Nikolai Yezhov and Stalin, before and after retouching.

Photo manipulation is the technique of modifying a photographic image by either analog or digital means. Image File history File links The_Commissar_Vanishes_1. ... Image File history File links The_Commissar_Vanishes_2. ... It has been suggested that Archival digital print be merged into this article or section. ... A digital system is one that uses discrete numbers, especially binary numbers, or non-numeric symbols such as letters or icons, for input, processing, transmission, storage, or display, rather than a continuous spectrum of values (an analog system). ...

Types of photo manipulation

In digital manipulation, photographs are usually taken with a digital camera and input directly into a computer. If a digital camera is not available, a printed photograph may be digitized using a scanner. Photos can also be obtained from stock photography databases. With the advent of computers, graphics tablets, and digital cameras, the term photo manipulation encompasses everything that can be done to a photo in a darkroom or on a computer. A photo manipulation is most commonly subtle (eg alterations to colouring, contrast, so forth), but may be explicit also (eg overlaying a head onto a different body, changing a sign's text). Sometimes a photo manipulation has little or no resemblance to the photo from which it started. Image manipulation software is then used to apply effects and warp the image in whatever way possible until the desired result is achieved. It has been suggested that Archival digital print be merged into this article or section. ... A SiPix digital camera next to a matchbox to show scale A Hasselblad 503CW with a digital camera back A digital camera is an electronic device used to capture and store photographs electronically instead of using photographic film like conventional cameras. ... A BlueGene supercomputer cabinet. ... Digitized is a method of creating sprites to games using live video footage. ... The term scanner has several meanings: In radio, a scanner is a device for searching for and receiving radio broadcasts. ... Stock photography consists of existing photographs that can be licensed for specific uses. ... A Wacom Graphire2 graphics tablet. ... A darkroom is a given space, usually a separate area in a building or a vehicle, that is made dark so as to allow photographers to use light-sensitive materials to develop photographs and film. ...

History

Before computers, photo manipulation was done by retouching with ink, double-exposure, piecing photos or negatives together in the darkroom or scratching Polaroids. Photo re-touching, manipulation and editing with the software program photoshop is now considered part of the development process of digital photos and is often referred to as Photochopping. Photo manipulation is as old as photography itself; the idea of a photo having inherent verisimilitude is a social construct. Manipulation has been used to deceive or persuade viewers, or for improved story-telling and self-expression. As early as the American Civil War photographs were published as engravings based on more than one negative. A darkroom is a given space, usually a separate area in a building or a vehicle, that is made dark so as to allow photographers to use light-sensitive materials to develop photographs and film. ... The Polaroid Corporation was founded in 1937 by Edwin H. Land. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Joseph Stalin was reported to have retouched photos for propaganda purposes. On May 5, 1920 his predecessor Lenin held a speech for Soviet troops that Leon Trotsky attended. Stalin had Trotsky retouched out of a photograph showing Trotsky in attendance. Nikolai Yezhov, an NKVD leader photographed alongside Stalin in at least one photograph, was shot in 1940 and subsequently edited out of the photograph. The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... An Australian anti-conscription propaganda poster from World War One Propaganda is a certain type of message presentation directly aimed at manipulating the opinions or behavior of people, rather than impartially providing information. ... Vladimir Ilyich Lenin ( Russian: Влади́мир Ильи́ч Ле́нин  listen?), original surname Ulyanov (Улья́нов) ( April 22 (April 10 ( O.S.)), 1870 – January 21, 1924), was a... Note: This page is very long. ... Yezhov along Moscow-Volga channel. ... The NKVD (Narodnyi Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del )(Russian: НКВД, Народный комиссариат внутренних дел) or Peoples Commisariat for Internal Affairs was a government department which handled a number of the Soviet Unions affairs of state. ...

Later creative uses of manipulation include the photomontage of John Heartfield and other 20th century artists. Artistic photomontage showing what a complete iceberg might look like under water Photomontage is the process (and result) of making a composite picture by cutting and joining a number of photographs. ... Self-portrait, 1920 Translation: Der Sinn des Hitlergrusses The real meaning of the Hitler salute Kleiner Mann bittet um grosse Gaben The little man asks for big gifts Millionen stehen hinter mir! Ive got millions standing behind me John Heartfield (June 19, 1891 - April 26, 1968) is the anglicized...

Manipulated cover of Newsweek

The pioneer among journalists distorting photographic images for news value was Bernarr Macfadden and his composograph in the mid-1920s. A notable case of a controversial photo manipulation was a 1982 National Geographic cover in which editors photographically moved two Egyptian pyramids closer together so that they would fit on a vertical cover. This case triggered a debate about the appropriateness of photo manipulation in journalism; the argument against manipulation was that the magazine depicted something that did not exist, and presented it as fact. There were several cases since the National Geographic case of questionable photo manipulation, including editing a photo of Cher on the cover of Redbook to change her smile and her dress. Another example occurred in early 2005, when Martha Stewart's release from prison was featured on the cover of Newsweek; her face was placed on a slimmer woman's body to suggest that she will have lost weight while in prison. Image File history File links This image is of a scan of a magazine cover, and the copyright for it is most likely owned by either the publisher of the magazine or the individual contributors who worked on the cover depicted. ... Image File history File links This image is of a scan of a magazine cover, and the copyright for it is most likely owned by either the publisher of the magazine or the individual contributors who worked on the cover depicted. ... The Newsweek logo Newsweek is a weekly news magazine published in New York City and distributed throughout the United States and internationally. ... Composograph refers to a retouched photographic collage introduced by publisher and physical culture advocate Bernarr Macfadden in his New York Evening Graphic in 1924. ... 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The National Geographic Society was founded in the USA on January 27, 1888, by 33 men interested in organizing a society for the increase and diffusion of geographical knowledge. ... Cher[1] (born Cheryl Sarkisian LaPiere on May 20, 1946) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, and entertainer. ... For other uses, see Red Book. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Martha Stewart (born August 3, 1941) is an American business magnate, author, editor, former stock broker and model, convicted criminal and homemaking advocate. ... The Newsweek logo Newsweek is a weekly news magazine published in New York City and distributed throughout the United States and internationally. ...

OJ Simpson magazine covers

Another famous instance of controversy over photo manipulation, this time concerning race, arose in the summer of 1994. After O.J. Simpson was arrested for allegedly murdering his wife and her friend, multiple publications carried his mugshot. Notably, Time published an edition featuring an altered mugshot, removing the photograph's color saturation (which some accused of making Simpson's skin darker) and reducing the size of the prisoner ID number. This appeared on newsstands right next to an unaltered picture by Newsweek. Outcry from minority rights groups followed. O.J. Simpsons famous mugshot on both Newsweek and TIME (where it was altered digitally) This work is copyrighted. ... O.J. Simpsons famous mugshot on both Newsweek and TIME (where it was altered digitally) This work is copyrighted. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Summer is a season that is astronomically defined as beginning around June 21, and ending around September 23 in the Northern Hemisphere. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ... Orenthal James Simpson (born July 9, 1947, San Francisco, California), publicly known by his initials as O.J., and nicknamed The Juice, is an American former college and professional football player and film actor. ... Al Capone. ... (Clockwise from upper left) Time magazine covers from May 7, 1945; July 25, 1969; December 31, 1999; September 14, 2001; and April 21, 2003. ... The Newsweek logo Newsweek is a weekly news magazine published in New York City and distributed throughout the United States and internationally. ...

Ethics

There is a growing body of ethics writings devoted to the use of digital editing in journalism. See [1] - "DigitalCustom Model Ethics Guidelines to Protect the Integrity of Journalistic Photographs in Digital Editing" (Rel. Ver. 2.0 - March 1, 2003)

See also

• Digital image editing
• Digital art
• Photography
• Photoshopping
• Photoshop contest
• 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict photographs controversies

Digital image editing is the process of altering digital images, whether they be digital photographs or other types of digitally represented images. ... Computer-generated image created by Gilles Tran using POV-Ray 3. ... Photography is the process of making pictures by means of the action of capturing light on a film. ... ‹ The template below has been proposed for deletion. ... Original painting Leif Eriksson Discovers America by Christian Krohg was subject for the Norwegian championship online manipulation contest 2006 won by R. Haraldsen. ... The 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict photographs controversies refers to allegations that some instances of photojournalism from the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict misrepresented scenes of death and destruction in Lebanon caused by Israeli air attacks. ...

External links

• DigitalCustom Model Ethics Guidelines
• Newseum Reinventing the Bolsheviks
• Before & after retouching samples