Photogrammetry is a remote sensing technology in which geometric properties about objects are determined from photographic images. For example, the three-dimensional coordinates of points on an object are determined by measurements made in two or more photographic images taken from different positions (see stereoscopy). For the purported psychic ability to sense remotely, see Remote viewing right Synthetic aperture radar image of Death Valley colored using polarimetry In the broadest sense, remote sensing is the short or large-scale acquisition of information of an object or phenomenon, by the use of either recording or real... In mathematics as applied to geometry, physics or engineering, a coordinate system is a system for assigning a tuple of numbers to each point in an n-dimensional space. ... Stereo card image modified for crossed eye viewing. ...

Common points are identified on each image. A line of sight (or ray) can be constructed from the camera location to the point on the object. It is the intersection of these rays (triangulation) that determines the three-dimensional location of the point. More sophisticated algorithms can exploit other information about the scene that is known a priori, for example symmetries, in some cases allowing reconstructions of 3D coordinates from only one camera position. Triangulation can be used to find the distance from the shore to the ship. ... In mathematics, computing, linguistics, and related disciplines, an algorithm is a finite list of well-defined instructions for accomplishing some task that, given an initial state, will terminate in a defined end-state. ... The terms a priori and a posteriori are used in philosophy to distinguish between two different types of propositional knowledge. ... Sphere symmetry group o. ...

Photogrammetry is used in different fields, such as topographic mapping, architecture, engineering, manufacturing, quality control, police investigation, and geology, as well as by archaeologists to quickly produce plans of large or complex sites. It is also used to combine live action with computer generated imagery in movie post-production; Fight Club is an excellent example of the use of photogrammetry in film. Example of a topographic map with contour lines Part of the same map in a perspective shaded relief view illustrates how the contour lines of the original follow the terrain Topographic maps are a variety of map characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of relief, usually using contour... Section of the dome of Florence Cathedral. ... Engineering is the design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. ... Manufacturing (from Latin manu factura, making by hand) is the use of tools and labor to make things for use or sale. ... For the Jurassic 5 album, see Quality Control (album) In engineering and manufacturing, quality control and quality engineering are involved in developing systems to ensure products or services are designed and produced to meet or exceed customer requirements. ... This article includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... Aerial archaeology is the study of archaeological remains by examining them from altitude. ... In film and video, live action refers to works that are acted out by flesh-and-blood actors, as opposed to animation. ... The seawater creature in The Abyss marked CGIs acceptance in the visual effects industry. ... Post production is the general term for the last stage of film production in which photographed scenes (also called footage) are put together into a complete film. ... Fight Club is a 1999 feature film adaptation of the 1996 novel Fight Club by Chuck Palahniuk, adapted by Jim Uhls and directed by David Fincher. ...

Algorithms for photogrammetry typically express the problem as that of minimizing the sum of the squares of a set of errors. The minimization is itself often performed using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (also known as bundle adjustment). The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm provides a numerical solution to the mathematical problem of minimizing a function, generally nonlinear, over a space of parameters of the function. ...

Photogrammetric methods

Wiora's data model of photogrammetry [1].

Photogrammetry uses methods from many disciplines including optics and projective geometry. The data model on the right shows what type of information can go into and come out of photogrammetric methods. Image File history File links Photogrammetry_Wiora_EN.svg Beschreibung Description: Data modell of photogrammetry with english text. ... Image File history File links Photogrammetry_Wiora_EN.svg Beschreibung Description: Data modell of photogrammetry with english text. ... For the book by Sir Isaac Newton, see Opticks. ... Projective geometry is a non-metrical form of geometry. ...

The 3D co-ordinates define the locations of object points in the 3D space. The image co-ordinates define the locations of the object points' images on the film or an electronic imaging device. The exterior orientation of a camera defines its location in space and its view direction. The inner orientation defines the geometric parameters of the imaging process. This is primarily the focal length of the lens, but can also include the description of lens distortions. Further additional observations play an important role: With scale bars, basically a known distance of two points in space, or known fix points, the connection to the basic measuring units is created.

Each of the four main variables can be an input or a result of a photogrammetric method.

Notable European photogrammetric companies

• BAE SYSTEMS Geospatial eXploitation Products, United Kingdom
• Blom, Norway
• Geodis, Czech Republic
• Geofoto, Croatia
• Hansa Luftbild, Germany
• Leica Geosystems Geospatial Imaging, Germany
• Simmons Aerofilms, England

Blom (OSE: BLO) is a Norwegian geographical information and offshore technology company. ... Geofoto is a Croatian company with 94 employees headquartered in Zagreb, Croatia with branch offices in Bolivia, United Arab Emirates and United Kingdom. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

See also

• Land Surveying
• Geomatics engineering
• Videogrammetry
• Panoscan
• Socet set
• Leica

Surveyor at work Surveying is the art and science of accurately determining the position of points and the distances between them. ... Geomatics Engineering is a rapidly developing discipline that focuses on spatial information (i. ... Videogrammetry is a measurement technology in which the three-dimensional coordinates of points on an object are determined by measurements made in two or more video images taken from different angles. ... Panoscan MK-3 Camera The Panoscan is a high resolution digital panoramic camera. ... SOCET SET is a software application that performs a variety of functions related to photogrammetry. ... Leica is the name of several cameras produced by a German company of the same name. ...

External links

• University College London Department of Geomatic Engineering
• International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
• American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
• Introduction to Photogrammetry from University of Vienna
• Aerial Photogrammetry and Close Range Photogrammetry Holland
• MATIS LABORATORY,IGN,FR

• BAE SYSTEMS Geospatial eXploitation Products
• Leica Geosystems Geospatial Imagining