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A phthalocyanine is a macrocyclic compound having an alternating nitrogen atom-carbon atom ring structure. It is spelled "phthalozyanin" in German and "phtalocyanine" in French. A macrocycle is, as defined by IUPAC, In the chemical literature, organic chemists may consider any molecule containing a ring of seven, fifteen, or any arbitrarily large number of atoms to be macrocyclic. ...
The molecule is able to coordinate hydrogen and metal cations in its center by coordinate bonds with the four isoindole nitrogen atoms. The central atoms can carry additional ligands. Most of the elements have been found to be able to coordinate to the phthalocyanine macrocycle. Therefore, a variety of phthalocyanine complexes exist. A molecule is the smallest particle of a pure chemical substance that still retains its chemical composition and properties. ...
 Molecular structure of metallophthalocyanine, metal-free phthalocyanine Download high resolution version (1723x779, 27 KB)Phthalocyanine File links The following pages link to this file: Phthalocyanine Categories: Images with unknown source ...
Download high resolution version (1723x779, 27 KB)Phthalocyanine File links The following pages link to this file: Phthalocyanine Categories: Images with unknown source ...
History The first known appearance of an unknown blue by-product (which we know by now was metal-free phthalocyanine) has been reported in 1907. In 1927, two researchers from Switzerland accidentally synthesized copper phthalocyanine, copper naphthalocyanine and copper octamethylphthalocyanine when they tried to convert o-dibromobenzene into phthalonitrile. They remarked the enormous stability of these complexes but failed to appreciate their discovery and to fully characterize these blue complexes. H. de Diesbach,E. von der Weid, Helevtica Chimica Acta, 1927, 10, 886. The real discovery also started as an accident, when a blue product was found in a reaction flask where only white product was expected. However, this accident occurred in a dye company, Scottish Dyes, Ltd., Grangemouth, Scotland (later ICI) and the discovery was followed on. ICIs logo. ...
Overview The structure of a phthalocyanine molecule is closely related to that of the naturally occurring porphyrin systems. A porphyrin is a heterocyclic macrocycle made from 3 pyrrole subunits and one pyrroline subunit, and linked on opposite sides through 4 methine bridges. ...
 Relationship of the phthalocyanine with the porphyrin macrocycle The phthalocyanine macrocycle is also related to some other macrocyclic complexes, as e.g., the subphthalocyanine, superphthalocyanine or hemiporphyrazine. Download high resolution version (1891x966, 46 KB)Relation Porphyrin Phthalocyanine File links The following pages link to this file: Phthalocyanine ...
Download high resolution version (1891x966, 46 KB)Relation Porphyrin Phthalocyanine File links The following pages link to this file: Phthalocyanine ...
 Molecular structures of other phthalocyanine-related macrocycles Download high resolution version (1738x1080, 48 KB)Other relatives of phthalocyanine File links The following pages link to this file: Phthalocyanine Categories: Images with unknown source ...
Download high resolution version (1738x1080, 48 KB)Other relatives of phthalocyanine File links The following pages link to this file: Phthalocyanine Categories: Images with unknown source ...
Synthesis You can see in the figure below (left side) that a phthalocyanine macrocycle consists of four identical corners. A synthesis strategy, therefore, starts from molecules which correspond to these corners. Such molecules are derivatives of phthalic acid: e.g., phthalonitrile, o-cyanobenzamide, phthalanhydride, phthalimide or diiminoisoindole. Several of these starting materials are shown in the figure below (right side). Phthalic acids, also known as benzene dicarboxylic acids, are organic acids with the chemical formula C6H4(COOH)2. ...
 Strategy for the synthesis of phthalocyanines
 Typical starting materials for the synthesis of phthalocyanines
Synthesis strategy for phthalocyanine File links The following pages link to this file: Phthalocyanine ...
Synthesis strategy for phthalocyanine File links The following pages link to this file: Phthalocyanine ...
Download high resolution version (1525x1416, 36 KB)Synthesis scheme File links The following pages link to this file: Phthalocyanine ...
Download high resolution version (1525x1416, 36 KB)Synthesis scheme File links The following pages link to this file: Phthalocyanine ...
Characterization - UV-Vis
- IR, Raman,
- NMR
- Powder diffraction
Structures
Theoretical calculations and predictions - Crystal structure prediction
- Quantum-chemical calculations
Properties - Electrical properties
- Optical and non-linear optical properties
- Magnetical properties
Applications In biology, pigment is any material resulting in color in plant or animal cells which is the result of selective absorption. ...
A dye can generally be described as a coloured substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied. ...
A catalyst (Greek: καταλύτης) is a substance that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction, at some temperature, but without itself being transformed or consumed by the reaction (see also catalysis). ...
A semiconductor is a material that is an insulator at very low temperature, but which has a sizable electrical conductivity at room temperature. ...
See also A CD-R (Compact Disc-Recordable) is a thin (1. ...
In computing, sound reproduction, and video, an optical disc is flat, circular, usually polycarbonate disc whereon data is stored. ...
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