indurated tissue (a cicatrix) to form near the tip of the prepuce. This inelastic tissue prevents retraction. Some evidence suggests that BXO may be the same disease as lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the vulva in females.[12] Infectious, inflammatory, and hormonal factors have all been implicated or proposed as contributing factors. Circumcision is usually recommended though alternatives have been advocated. Discussion Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) is a skin disease of unknown origin. ...
This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA) is a rare skin disease. ...
Phimosis may occur after other types of chronic inflammation (e.g., balanoposthitis), repeated catheterization, or forceful foreskin retraction.[1] Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) is a virus of the family Herpesviridae that causes several diseases worldwide in cattle, including rhinotracheitis, vaginitis, balanoposthitis, abortion, conjunctivitis, and enteritis. ...
In urinary catheterization, a urinary catheter (such as a Foley catheter) is a plastic tube which is either inserted through a patients urinary tract into their bladder or attached to a male patients penis. ...
Phimosis may also sometimes be brought on by diabetes, due to high levels of sugar being present in the urine of some diabetics, which creates the right conditions for bacteria to breed, under the foreskin.
Potential complications of acquired phimosis Chronic complications of acquired (pathological) phimosis can include discomfort or pain during urination or sexual intercourse. The urinary stream can be impeded, resulting in dribbling and wetness after urination. Harmful urinary obstruction is possible but uncommon. Pain may occur when a partially retractable foreskin retracts during intercourse and chokes the glans penis. A totally non-retractable foreskin is rarely painful. There is some evidence that phimosis may be a risk factor for penile cancer.[13] Urinary retention also known as ischuria is a lack of ability to urinate. ...
It has been suggested that Duration of sexual intercourse be merged into this article or section. ...
Look up choke in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Look up Pain in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
The most acute complication is paraphimosis (Paraphimosis image). In this acute condition, the glans is swollen and painful, and the foreskin is immobilized by the swelling in a partially retracted position. The proximal penis is flaccid. Paraphimosis is a medical condition where the foreskin becomes trapped behind the glans penis, and cannot be pulled back to its normal flaccid position covering the glans penis. ...
Treatment of phimosis Phimosis in infancy is nearly always physiological, and needs to be treated only if it is causing obvious problems such as urinary discomfort or obstruction. In older children and men phimosis should be distinguished from frenulum breve, which more often requires surgery, though the two conditions can occur together. Frenulum breve is the condition in which the frenulum preputii penis, which is an elastic band of tissue under the glans penis that connects to the prepuce (foreskin) and helps contract the prepuce over the glans, is short and restricts the movement of the prepuce. ...
If phimosis in older children or adults is not causing acute and severe problems, nonsurgical measures may be effective. Choice of treatment is often determined by whether the patient (or doctor) views circumcision as an option of last resort to be avoided or as the preferred course. Some men with nonretractile foreskins have no difficulties and see no need for correction.
- Circumcision is the traditional surgical solution for pathological phimosis, and is effective. Serious complications from circumcision are very rare, but minor complication rates (e.g., having to perform a second procedure or meatotomy to revise the first or to re-open the urethra) have been reported in about 0.2-0.6% in most reported series,[6] though others quote higher rates.[9]
- Preputioplasty, in which a limited dorsal slit with transverse closure is made along the constricting band of skin[14][15] can be an effective alternative to full circumcision.[9] It has the advantage of only extremely limited pain and a very short time of healing relative to the rather more traumatic circumcision, together with no cosmetic effects.
There is a school of opinion among the medical profession that advocates and promotes a number of alternative methods where surgery, with all the attendant risks, can be avoided. This article is about male circumcision. ...
Preputioplasty or prepuce plasty, also known as limited dorsal slit with transverse closure, is a minor plastic surgical operation on the prepuce or foreskin of the penis to widen a narrow non-retractile foreskin which cannot comfortably be drawn back off the head of the penis in erection because of...
High rates of success have been reported with several nonsurgical measures:
- Application of topical steroid cream for 4-6 weeks to the narrow part of the foreskin is relatively simple and less expensive than surgical treatments.[9] It has replaced circumcision as the preferred treatment method for some physicians in the U.K. National Health Service.[16][17]
- Stretching of the foreskin can be accomplished manually. Skin that is under tension expands by growing additional cells. A permanent increase in size occurs by gentle stretching over a period of time. The treatment is non-traumatic and non-destructive. Manual stretching may be carried out without the aid of a medical doctor. The stretching can also be accomplished with balloons placed under the foreskin skin under anaesthesia,[18]or with a tool.[19] The tissue expansion promotes the growth of new skin cells to permanently expand the narrow preputial ring that prevents retraction.
This article is about the chemical family of steroids. ...
NHS redirects here. ...
Anesthesia (AE), also anaesthesia (BE), is the process of blocking the perception of pain and other sensations. ...
Skin and tissue expander with inflatable baloon device. ...
Incidence A number of medical reports of phimosis incidence have been published over the years. They vary widely because of the difficulties of distinguishing physiological phimosis (developmental nonretractility) from pathological phimosis, definitional differences, ascertainment problems, and the multiple additional influences on post-neonatal circumcision rates in cultures where most newborn males are circumcised. A commonly cited incidence statistic for pathological phimosis is 1% of uncircumcised males.[1][4],[8] When phimosis is simply equated with nonretractility of the foreskin after age 3 years, considerably higher incidence rates have been reported.[20][21] Others have described incidences in adolescents and adults as high as 50%, though it is likely that many cases of physiological phimosis or partial nonretractility were included.[22]
Phimosis in history - According to some accounts, phimosis prevented Louis XVI of France from impregnating his wife, Marie Antoinette, for the first seven years of their marriage. She was 14 and he was 15 when they married in 1770. However, the presence and nature of his genital anomaly is not considered certain, and some scholars (Vincent Cronin and Simone Bertiere) assert that surgical repair would have been mentioned in the records of his medical treatments if it had occurred.[citation needed]
- US President James Garfield was assassinated by Charles Guiteau in 1881. The autopsy report for Guiteau indicated that he had phimosis. At the time, this led to the simplistic speculation that Guiteau's murderous behavior was due to phimosis-induced insanity.[23]
Louis XVI, born Louis-Auguste de France (23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) ruled as King of France and Navarre from 1774 until 1791, and then as King of the French from 1791 to 1792. ...
Marie-Antoinette, Queen of France and Archduchess of Austria (born November 1755 – executed 16 October 1793) Daughter of Maria Theresa of Austria, wife of Louis XVI and mother of Louis XVII. She was guillotined at the height of the French Revolution. ...
For other uses of terms redirecting here, see US (disambiguation), USA (disambiguation), and United States (disambiguation) Motto In God We Trust(since 1956) (From Many, One; Latin, traditional) Anthem The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City National language English (de facto)1 Demonym American...
James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831–September 19, 1881) was a major general in the United States Army, member of the U.S. House of Representatives, and the twentieth President of the United States. ...
Charles Julius Guiteau (September 8, 1841 – June 30, 1882) was an American lawyer who assassinated President James A. Garfield on July 2, 1881. ...
Year 1881 (MDCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...
See also Paraphimosis is a medical condition where the foreskin becomes trapped behind the glans penis, and cannot be pulled back to its normal flaccid position covering the glans penis. ...
Numerous medical studies have tried to assess the effects of circumcision. ...
Frenulum breve is the condition in which the frenulum preputii penis, which is an elastic band of tissue under the glans penis that connects to the prepuce (foreskin) and helps contract the prepuce over the glans, is short and restricts the movement of the prepuce. ...
David Reimer (August 22, 1965 – May 4, 2004) was a Canadian man who was born as a healthy boy, but was sexually reassigned and raised as female after his penis was inadvertently destroyed during circumcision. ...
References - ^ a b c d e f Cantu Jr. S. Phimosis and paraphimosis at eMedicine. Excellent Emedicine overview.
- ^ a b Dewan PA (2003). "Treating phimosis". Med. J. Aust. 178 (4): 148–50. PMID 12580737, http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/178_04_170203/dew10610_fm.html. Discussion of physiological and pathological phimosis in childhood and use of diagnosis to justify surgery for parents' sake. Pictures of infant penises with and without phimosis.
- ^ a b Hill G (2003). "Circumcision for phimosis and other medical indications in Western Australian boys". Med. J. Aust. 178 (11): 587; author reply 589–90. PMID 12765511, http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/178_11_020603/matters_arising_020603-1.html. Letters to the Med J Austral debating the phimosis statistics of Spilsbury and the treatment recommendations of Dewan from both proponents and opponents of circumcision.
- ^ a b Shankar KR, Rickwood AM (1999). "The incidence of phimosis in boys". BJU Int. 84 (1): 101–2. PMID 10444134, http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=1464-4096&date=1999&volume=84&issue=1&spage=101. This study gives a low incidence of pathological phimosis (0.6% of uncircumcised boys by age 15 years) by asserting that balanitis xerotica obliterans is the only indisputable type of pathological phimosis and anything else should be assumed "physiological". Restrictiveness of definition and circularity of reasoning have been criticized.
- ^ Ezell C (2000). "Anatomy and Sexual Dysfunction". Scientific American.
- ^ a b c "Circumcision policy statement. American Academy of Pediatrics. Task Force on Circumcision". Pediatrics 103 (3): 686–93. 1999. PMID 10049981, http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10049981. Although not directly focusing on phimosis, this American Academy of Pediatrics report provides a synopsis of circumcision statistics and benefits, with noncommittal final recommendation. "Existing scientific evidence demonstrates potential medical benefits of newborn male circumcision; however, these data are not sufficient to recommend routine neonatal circumcision. In the case of circumcision, in which there are potential benefits and risks, yet the procedure is not essential to the child's current well-being, parents should determine what is in the best interest of the child."
- ^ Rickwood AM, Walker J (1989). "Is phimosis overdiagnosed in boys and are too many circumcisions performed in consequence?". Ann R Coll Surg Engl 71 (5): 275–7. PMID 2802472. Authors review English referral statistics and suggest phimosis is overdiagnosed, especially in boys under 5 years, because of confusion with developmentally nonretractile foreskin.
- ^ a b Spilsbury K, Semmens JB, Wisniewski ZS, Holman CD (2003). "Circumcision for phimosis and other medical indications in Western Australian boys". Med. J. Aust. 178 (4): 155–8. PMID 12580740, http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/178_04_170203/spi10278_fm.html. . Recent Australian statistics with good discussion of ascertainment problems arising from surgical statistics.
- ^ a b c d e f Van Howe RS (1998). "Cost-effective treatment of phimosis". Pediatrics 102 (4): E43. PMID 9755280, http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/102/4/e43. A pediatrician and anti-circumcision activist reviews estimated costs and complications of 3 phimosis treatments (topical steroids, praeputioplasty, and surgical circumcision) and concludes that topical steroids should be tried first, and praeputioplasty has advantages over surgical circumcision. This article also provides a good discussion of the difficulty distinguishing pathological from physiological phimosis in young children and alleges inflation of phimosis statistics for purposes of securing insurance coverage for post-neonatal circumcision in the United States.
- ^ Babu R, Harrison SK, Hutton KA (2004). "Ballooning of the foreskin and physiological phimosis: is there any objective evidence of obstructed voiding?". BJU Int. 94 (3): 384–7. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2004.04935.x. PMID 15291873.
- ^ Stuart R. Encyclopedia of Phimosis Statistics male-initiation.net
- ^ Laymon CW, Freeman C (1944). "Relationship of Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans to Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus". Arch Dermat Syph 49: 57–9, http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/BXO/laymon1/.
- ^ Willcourt RJ. Discussion of Rickwood et al (2000) BMJ.com e-letters, 30 June 2005.
- ^ Cuckow PM, Rix G, Mouriquand PD (1994). "Preputial plasty: a good alternative to circumcision". J. Pediatr. Surg. 29 (4): 561–3. PMID 8014816, http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022-3468(94)90092-2.
- ^ Saxena AK, Schaarschmidt K, Reich A, Willital GH (2000). "Non-retractile foreskin: a single center 13-year experience". Int Surg 85 (2): 180–3. PMID 11071339, http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/saxena1/.
- ^ Berdeu D, Sauze L, Ha-Vinh P, Blum-Boisgard C (2001). "Cost-effectiveness analysis of treatments for phimosis: a comparison of surgical and medicinal approaches and their economic effect". BJU Int. 87 (3): 239–44. PMID 11167650, http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=1464-4096&date=2001&volume=87&issue=3&spage=239.
- ^ Chu CC, Chen KC, Diau GY (1999). "Topical steroid treatment of phimosis in boys". J. Urol. 162 (3 Pt 1): 861–3. PMID 10458396.
- ^ He Y, Zhou XH (1991). "Balloon dilation treatment of phimosis in boys. Report of 512 cases". Chin. Med. J. 104 (6): 491–3. PMID 1874025, http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/he-zhou/.
- ^ The Glansie glansie.com
- ^ Imamura E (1997). "Phimosis of infants and young children in Japan". Acta Paediatr Jpn 39 (4): 403–5. PMID 9316279. A study of phimosis prevalence in over 4,500 Japanese children reporting that over a third of uncircumcised had a nonretractile foreskin by age 3 years.
- ^ Oster J (1968). "Further fate of the foreskin. Incidence of preputial adhesions, phimosis, and smegma among Danish schoolboys". Arch. Dis. Child. 43 (228): 200–3. PMID 5689532.
- ^ Ohjimi T, Ohjimi H (1981). "Special surgical techniques for relief of phimosis". J Dermatol Surg Oncol 7 (4): 326–30. PMID 7240535.
- ^ Hodges FM (1999). "The history of phimosis from antiquity to the present". in Milos, Marilyn Fayre; Denniston, George C.; Hodges, Frederick Mansfield. Male and female circumcision: medical, legal, and ethical considerations in pediatric practice. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. pp. 37–62. ISBN 0-306-46131-5, http://www.circumstitions.com/Absurd.html#assassin.
eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996. ...
Discussion Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) is a skin disease of unknown origin. ...
A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...
Further reading - Gairdner D (1949). "The fate of the foreskin, a study of circumcision". Br Med J 2 (4642): 1433–7, illust. PMID 15408299. This study was one of the first attempts to determine incidence and is still cited by both advocates and opponents of circumcision. He reported both a high rate (92%) of retractability by age 5 years (though the report is criticised because he "ran a probe around to loosen the adherence of foreskin to glans") and a high rate (20%) of boys older than 5 without full retractability.
- Holman JR, Stuessi KA (1999). "Adult circumcision". Am Fam Physician 59 (6): 1514–8. PMID 10193593, http://www.aafp.org/afp/990315ap/1514.html. Technique for circumcision with some discussion of phimosis as most common indication for adult circumcision.
External links The following links are provided by advocates against circumcision and provide a discussion of alternative treatments. The Wikimedia Commons (also called Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ...
Pictures | Diseases of the pelvis and genitals (N40-N99, 600-629) | | | Female | | | | | | Uterus | Endometrium: Endometriosis ( Adenomyosis) · Endometrial polyp menstruation (Amenorrhoea, Anovulation, Hypomenorrhea, Oligomenorrhea, Menorrhagia, Menometrorrhagia, Metrorrhagia, Dysmenorrhea) The pelvis (pl. ...
A sex organ, or primary sexual characteristic, narrowly defined, is any of those parts of the body (which are not always bodily organs according to the strict definition) which are involved in sexual reproduction and constitute the reproductive system in an complex organism; namely: Male: penis (notably the glans penis...
The human females reproductive system. ...
In medicine, Adnexa refers to the appendages of an organ. ...
Ovarian diseases can be classified as endocrine disorders or as a disorders of the reproductive system. ...
Human female internal reproductive anatomy Ovaries are egg-producing reproductive organs found in female organisms. ...
Benign ovarian cyst. ...
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a complication from some forms of fertility medication. ...
In medicine, anovulation is absence of ovulation when it would be normally expected (in a post-menarchal, premenopausal woman). ...
Mittelschmerz (German: middle pain) is a medical term for ovulation pain. Some women have mittelschmerz regularly and can time their ovulation by it, but many never experience it. ...
The Fallopian tubes, also known as oviducts, uterine tubes, and salpinges (singular salpinx) are two very fine tubes leading from the ovaries of female mammals into the uterus. ...
Female internal reproductive anatomy The Fallopian tubes, also known as oviducts and uterine tubes, are two very fine tubes leading from the ovaries of female mammals into the uterus. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Hematosalpinx (sometimes also hemosalpinx) is a medical condition involving bleeding into the fallopian tubes. ...
The supravaginal portion of the cervix is separated in front from the bladder by fibrous tissue, the parametrium, which extends also on to its sides and lateralward between the layers of the broad ligaments. ...
Parametritis is an inflammation of the parametrium (connective tissue adjacent to the uterus). ...
This article is about female reproductive anatomy. ...
The endometrium is the inner membrane of the mammalian uterus. ...
Adenomyosis is a medical condition characterized by the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue (the inner lining of the uterus) within the myometrium (the thick, muscular layer of the uterus). ...
In zoology, a polyp is one of two forms of individuals found in many species of cnidarians. ...
A menstrual disorder is an irregular condition in a womans menstrual cycle. ...
Amenorrhoea (BE), amenorrhea (AmE), or amenorrhœa, is the absence of a menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age. ...
In medicine, anovulation is absence of ovulation when it would be normally expected (in a post-menarchal, premenopausal woman). ...
Hypomenorrhea also known as or related to hypomenorrhoea, scanty periods, and spotting at periods is menstrual blood flow that is extremely light. ...
Oligomenorrhea is the medical term for infrequent or light menstrual periods in women of child-bearing age. ...
Menorrhagia is an abnormally heavy and prolonged menstrual period at regular intervals. ...
Menometrorrhagia is a condition in which prolonged or excessive uterine bleeding occurs irregularly and more frequently than normal. ...
Metrorrhagia refers to vaginal bleeding that among premenopausal women that is not synchronized with their menstrual period. ...
Dysmenorrhea (or dysmenorrhoea) is a medical condition characterized by severe uterine pain during menstruation. ...
Hematometra · Retroverted uterus · Asherman's syndrome | | | | | | | | Vaginitis ( Bacterial vaginosis, Atrophic vaginitis) · Leukorrhea · Hematocolpos/Hydrocolpos intercourse (Dyspareunia, Vaginismus) Hematometra is a medical condition involving bleeding of or near the uterus. ...
A retroverted uterus is a uterus that is tilted backwards instead of forwards. ...
Ashermans syndrome , also called uterine synechiae, presents a condition characterized by the presence of scars within the uterine cavity. ...
The cervix (from Latin neck) is the lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top end of the vagina. ...
Inflammation of the tissues of the cervix is known as cervicitis. ...
A cervical polyp is a common benign polyp or tumour on the surface of the cervical canal. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Vulvovaginal health is the health and sanitation of the human female vulva and vagina. ...
Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vaginal mucosa and often associated with an irritation or infection of the vulva leading to vulvovaginitis. ...
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of vaginal infection (vaginitis). ...
Atrophic vaginitis (also known as vaginal atrophy) is an inflammation of the vagina due to thinning and shrinking tissues and decreased lubrication of the vaginal walls. ...
Leukorrhea (US) or leukorrhoea (Commonwealth) is a medical term used to describe vaginal discharge during pregnancy. ...
Hematocolpos is a medical condition in which the vagina fills with menstrual blood. ...
Hydrocolpos is the distension of the vagina caused by accumulation of fluid due to congenital vaginal obstruction. ...
Sexual dysfunction or sexual malfunction (see also sexual function) is difficulty during any stage of the sexual act (which includes desire, arousal, orgasm, and resolution) that prevents the individual or couple from enjoying sexual activity. ...
Dyspareunia is painful sexual intercourse, due to medical or psychological causes. ...
Vaginismus is a condition which affects a womans ability to engage in any form of vaginal penetration, including sexual penetration, insertion of tampons, and the penetration involved in gynecological examinations. ...
Prolapse ( Cystocele, Rectocele, Urethrocele) · Fistulae ( Vesicovaginal, Rectovaginal) | | | | | | | Other/general | | | | | Male | | Testicular | | | | | | | | Prostate | | | | Penis | | | | Other | | | | | See also congenital, neoplasia | | Female genital prolapse (or vaginal prolapse) is characterized by a portion of the vaginal canal protruding from the opening of the vagina. ...
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A rectocele is an abnormal bulging of the rectovaginal septum (which is normally a semi-rigid divider between the rectum and vagina) into the vaginal area. ...
Not to be confused with Ureterocele . ...
Obstetric fistula (or vaginal fistula) is a severe medical condition in which a fistula (hole) develops between either the rectum and vagina (see rectovaginal fistula) or between the bladder and vagina (see vesicovaginal fistula) after severe or failed childbirth, when adequate medical care is not available. ...
Vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) is a subtype of female urogenital fistula (UGF). ...
A rectovaginal fistula is a medical condition where there is a fistula or abnormal connection between the rectum and the vagina. ...
The vulva (from Latin, vulva, plural vulvae or vulvas; see etymology) is the region of the external genital organs of the female, including the labia majora, mons pubis, labia minora, clitoris, bulb of the vestibule, vestibule of the vagina, greater and lesser vestibular glands, and vaginal orifice. ...
Vulvitis is a condition of inflammation of the vulva of a female. ...
A Bartholins cyst is formed when a Bartholins gland is blocked, causing a cyst to develop. ...
Pelvic inflammatory disease (or disorder) (PID) is a generic term for inflammation of the female uterus, fallopian tubes, and/or ovaries as it progresses to scar formation with adhesions to nearby tissues and organs. ...
Infertility is the inability to naturally conceive, carry or deliver a healthy child. ...
Habitual abortion or recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is the occurrence of repeated pregnancies that end in miscarriage of the fetus, usually before 20 weeks of gestation. ...
This article is about human male reproductive system. ...
Testicular diseases can be classified as endocrine disorders or as a disorders of the reproductive system. ...
Orchitis is an often very painful condition of the testicles involving inflammation, swelling and frequently infection. ...
A hydrocele testis is an accumulation of clear fluid in the tunica vaginalis, the most internal of membranes containing a testicle. ...
In testicular torsion the spermatic cord that provides the blood supply to a testicle is twisted, cutting off the blood supply, often causing orchalgia. ...
Male infertility is a term that refers to infertility in male humans. ...
Azoospermia is the medical condition of a man not having any measurable level of sperm in his semen. ...
Oligospermia, also know as Oligozoospermia, is a medical symptom affecting men. ...
Male Anatomy The epididymis is part of the human male reproductive system and is present in all male mammals. ...
Epididymitis is a medical condition in which the epididymis becomes inflamed. ...
Spermatocele is a retention cyst of a tubule of the rete testis or the head of the epididymis distended with a milky fluid that contains spermatozoa. ...
A hematocele is a collection of blood around the testicle. ...
For the prostate gland in females, see Skenes gland. ...
Prostatitis is any form of inflammation of the prostate gland. ...
For other uses of the acronym BPH, see BPH (disambiguation). ...
For the symbol of the erect penis, see phallus. ...
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) is a virus of the family Herpesviridae that causes several diseases worldwide in cattle, including rhinotracheitis, vaginitis, balanoposthitis, abortion, conjunctivitis, and enteritis. ...
Balanitis is inflammation of the glans penis. ...
Priapism (Ancient Greek: ) is a potentially harmful medical condition in which the erect penis does not return to its flaccid state (despite the absence of both physical and psychological stimulation) within about four hours. ...
Sexual dysfunction or sexual malfunction (see also sexual function) is difficulty during any stage of the sexual act (which includes desire, arousal, orgasm, and resolution) that prevents the individual or couple from enjoying sexual activity. ...
Erectile dysfunction (ED) or impotence is a sexual dysfunction characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis. ...
Peyronies disease is a connective tissue disorder involving the growth of fibrous plaques in the soft tissue of the penis affecting as many as 1-4% of men. ...
Hematospermia, or the presence of blood in semen, is most often a benign and idiopathic symptom, but can sometimes result from medical problems such as a urethral stricture, infection of the prostate, or a congenital bleeding disorder, and can occur transiently after surgical procedures such as a prostate biopsy. ...
In males, retrograde ejaculation occurs when the fluid to be ejaculated, which would normally exit via the urethra, is redirected towards the urinary bladder. ...
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