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The Phrygian cap or Bonnet Phrygien is a soft, red, conical cap with the top pulled forward, worn in antiquity by the inhabitants of Phrygia, a region of central Anatolia. In paintings and caricatures, it represents freedom, or the search for liberty. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
For other uses, see Hat (disambiguation). ...
In antiquity, Phrygia (Greek: ) was a kingdom in the west central part of the Anatolian Highland, part of modern Turkey. ...
Anatolia and Europe Anatolia (Turkish: from Greek: Ανατολία - Anatolia) is a peninsula of Western Asia which forms the greater part of the Asian portion of Turkey, as opposed to the European portion (Thrace, or traditionally Rumelia). ...
From Antiquity to the Normans
 Bust of Attis wearing a Phrygian cap The Phrygian cap has two connotations: liberty and barbarism (in the classical sense of non-Greekness, or showing a distinctive Eastern influence). It is worn by the syncretic Hellenistic and Roman (though originally Persian) saviour god Mithras, by the Anatolian god Attis, and by the twins Castor and Pollux. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 430 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (1350 × 1880 pixel, file size: 1. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 430 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (1350 × 1880 pixel, file size: 1. ...
Attis wearing the Phrygian cap. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
This article or section contains too much jargon and may need simplification or further explanation. ...
Attis wearing the Phrygian cap. ...
The Gemini or Gemini twins, known in Roman mythology as Castor and Pollux and in Greek as Kastor and Polydeuces, are the twin sons of Leda and the brothers of Helen of Troy and Clytemnestra. ...
 In Byzantium, Anatolian Phrygia lay to the east of Constantinople, and thus in this late 6th-century mosaic from Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna (which was part of the Eastern Empire), the three Magi wear Phrygian caps, identifying them as generic "easterners". In vase-paintings and other Greek art, the Phrygian cap serves to identify the Trojan hero Paris as non-Greek; Roman poets habitually use the epithet "Phrygian" to mean Trojan. The Phrygian cap can also be seen on the Trajan's Column carvings, worn by the Dacians, and on the Arch of Septimius Severus worn by the Parthians. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 754 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2043 × 1625 pixel, file size: 2. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 754 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2043 × 1625 pixel, file size: 2. ...
SantApollinare Nuovo: The 38. ...
Province of Ravenna Ravenna is a city and comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. ...
The Three Wise Men are given the names Caspar, Melchior, and Balthasar in this late 6th century mosaic from the Basilica of St Apollinarius in Ravenna, Italy. ...
For other uses of Troy or Ilion, see Troy (disambiguation) and Ilion (disambiguation). ...
Statue of Paris in the British Museum This article is about the prince of Troy. ...
Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ...
In antiquity, Phrygia (Greek: ) was a kingdom in the west central part of the Anatolian Highland, part of modern Turkey. ...
Trajans Column is a monument in Rome raised by Apollodorus of Damascus at the order of the Senate. ...
Dacian kingdom during the reign of Burebista, 82 BC The Dacians (Lat. ...
The Arch of Septimius Severus before the excavation of the Roman Forum, painted by Canaletto in 1742 (Royal Collection, UK) Lateral arched opening between the main arch and a side archway The Arch of Septimius Severus in 2005 The white marble Arch of Septimius Severus at the northeast end of...
Reproduction of a Parthian warrior as depicted on Trajans Column The Parthian Empire was the dominating force on the Iranian plateau beginning in the late 3rd century BCE, and intermittently controlled Mesopotamia between ca 190 BCE and 224 CE. Origins Bust of Parthian soldier, Esgh-abad Museum, Turkmenia. ...
The Macedonian, Thracian, Dacian and 12th century Norman military helmets had a forward peaked top design resembling the Phrygian cap. The same soft cap is seen worn by an attendant in the murals of a late 4th century Thracian tomb at Kazanlak, Bulgaria (illustrated). Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak Thrace (Bulgarian: , Greek: , Attic Greek: ThrÄÃkÄ“ or ThrÄ“ÃkÄ“, Latin: , Turkish: ) is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe. ...
(11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ...
Norman conquests in red. ...
As a means of recording the passage of time, the 4th century was that century which lasted from 301 to 400. ...
The Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak is a vaulted brickwork beehive (tholos) tomb near the town of Kazanlak in central Bulgaria. ...
Kazanlak (Bulgarian: ) is a town located in Stara Zagora Province, Bulgaria. ...
During the Roman Empire the Phrygian cap (Latin: pileus) was worn on festive occasions such as the Saturnalia, and by former slaves who had been emancipated by their master and whose descendants were therefore considered citizens of the Empire. This usage is often considered the root of its meaning as a symbol of liberty. For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ...
Pileus may mean: In science: Pileus (mycology), the cap of a mushroom. ...
For other uses, see Saturnalia (disambiguation). ...
Slave redirects here. ...
Liberty is generally considered a concept of political philosophy and identifies the condition in which an individual has immunity from the arbitrary exercise of authority. ...
Revolutionary Icon
 Anonymous bust of Marianne, with the Phrygian cap
 Seated Liberty Dollar, with Phrygian cap on a pole During the 18th century, the red Phrygian cap evolved into a symbol of freedom, held aloft on a Liberty Pole during the American Revolutionary War. The U.S. Army has, since 1778, utilized a "War Office Seal" in which the motto "This We'll Defend" is displayed directly over a Phrygian cap on an upturned sword. The cap was also adopted during the French Revolution, and to this day the national emblem of France, Marianne, is shown wearing a Phrygian cap. The cap was also incorporated into the symbol of the late 18th century Irish revolutionary organisation the Society of the United Irishmen. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 328 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (957 × 1749 pixel, file size: 343 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) :Buste ancien de Marianne (anonyme), un des multiples représentation symboliques de la République française exposé dans les couloirs du S...
Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 328 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (957 × 1749 pixel, file size: 343 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) :Buste ancien de Marianne (anonyme), un des multiples représentation symboliques de la République française exposé dans les couloirs du S...
Seated Liberty U.S. silver dollar File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Seated Liberty U.S. silver dollar File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Image File history File links Senate_cap. ...
Image File history File links Senate_cap. ...
The Seal of the Senate, based on the Great Seal of the United States, includes a scroll inscribed with E Pluribus Unum floating across a shield with thirteen stars on top and thirteen vertical stripes on the bottom. ...
(17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ...
A Liberty pole is a tall flagstaff planted in the ground, often surmounted by an ensign or a liberty cap (see Phrygian cap). ...
This article is about military actions only. ...
The Department of the Army Seal (formerly, the War Office Seal). The Department of the Army Seal and the Department of the Army Emblem are, respectively, the official seal and emblem of the Headquarters, U.S. Army (formerly, of the War Department). ...
Swiss longsword, 15th or 16th century Look up Sword in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
The French Revolution (1789–1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Marianne busts with features of Brigitte Bardot - Catherine Deneuve - Mireille Mathieu Marianne, a national emblem of France, is a personification of Liberty and Reason. ...
The Society of the United Irishmen was a political organisation in eighteenth century Ireland that sought independence from Great Britain. ...
The English Radicals of 1819 & 1820 often wore a white "cap of liberty" on public occasions.
American symbolism Many of the anti-colonial revolutions in North and South America were heavily inspired by the imagery and slogans of the American and French Revolutions. As a result, the cap has appeared on the coats of arms of many Latin American nations. An effigy of "Liberty" was shown holding the Liberty Pole and Phrygian cap on some early United States of America coinage (pictured right). It also appears on the State flag of West Virginia, New Jersey and New York, as well as the official seals of the United States Army, the United States Senate (left), and on the reverse side of the Seal of Virginia. The cap had also been displayed on certain Mexican coins (most notably the old 8 Reales coin) through the late 19th century into the mid 20th century. Today, it is featured of the coats of arms or national flags of Nicaragua, El Salvador, Argentina, Colombia, Haiti, Paraguay and Cuba. Heraldry is the science and art of describing of coats-of-arms, also referred to as achievements or armorial bearings. ...
Flag of West Virginia The flag of West Virginia consists of the States coat of arms on a pure white field with a dark blue border. ...
The flag of New Jersey includes the emblem from the official Seal of New Jersey on a buff-colored background. ...
The flag of the State of New York depicts two supporters: Left: Liberty, with the Revolutionary imagery of a Phrygian cap raised on a pole. ...
The United States Army is the largest and oldest branch of the armed forces of the United States. ...
Federal courts Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Politics Portal The United States Senate is one of the two chambers of the bicameral United States Congress, the...
In May of 1776 the colony of Virginia declared its independence from England. ...
Heraldry is the science and art of describing of coats-of-arms, also referred to as achievements or armorial bearings. ...
The Dannebrog, national flag of Denmark, is the oldest state flag still in use. ...
 coat of arms of Argentina In 1854, when sculptor Thomas Crawford was preparing models for sculpture for the United States Capitol then Secretary of War Jefferson Davis (later to be the President of the Confederate States of America) insisted that a Phrygian cap not be included of a statue of Justice on the grounds that, "American liberty is original and not the liberty of the freed slave." (Gale, p. 124) The cap was not included in the final marble version that is now in the building. Image File history File links COA_of_Argentina. ...
Image File history File links COA_of_Argentina. ...
1854 (MDCCCLIV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...
Thomas Crawford (March 22, 1813/14 – October 10, 1857) was a sculptor who was born in New York. ...
The United States Capitol is the capitol building that serves as the location for the United States Congress, the legislative branch of the U.S. federal government. ...
Jefferson Finis Davis (June 3, 1808 – December 6, 1889) was an American politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865 during the American Civil War. ...
Motto Deo Vindice (Latin: Under God, Our Vindicator) Anthem (none official) God Save the South (unofficial) The Bonnie Blue Flag (unofficial) Dixie (unofficial) Capital Montgomery, Alabama (until May 29, 1861) Richmond, Virginia (May 29, 1861–April 2, 1865) Danville, Virginia (from April 3, 1865) Language(s) English (de facto) Religion...
The seal of Dickinson College, in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, also contains a Liberty Cap. The college, endowed by Founding Father John Dickinson at the behest of Benjamin Rush, was the first to be chartered in the new Republic. A mermaid sits atop Dickinson Colleges Old West. ...
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States, by Howard Chandler Christy. ...
John Dickinson (November 8, 1732 – February 14, 1808) was an American lawyer and politician from Jones Neck in St. ...
Washington Irving also propounded the surprise of his famous protagonist, Rip Van Winkle, by adding to the details of Rip's newly post-revolutionary village a "tall naked pole, with something on it that looked like a red night cap..." Washington Irving (April 3, 1783–November 28, 1859) was an American author of the early 19th century. ...
Rip Van Winkle is a story by the American author Washington Irving published in 1819, as well as the name of the storys fictional protagonist. ...
List of international coat of arms that include Phrygian caps The Coat of Arms of Argentina was established in its current form in 1944. ...
The Coat of Arms of Bolivia has a central crest surrounded by Bolivian flags, muskets, olive branches, and has an Andean condor on top. ...
The Coat of Arms of Colombia contains a shield with numerous symbols. ...
The Cuban Coat of Arms is the official heraldic symbol of Cuba. ...
Coat of arms of El Salvador The coat of arms of El Salvador has been in use in its current form since 15 September 1912. ...
Coat of arms of Haiti The coat of arms of Haiti was first introduced in 1807, and has appeared in its current form since 1986. ...
Nicaraguan coat of arms was adopted first on 21 August 1823 (as coat of arms of Central America), but underwent several changes during the course of history, until the last version (as of 1999) was introduced in 1971. ...
Medical term Phrygian cap is also a term used for an anatomical variant of the gallbladder seen in 1-6% of patients who have ultrasound exams or contrast studies of their gallbladders. It is caused by a fold or division at the point where the tip of the gallbladder (the head) joins the main part of the gallbladder (the body), and is named for its resemblance to the cap above. Apart from being the chance of being mistaken for stones on ultrasound, it has no other medical implications nor does it predispose one to other diseases. Human heart and lungs, from an older edition of Grays Anatomy. ...
The gallbladder (or cholecyst, sometimes gall bladder) is a pear-shaped organ that stores about 50 ml of bile (or gall) until the body needs it for digestion. ...
Ultrasound is a form of cyclic sound pressure with a frequency greater than the upper limit of human hearing, this limit being approximately 20 kilohertz (20,000 hertz). ...
Literary references - The revolutionist protagonists of Robert A. Heinlein's The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress often wear a liberty cap. It is referred to exclusively as such. It becomes a fashion article at one point, and is once placed on a telephone terminal open to the A.I. character "Mike."
- The popular cartoon characters The Smurfs, are famous for their white phrygian hats.
Robert Anson Heinlein (July 7, 1907 – May 8, 1988) was one of the most popular, influential, and controversial authors of hard science fiction. ...
The Moon Is A Harsh Mistress cover The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress is a 1966 science fiction novel by Robert A. Heinlein about a lunar penal colonys revolt against rule from Earth. ...
Garry Kasparov playing against Deep Blue, the first machine to win a chess game against a reigning world champion. ...
The Smurfs (originally Les Schtroumpfs in French) are a fictional group of small sky blue creatures who live somewhere in the forests of medieval Europe. ...
Sources and resources Gale, Robert L. Thomas Crawford: American Sculptor, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 1964
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