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Encyclopedia > Photorealism
This article is about the artistic movement. For the use of the term in computer graphics, see Rendering (computer graphics).
Look up photo-realism in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Photorealism is the genre of painting based on making a painting of a photograph. The term is primarily applied to paintings from the United States photorealism art movement that began in the late 1960s, early 1970s. More recently, a splinter art movement called hyperrealism has developed. The Mona Lisa Although today the word art usually refers to the visual arts, the concept of what art is has continuously changed over centuries. ... This article is about the scientific discipline of computer graphics. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wiktionary (a portmanteau of wiki and dictionary) is a multilingual, Web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 151 languages. ... For other uses, see Photograph (disambiguation). ... An art movement is a tendency or style in art with a specific common philosophy or goal, followed by a group of artists during a restricted period of time, or, at least, with the heyday of the movement more or less strictly so restricted (usually a few months, years or... The 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969. ... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, also called The Seventies. ... Hyperrealism is a genre of painting and sculpture resembling a high resolution digital photograph. ...

Contents

Style and history

As a full-fledged art movement, Photorealism evolved from Pop Art[1][2] and as a counter to Abstract Expressionism[3][4] as well as Minimalist art movements[5][6][7] [8] in the late 1960s and early 1970s in the United States.[9] It is also sometimes wrongly labeled as Super-Realism, New Realism, Sharp Focus Realism or Hyper-Realism.[10] The Photorealist genre is predominately made up of painters. The word Photorealism was coined by Louis K. Meisel in 1968 and appeared in print for the first time in 1970 in a Whitney Museum catalogue for the show "Twenty-two Realists."[11] Just What Is It That Makes Today’s Homes So Different, So Appealing? (1956) is one of the earliest works to be considered pop art. ... Jackson Pollock, No. ... The 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969. ... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, also called The Seventies. ... New Realism (in French: Nouveau Réalisme) refers to an artistic movement founded in 1960 by Pierre Restany and Yves Klein. ... Hyperrealism is a genre of painting and sculpture resembling a high resolution digital photograph. ... The following list is a partial list of painters. ...


Louis K. Meisel, two years later, developed a five-point definition at the request of Stuart M. Speiser, who had commissioned a large collection of works by the Photorealists, which later developed into a traveling show known as "Photo-Realism 1973: The Stuart M. Speiser Collection," which was donated to the Smithsonian in 1978 and is shown in several of its museums as well as traveling under the auspices of SITE.[12] The definition was as follows:

1. The Photo-Realist uses the camera and photograph to gather information.
2. The Photo-Realist uses a mechanical or semimechanical means to transfer the information to the canvas.
3. The Photo-Realist must have the technical ability to make the finished work appear photographic.
4. The artist must have exhibited work as a Photo-Realist by 1972 to be considered one of the central Photo-Realists.
5. The artist must have devoted at least five years to the development and exhibition of Photo-Realist work.[13]

Photorealist painting cannot exist without the photograph. In Photorealism, change and movement must be frozen in time which must then be accurately represented by the artist.[14] Photorealists gather their imagery and information with the camera and photograph. Once the photograph is developed (usually onto a photographic slide) the artist will systematically transfer the image from the photographic slide onto canvases. This is done by either projecting the slide or grid techniques.[15] The resulting images are often direct copies of the original photograph but are usually larger than the original photograph or slide. This results in the photorealist style being tight and precise, often with an emphasis on imagery that requires a high level of technical prowess and virtuosity to simulate, such as reflections in specular surfaces and the geometric rigor of man-made environs.[16] For other uses, see Photograph (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Photograph (disambiguation). ... Look up Canvas in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Virtuosity is a 1995 science fiction movie directed by Brett Leonard. ... Look up reflection in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Geometry (disambiguation). ...


20th century photorealism can be contrasted with the similarly literal style found in trompe l'oeil paintings of the 19th century. However, trompe l'oeil paintings tended to be carefully designed, very shallow-space still-lifes, employing illusionistic devices such as the use of shadows to cause small objects to appear to exist above the surface of the painting. (Trompe l'oeil literally means "fool the eye.") The photorealism movement moved beyond this illusionism to tackle deeper spatial representations (e.g. urban landscapes) and took on much more varied and dynamic subject matter. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... [[: Le Image:Mural de Narbonne. ...


Artists

Ralph's Diner (1982), Oil on canvas. Example of Photorealist Ralph Goings work.
Ralph's Diner (1982), Oil on canvas. Example of Photorealist Ralph Goings work.

The first generation of American photorealists includes such painters as Richard Estes, Ralph Goings, Chuck Close, Charles Bell, John Baeder, Audrey Flack, Don Eddy, Robert Bechtle, Tom Blackwell, and Richard McLean.[17] Duane Hanson and John DeAndrea were the sculptors associated with photorealism famous for amazingly lifelike painted sculptures of average people that were complete with simulated hair and real clothes. They were called Verists. Often working independently of each other and with widely different starting points, photorealists routinely tackled mundane or familiar subjects in traditional art genres--landscapes (mostly urban rather than naturalistic), portraits, and still lifes. They essentially evolved from Pop art and carried Pop Art's return to imagery to its ultimate possibilities.[18] Ralph Goings is a photorealist artist, from the time of the photorealist movement until current times. ... Richard Estes (born May 14, 1936 in Kewanee, Illinois) is an American painter who is best known for his photorealistic paintings. ... Ralph Goings is a photorealist artist, from the time of the photorealist movement until current times. ... Chuck Close (born Charles Thomas Close) July 5, 1940, Monroe, Washington)[1] is an American painter and photographer who achieved fame as a photorealist before a catastrophic blood clot left him severely paralyzed. ... Charles Bell (1935 – 1995) was an American Photorealist. ... Audrey Flack (b. ... Don Eddy is a photorealist artist. ... Robert Bechtle, who lives and works in Berkeley, California, was part of the photo-realist movement on the West Coast along with other well-known new realists such as Paul Wonner, Richard McLean and Ralph Goings. ... Tom Blackwell (born 1938 in Chicago, Illinois) is an United States Photorealist of the original first generation of Photorealists. ... There are 2 well-known artists having the name Richard McLean: Richard McLean, USA, photo realistic paintings Richard McLeans paintings reawaken us to the dormant joy of observation. ... Duane Hanson (January 17, 1925 - January 6, 1996) was an American post-modern sculptor known for his life-sized photorealistic works of humans, cast in various materials, including polyester resin, fiberglass, even Bondo®. Later works, starting in the mid-1980s, were cast in bronze. ... John DeAndrea (born Denver, Colorado, 1941) is an American sculptor. ... Sculptor redirects here. ... For the 1968 stage production, see Hair (musical), for the 1979 film, see Hair (film). ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Portrait (disambiguation). ... A still life is a work of art which represents a subject composed of inanimate objects. ...


At the Millennium

Dream of Love (2006), Oil on canvas. Example of Photorealist Glennray Tutor's work.
Dream of Love (2006), Oil on canvas. Example of Photorealist Glennray Tutor's work.

The height of the original photorealism movement was in the mid-1970s but the early 1990s saw a re-birth of interest in the genre. This renewed interest included original artists from the "first generation" as well as many younger photorealists. The evolution of photorealism brought an emergence of an advanced form of photorealistic painting; sometimes known as "Hyperrealism." With the new technology in cameras and digital equipment, these artists are able to be far more precision-oriented than their predecessors. Although the original tradition of Photorealism is a frame of reference for the artists, they incorporate more detailed references in their work by use of better technology. Many of the new Photorealists are building upon the foundation set by the original photorealists and the likenesses of their predecessors can be seen in such works by Photorealists Clive Head, Glennray Tutor, Kim Mendenhall, Raphaella Spence, Denis Peterson, Bertrand Meniel, Roberto Bernardi, Bernardo Torrens, and Tony Brunelli. The re-birth of Photorealism has been apparent in both the United States and Europe with the Internet being a huge factor in the spread of the genre. Glennray Tutor (born August 25, 1950 in Kennett, Missouri) is an American painter who is known for his photorealistic paintings. ... For the band, see 1990s (band). ... Hyperrealism is a genre of painting and sculpture resembling a high resolution digital photograph. ... Glennray Tutor (born August 25, 1950 in Kennett, Missouri) is an American painter who is known for his photorealistic paintings. ... Photorealist Denis Peterson was one of small group of NYC New Realists exhibiting paintings in the late 1960s and early 1970s. ...


List of Photorealists

Original photorealists

Robert Bechtle, who lives and works in Berkeley, California, was part of the photo-realist movement on the West Coast along with other well-known new realists such as Paul Wonner, Richard McLean and Ralph Goings. ... Charles Bell (1935 – 1995) was an American Photorealist. ... Tom Blackwell (born 1938 in Chicago, Illinois) is an United States Photorealist of the original first generation of Photorealists. ... Chuck Close (born Charles Thomas Close) July 5, 1940, Monroe, Washington)[1] is an American painter and photographer who achieved fame as a photorealist before a catastrophic blood clot left him severely paralyzed. ... Don Eddy is a photorealist artist. ... Richard Estes (born May 14, 1936 in Kewanee, Illinois) is an American painter who is best known for his photorealistic paintings. ... Audrey Flack (b. ... Ralph Goings is a photorealist artist, from the time of the photorealist movement until current times. ... There are 2 well-known artists having the name Richard McLean: Richard McLean, USA, photo realistic paintings Richard McLeans paintings reawaken us to the dormant joy of observation. ... John Salt (born August 2, 1937) is an English artist. ...

Photorealists

  • Linda Bacon
  • John Baeder
  • Arne Besser
  • Anthony Brunelli
  • John DeAndrea
  • E. Denis
  • Randy Dudley
  • Steven Fox
  • Franz Gertsch
  • Robert Gniewek
  • Duane Hanson
  • Clive Head
  • Gus Heinze
  • Don Jacot
  • Charles Jarboe
  • John Kacere
  • Ron Kleemann
  • Neil MacCormick
  • Noel Mahaffey
  • Dennis James Martin
  • Gareth McCorry
  • Jack Mendenhall
  • Kim Mendenhall
  • Betrand Meniel

John DeAndrea (born Denver, Colorado, 1941) is an American sculptor. ... Franz Gertsch (born 8 March 1930) is a Swiss painter known for his large format hyperrealistic portraits. ... Duane Hanson (January 17, 1925 - January 6, 1996) was an American post-modern sculptor known for his life-sized photorealistic works of humans, cast in various materials, including polyester resin, fiberglass, even Bondo®. Later works, starting in the mid-1980s, were cast in bronze. ... Malcolm Morley (born June 7, 1931) is a British-born artist now living in the United States. ... (American 1947-) Jerry Duane Ott is an artist that is most known for his photorealism work and creative use of painting surfaces. ... Photorealist Denis Peterson was one of small group of NYC New Realists exhibiting paintings in the late 1960s and early 1970s. ... Glennray Tutor (born August 25, 1950 in Kennett, Missouri) is an American painter who is known for his photorealistic paintings. ... Idelle Weber was born in Chicago, USA. She attended Scripps College in Claremont, California, and UCLA, receiving a Bachelors Degree in 1954, and a Masters Degree in 1955. ...

References

Notes

  1. ^ Chase, Linda, Photorealism at the Millennium, The Not-So-Innocent Eye: Photorealism in Context. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. New York, 2002. pp 14-15.
  2. ^ Nochlin, Linda, The Realist Criminal and the Abstract Law II, Art In America. 61 (November - December 1973), P. 98.
  3. ^ Chase, Linda, Photorealism at the Millennium, The Not-So-Innocent Eye: Photorealism in Context. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. New York, 2002. pp 14-15.
  4. ^ Nochlin, Linda, The Realist Criminal and the Abstract Law II, Art In America. 61 (November - December 1973), P. 98.
  5. ^ Fleming, John and Honour, Hugh The Visual Arts: A History, 3rd Edition. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. New York, 1991. p. 709
  6. ^ Chase, Linda, Photorealism at the Millennium, The Not-So-Innocent Eye: Photorealism in Context. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. New York, 2002. pp 14-15.
  7. ^ Nochlin, Linda, The Realist Criminal and the Abstract Law II, Art In America. 61 (November - December 1973), P. 98.
  8. ^ Battock, Gregory. Preface to Photorealism. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New York, 1980. pp 8-10.
  9. ^ Battock, Gregory. Preface to Photorealism. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New York, 1980. pp 8-10.
  10. ^ Meisel, Louis K. Photorealism. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New York. 1980. p. 12.
  11. ^ Meisel, Louis K. Photorealism. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New York. 1980. p. 12.
  12. ^ Meisel, Louis K. Photorealism. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New York. 1980. p. 12.
  13. ^ Meisel, Louis K. Photorealism. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New York. 1980. p. 13.
  14. ^ Meisel, Louis K. Photorealism. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New York. 1980. p. 13.
  15. ^ Meisel, Louis K. Photorealism. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New York. 1980. p. 14.
  16. ^ Meisel, Louis K. Photorealism. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New York. 1980. p. 15.
  17. ^ Meisel, Louis K. Photorealism. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New York. 1980.
  18. ^ Meisel, Louis K. Photorealism. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New York. 1980.

Professor and art historian Linda Nochlin (born 1931 in New York[1] ) is a leader in feminist art history studies. ...

General References

  • Photorealism by Louis K. Meisel. Abradale/Abrams, New York, NY, (1989). ISBN 978-0810980921
  • Photorealism Since 1980 by Louis K. Meisel. Harry N. Abrams, New York, NY, (1993). ISBN 978-0810937208
  • Photorealism at the Millennium by Louis K. Meisel and Linda Chase. Harry N. Abrams, New York, NY, (2002). ISBN 978-0810934832
  • Charles Bell: The Complete Works, 1970-1990 by Henry Geldzahler, Louis K. Meisel,Abrams New York, NY(1991).ISBN: 978-0810931141
  • Richard Estes: The Complete Paintings, 1966-1985 by Louis K. Meisel, John Perreault, Abrams New York, NY (1986). ISBN: 978-0810908816
  • Richard Estes by John Wilmerding. Rizzoli, New York, NY, (2006). ISBN 978-0847828074
  • Robert Bechtle: A Retrospective by Michael Auping, Janet Bishop, Charles Ray, and Jonathan Weinberg. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, (2005). ISBN 978-0520245433
  • Ralph Goings: Essay/Interview by Linda Chase. Harry N. Abrams, New York, NY, (1988). ISBN 978-0810910300

Henry Geldzahler (1935-1994) was a well-known curator of contemporary art in the late 20th century. ...

External links


  Results from FactBites:
 
Photorealism Art Style Information at Buy Art (407 words)
Photorealism is the genre of painting resembling a photograph, most recently seen in the splinter hyperrealism movement.
However, the term is primarily applied to paintings from the photorealism art movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s, known at that time as New Realism.
As a full-fledged art movement, photorealism sprang up in the late 1960s and early 1970s in America (where it was also commonly labeled superrealism, new realism and sharp focus realism) and was dominated by painters.
Photorealism, artists and art...the-artists.org (266 words)
In painting the results were nearly photographic-- in fact made from photographs (although painters had been working from photographs since the early days of photography).
Photorealism is the quality of resembling a photograph, generally in a hyperrealistic sense.
In art, the term is primarily applied to paintings from the photorealism art movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s...
  More results at FactBites »


 

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