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Physics is the science of matter[1] and its motion,[2][3] as well as space and time[4][5] — the science that deals with concepts such as force, energy, mass, and charge. Physics is an experimental science;[6] it is the general analysis of nature, conducted to understand how the world around us behaves.[7] Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 572 pixelsFull resolution‎ (2,400 × 1,716 pixels, file size: 465 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) {{Information |Description={{fr|[[Meissner effect|Effet Meissner: lévitation dun aimant au dessus dun supra-conducteur}} Meissner effect: levitation of a...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 572 pixelsFull resolution‎ (2,400 × 1,716 pixels, file size: 465 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) {{Information |Description={{fr|[[Meissner effect|Effet Meissner: lévitation dun aimant au dessus dun supra-conducteur}} Meissner effect: levitation of a...
For other uses, see Magnet (disambiguation). ...
Unsolved problems in physics: Why do certain materials exhibit superconductivity at temperatures much higher than 50 kelvins? The term high-temperature superconductor was initially employed to designate the new family of cuprate-perovskite ceramic materials discovered by J.G. Bednorz and K.A. Müller in 1986. ...
Diagram of the Meissner effect. ...
A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor demonstrates the Meissner effect. ...
This article is about matter in physics and chemistry. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
This article is about the idea of space. ...
This article is about the concept of time. ...
A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor demonstrates the Meissner effect. ...
For other uses, see Force (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Mass (disambiguation). ...
In physics, a charge may refer to one of many different quantities, such as the electric charge in electromagnetism or the color charge in quantum chromodynamics. ...
In the scientific method, an experiment (Latin: ex- periri, of (or from) trying) is a set of observations performed in the context of solving a particular problem or question, to retain or falsify a hypothesis or research concerning phenomena. ...
A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor demonstrates the Meissner effect. ...
This article is about the physical universe. ...
Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, having emerged as a modern science in the 17th century,[8] and through its modern subfield of astronomy, it may be the oldest of all.[9] Those who work professionally in the field are known as physicists. This article is about the period or event in history. ...
For other uses, see Astronomy (disambiguation). ...
Not to be confused with physician, a person who practices medicine. ...
Advances in physics often translate to the technological sector, and sometimes influence the other sciences, as well as mathematics and philosophy. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism have led to the widespread use of electrically driven devices (televisions, computers, home appliances etc.); advances in thermodynamics led to the development of motorized transport; and advances in mechanics led to the development of calculus, quantum chemistry, and the use of instruments such as the electron microscope in microbiology. Electromagnetism is the physics of the electromagnetic field: a field which exerts a force on particles that possess the property of electric charge, and is in turn affected by the presence and motion of those particles. ...
Thermodynamics (from the Greek θεÏμη, therme, meaning heat and δυναμις, dynamis, meaning power) is a branch of physics that studies the effects of changes in temperature, pressure, and volume on physical systems at the macroscopic scale by analyzing the collective motion of their particles using statistics. ...
For other uses, see Mechanic (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Calculus (disambiguation). ...
Quantum chemistry is a branch of theoretical chemistry, which applies quantum mechanics and quantum field theory to address issues and problems in chemistry. ...
An electron microscope is a type of microscope that uses electrons as a way to illuminate and create an image of a specimen. ...
An agar plate streaked with microorganisms Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are unicellular or cell-cluster microscopic organisms. ...
Today, physics is a broad and highly developed subject. Research is often divided into four subfields: condensed matter physics; atomic, molecular, and optical physics; high-energy physics; and astronomy and astrophysics. Most physicists also specialize in either theoretical or experimental research, the former dealing with the development of new theories, and the latter dealing with the experimental testing of theories and the discovery of new phenomena. Despite important discoveries during the last four centuries, there are a number of unsolved problems in physics, and many areas of active research. Theoretical physics employs mathematical models and abstractions of physics in an attempt to explain experimental data taken of the natural world. ...
Experimental physics is the part of physics that deals with experiments and observations pertaining to natural/physical phenomena, as opposed to theoretical physics. ...
This is a list of some of the unsolved problems in physics. ...
Branches of Physics  Domains of physics theories Although physics encompasses a wide variety of phenomena, the fundamental branches of physics are classical mechanics, electromagnetism (including optics), relativity, thermodynamics, and quantum mechanics. Each of these theories has been tested in numerous experiments and proven to be an accurate model of nature within its domain of validity. For example, classical mechanics correctly describes the motion of objects in everyday experience, but it breaks down at the atomic scale, where it is superseded by quantum mechanics, and at speeds approaching the speed of light, where relativistic effects become important. While these theories have long been well-understood, they continue to be areas of active research — for example, a remarkable aspect of classical mechanics known as chaos theory was developed in the 20th century, three centuries after the original formulation of mechanics by Isaac Newton (1642–1727). The basic theories form a foundation for the study and research of more specialized topics. A table of these theories, along with many of the concepts they employ, can be found here. Classical mechanics (commonly confused with Newtonian mechanics, which is a subfield thereof) is used for describing the motion of macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, as well as astronomical objects, such as spacecraft, planets, stars, and galaxies. ...
Electromagnetism is the physics of the electromagnetic field: a field which exerts a force on particles that possess the property of electric charge, and is in turn affected by the presence and motion of those particles. ...
For the book by Sir Isaac Newton, see Opticks. ...
Two-dimensional analogy of space-time curvature described in General Relativity. ...
Thermodynamics (from the Greek θεÏμη, therme, meaning heat and δυναμις, dynamis, meaning power) is a branch of physics that studies the effects of changes in temperature, pressure, and volume on physical systems at the macroscopic scale by analyzing the collective motion of their particles using statistics. ...
For a generally accessible and less technical introduction to the topic, see Introduction to quantum mechanics. ...
Classical mechanics (commonly confused with Newtonian mechanics, which is a subfield thereof) is used for describing the motion of macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, as well as astronomical objects, such as spacecraft, planets, stars, and galaxies. ...
For a generally accessible and less technical introduction to the topic, see Introduction to quantum mechanics. ...
The speed of light in a vacuum is an important physical constant denoted by the letter c for constant or the Latin word celeritas meaning swiftness.[1] It is the speed of all electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, in a vacuum. ...
For a less technical and generally accessible introduction to the topic, see Introduction to special relativity. ...
For other uses, see Chaos Theory (disambiguation). ...
The table below lists the core theories along with many of the concepts they employ. ...
Classical mechanics -
 A pulley uses the principle of mechanical advantage so that a small force over a large distance can lift a heavy weight over a shorter distance. Classical mechanics is a model of the physics of forces acting upon bodies. It is often referred to as "Newtonian mechanics" after Isaac Newton and his laws of motion. Mechanics is subdivided into statics, which models objects at rest, kinematics, which models objects in motion, and dynamics, which models objects subjected to forces. The classical mechanics of continuous and deformable objects is continuum mechanics, which can itself be broken down into solid mechanics and fluid mechanics according to the state of matter being studied. The latter, the mechanics of liquids and gases, includes hydrostatics, hydrodynamics, pneumatics, aerodynamics, and other fields. Classical mechanics (commonly confused with Newtonian mechanics, which is a subfield thereof) is used for describing the motion of macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, as well as astronomical objects, such as spacecraft, planets, stars, and galaxies. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
For the band, see Pulley (band). ...
In physics and engineering, mechanical advantage (MA) is the factor by which a mechanism multiplies the force put into it. ...
Classical mechanics (commonly confused with Newtonian mechanics, which is a subfield thereof) is used for describing the motion of macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, as well as astronomical objects, such as spacecraft, planets, stars, and galaxies. ...
For other uses, see Force (disambiguation). ...
Sir Isaac Newton FRS (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727) [ OS: 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727][1] was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, and alchemist. ...
Newtons First and Second laws, in Latin, from the original 1687 edition of the Principia Mathematica. ...
Statics is the branch of physics concerned with physical systems in static equilibrium, that is, in a state where the relative positions of subsystems do not vary over time, or where components and structures are at rest under the action of external forces of equilibrium. ...
Kinematics (Greek κινειν,kinein, to move) is a branch of mechanics which describes the motion of objects without the consideration of the masses or forces that bring about the motion. ...
In physics, dynamics is the branch of classical mechanics that is concerned with the effects of forces on the motion of objects. ...
Continuum mechanics is a branch of physics (specifically mechanics) that deals with continuous matter, including both solids and fluids (i. ...
Solid mechanics is the branch of physics and mathematics that concern the behavior of solid matter under external actions (e. ...
This box: Fluid mechanics is the study of how fluids move and the forces on them. ...
For other uses, see Liquid (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Gas (disambiguation). ...
Hydrostatics, also known as fluid statics, is the study of fluids at rest. ...
Hydrodynamics is fluid dynamics applied to liquids, such as water, alcohol, oil, and blood. ...
Pneumatics is the use of pressurized air to effect mechanical motion. ...
For the Daft Punk song, see Aerodynamic (song). ...
Classical mechanics produces accurate results within the domain of everyday experience. It is superseded by relativistic mechanics for systems moving at large velocities near the speed of light, quantum mechanics for systems at small distance scales, and relativistic quantum field theory for systems with both properties. Nevertheless, classical mechanics is still useful, because it is much simpler and easier to apply than these other theories, and it has a very large range of approximate validity. Classical mechanics can be used to describe the motion of human-sized objects (such as tops and baseballs), many astronomical objects (such as planets and galaxies), and certain microscopic objects (such as organic molecules). Two-dimensional analogy of space-time curvature described in General Relativity. ...
The speed of light in a vacuum is an important physical constant denoted by the letter c for constant or the Latin word celeritas meaning swiftness.[1] It is the speed of all electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, in a vacuum. ...
For a generally accessible and less technical introduction to the topic, see Introduction to quantum mechanics. ...
Quantum field theory (QFT) is the quantum theory of fields. ...
For other uses, see Top (disambiguation). ...
A baseball A baseball, is a ball used primarily in the sport of the same name, baseball. ...
An important concept of mechanics is the identification of conserved energy and momentum, which lead to the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian reformulations of Newton's laws. Theories such as fluid mechanics and the kinetic theory of gases result from applying classical mechanics to macroscopic systems. A relatively recent result of considerations concerning the dynamics of nonlinear systems is chaos theory, the study of systems in which small changes in a variable may have large effects. Newton's law of universal gravitation, formulated within classical mechanics, explained Kepler's laws of planetary motion and helped make classical mechanics an important element of the Scientific Revolution. This article is about momentum in physics. ...
Lagrangian mechanics is a re-formulation of classical mechanics that combines conservation of momentum with conservation of energy. ...
Hamiltonian mechanics is a re-formulation of classical mechanics that was invented in 1833 by William Rowan Hamilton. ...
This box: Fluid mechanics is the study of how fluids move and the forces on them. ...
Kinetic theory or kinetic theory of gases attempts to explain macroscopic properties of gases, such as pressure, temperature, or volume, by considering their molecular composition and motion. ...
For other uses, see Chaos Theory (disambiguation). ...
Isaac Newtons theory of universal gravitation (part of classical mechanics) states the following: Every single point mass attracts every other point mass by a force pointing along the line combining the two. ...
Illustration of Keplers three laws with two planetary orbits. ...
This article is about the period or event in history. ...
Electromagnetism -
- See also: Optics
 Magnetic lines of force of a bar magnet shown by iron filings on paper Electromagnetism describes the interaction of charged particles with electric and magnetic fields. It can be divided into electrostatics, the study of interactions between charges at rest, and electrodynamics, the study of interactions between moving charges and radiation. The classical theory of electromagnetism is based on the Lorentz force law and Maxwell's equations. Electromagnetism is the physics of the electromagnetic field: a field which exerts a force on particles that possess the property of electric charge, and is in turn affected by the presence and motion of those particles. ...
For the book by Sir Isaac Newton, see Opticks. ...
Image File history File links Magnet0873. ...
Image File history File links Magnet0873. ...
Electromagnetism is the physics of the electromagnetic field: a field which exerts a force on particles that possess the property of electric charge, and is in turn affected by the presence and motion of those particles. ...
The magnitude of an electric field surrounding two equally charged (repelling) particles. ...
Electrostatics (also known as static electricity) is the branch of physics that deals with the phenomena arising from what seem to be stationary electric charges. ...
This box: Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic interaction. ...
Electromagnetism is the physics of the electromagnetic field: a field, encompassing all of space, composed of the electric field and the magnetic field. ...
For other uses, see Radiation (disambiguation). ...
Lorentz force. ...
For thermodynamic relations, see Maxwell relations. ...
Electrostatics is the study of phenomena associated with charged bodies at rest. As described by Coulomb’s law, such bodies exert forces on each other. Their behavior can be analyzed in terms of the concept of an electric field surrounding any charged body, such that another charged body placed within the field is subject to a force proportional to the magnitude of its own charge and the magnitude of the field at its location. Whether the force is attractive or repulsive depends on the polarity of the charge. Electrostatics has many applications, ranging from the analysis of phenomena such as thunderstorms to the study of the behavior of electron tubes. Electrostatics (also known as static electricity) is the branch of physics that deals with the phenomena arising from what seem to be stationary electric charges. ...
Coulombs torsion balance Coulombs law, developed in the 1780s by French physicist Charles Augustin de Coulomb, may be stated as follows: This is analogous to Newtons third law of motion in mechanics. ...
For other uses, see Force (disambiguation). ...
In physics, the space surrounding an electric charge or in the presence of a time-varying magnetic field has a property called an electric field. ...
For other uses, see Magnet (disambiguation). ...
Electrodynamics is the study of phenomena associated with charged bodies in motion and varying electric and magnetic fields. Since a moving charge produces a magnetic field, electrodynamics is concerned with effects such as magnetism, electromagnetic radiation, and electromagnetic induction, including such practical applications as the electric generator and the electric motor. This area of electrodynamics, known as classical electrodynamics, was first systematically explained by James Clerk Maxwell, and Maxwell’s equations describe the phenomena of this area with great generality. A more recent development is quantum electrodynamics, which incorporates the laws of quantum theory in order to explain the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. Dirac, Heisenberg, and Pauli were pioneers in the formulation of quantum electrodynamics. Relativistic electrodynamics accounts for relativistic corrections to the motions of charged particles when their speeds approach the speed of light. It applies to phenomena involved with particle accelerators and electron tubes carrying high voltages and currents. Electromagnetism is the physics of the electromagnetic field: a field, encompassing all of space, composed of the electric field and the magnetic field. ...
This box: Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic interaction. ...
In physics, the space surrounding an electric charge or in the presence of a time-varying magnetic field has a property called an electric field. ...
For the indie-pop band, see The Magnetic Fields. ...
For other uses, see Radiation (disambiguation). ...
For magnetic induction, see Magnetic field. ...
Generator redirects here. ...
For other kinds of motors, see motor. ...
James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish mathematician and theoretical physicist. ...
Quantum electrodynamics (QED) is a relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics. ...
Quantum field theory (QFT) is the quantum theory of fields. ...
Dirac is a prototype algorithm for the encoding and decoding (see codec) of raw video and sound. ...
Werner Heisenberg Werner Karl Heisenberg (December 5, 1901 – February 1, 1976) was a celebrated German physicist and Nobel laureate, one of the founders of quantum mechanics. ...
This article is about Austrian-Swiss physicist Wolfgang Pauli. ...
For a less technical and generally accessible introduction to the topic, see Introduction to special relativity. ...
A particle accelerator uses electric fields to propel charged particles to great energies. ...
In the physical sciences, potential difference is the difference in potential between two points in a conservative vector field. ...
This box: Electric current is the flow (movement) of electric charge. ...
Electromagnetism encompasses various real-world electromagnetic phenomena. For example, light is an oscillating electromagnetic field that is radiated from accelerating charged particles. Aside from gravity, most of the forces in everyday experience are ultimately a result of electromagnetism. A phenomenon (plural: phenomena) is an observable event, especially something special (literally something that can be seen from the Greek word phainomenon = observable). ...
For other uses, see Light (disambiguation). ...
The electromagnetic field is a physical field that is produced by electrically charged objects and which affects the behaviour of charged objects in the vicinity of the field. ...
Gravity is a force of attraction that acts between bodies that have mass. ...
The principles of electromagnetism find applications in various allied disciplines such as microwaves, antennas, electric machines, satellite communications, bioelectromagnetics, plasmas, nuclear research, fiber optics, electromagnetic interference and compatibility, electromechanical energy conversion, radar meteorology, and remote sensing. Electromagnetic devices include transformers, electric relays, radio/TV, telephones, electric motors, transmission lines, waveguides, optical fibers, and lasers. This article is about the type of Electromagnetic radiation. ...
A Yagi-Uda beam antenna Short Wave Curtain Antenna (Moosbrunn, Austria) A building rooftop supporting numerous dish and sectored mobile telecommunications antennas (Doncaster, Victoria, Australia) An antenna is a transducer designed to transmit or receive radio waves which are a class of electromagnetic waves. ...
U.S. military MILSTAR communications satellite A communications satellite (sometimes abbreviated to comsat) is an artificial satellite stationed in space for the purposes of telecommunications using radio at microwave frequencies. ...
For other uses, see Plasma. ...
Nuclear physics is the branch of physics concerned with the nucleus of the atom. ...
Fiber Optic strands An optical fiber in American English or fibre in British English is a transparent thin fiber for transmitting light. ...
For other uses, see Radar (disambiguation). ...
// Meteorology (from Greek: μετÎωÏον, meteoron, high in the sky; and λόγος, logos, knowledge) is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting. ...
For the purported psychic ability to sense remotely, see Remote viewing right Synthetic aperture radar image of Death Valley colored using polarimetry In the broadest sense, remote sensing is the short or large-scale acquisition of information of an object or phenomenon, by the use of either recording or real...
For other uses, see Transformer (disambiguation). ...
Automotive style miniature relay A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical circuit. ...
See TV (disambiguation) for other uses and Television (band) for the rock band European networks National In much of Europe television broadcasting has historically been state dominated, rather than commercially organised, although commercial stations have grown in number recently. ...
For other uses, see Telephone (disambiguation). ...
For other kinds of motors, see motor. ...
A transmission line is the material medium or structure that forms all or part of a path from one place to another for directing the transmission of energy, such as electromagnetic waves or acoustic waves, as well as electric power transmission. ...
Look up waveguide in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Optical fibers An optical fiber (or fibre) is a glass or plastic fiber designed to guide light along its length. ...
For other uses, see Laser (disambiguation). ...
Relativity -
 High-precision test of general relativity by the Cassini space probe (artist's impression): radio signals sent between the Earth and the probe (green wave) are delayed by the warpage of space and time (blue lines). Relativity is a generalization of classical mechanics that describes fast-moving or very massive systems. It includes special and general relativity. For a less technical and generally accessible introduction to the topic, see Introduction to special relativity. ...
For a less technical and generally accessible introduction to the topic, see Introduction to general relativity. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 415 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (640 × 924 pixel, file size: 60 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Artists concept of general relativity experiment. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 415 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (640 × 924 pixel, file size: 60 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Artists concept of general relativity experiment. ...
Cassini-Huygens is a joint NASA/ESA/ASI unmanned space mission intended to study Saturn and its moons. ...
In General relativity, the Shapiro effect, or gravitational time delay, is one of the four classic solar system tests of general relativity. ...
In special relativity and general relativity, time and three-dimensional space are treated together as a single four-dimensional pseudo-Riemannian manifold called spacetime. ...
Two-dimensional analogy of space-time curvature described in General Relativity. ...
For a less technical and generally accessible introduction to the topic, see Introduction to special relativity. ...
For a less technical and generally accessible introduction to the topic, see Introduction to general relativity. ...
The theory of special relativity was proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in his article "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies". The title of the article refers to the fact that special relativity resolves an inconsistency between Maxwell's equations and classical mechanics. The theory is based on two postulates: (1) that the mathematical forms of the laws of physics are invariant in all inertial systems; and (2) that the speed of light in a vacuum is constant and independent of the source or observer. Reconciling the two postulates requires a unification of space and time into the frame-dependent concept of spacetime. For a less technical and generally accessible introduction to the topic, see Introduction to special relativity. ...
For other uses, see 1905 (disambiguation). ...
“Einstein†redirects here. ...
Einstein, in 1905, when he wrote the Annus Mirabilis Papers The Annus Mirabilis Papers (from Latin, Annus mirabilis, for extraordinary year) are the papers of Albert Einstein published in the Annalen der Physik Scientific journal in 1905. ...
For thermodynamic relations, see Maxwell relations. ...
See also: Special relativity Postulates of special relativity 1. ...
For a list of set rules, see Laws of science. ...
An inertial frame of reference, or inertial reference frame, is one in which Newtons first and second laws of motion are valid. ...
The speed of light in a vacuum is an important physical constant denoted by the letter c for constant or the Latin word celeritas meaning swiftness.[1] It is the speed of all electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, in a vacuum. ...
Look up Vacuum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
This article is about the idea of space. ...
This article is about the concept of time. ...
For other uses of this term, see Spacetime (disambiguation). ...
Special relativity has a variety of surprising consequences that seem to violate common sense, but all have been experimentally verified. It overthrows Newtonian notions of absolute space and time by stating that distance and time depend on the observer, and that time and space are perceived differently, depending on the observer. The theory leads to the assertion of change in mass, dimension, and time with increased velocity. It also yields the equivalence of matter and energy, as expressed in the mass-energy equivalence formula E = mc2, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum. Special relativity and the Galilean relativity of Newtonian mechanics agree when velocities are small compared to the speed of light. Special relativity does not describe gravitation; however, it can handle accelerated motion in the absence of gravitation.[10] Classical mechanics is a model of the physics of forces acting upon bodies. ...
This article is about the concept of time. ...
For other uses, see Mass (disambiguation). ...
2-dimensional renderings (ie. ...
This article is about the concept of time. ...
This article is about velocity in physics. ...
This article is about matter in physics and chemistry. ...
15ft sculpture of Einsteins 1905 E = mc² formula at the 2006 Walk of Ideas, Germany In physics, mass-energy equivalence is the concept that all mass has an energy equivalence, and all energy has a mass equivalence. ...
In general, the principle of relativity is the requirement that the laws of physics be the same for all observers. ...
General relativity is the geometrical theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915/16.[11][12] It unifies special relativity, Newton's law of universal gravitation, and the insight that gravitation can be described by the curvature of space and time. In general relativity, the curvature of space-time is produced by the energy of matter and radiation. General relativity is distinguished from other metric theories of gravitation by its use of the Einstein field equations to relate space-time content and space-time curvature. Local Lorentz Invariance requires that the manifolds described in GR be 4-dimensional and Lorentzian instead of Riemannian. In addition, the principle of general covariance forces that mathematics be expressed using tensor calculus. For a less technical and generally accessible introduction to the topic, see Introduction to general relativity. ...
For other uses, see Geometry (disambiguation). ...
The word theory has a number of distinct meanings in different fields of knowledge, depending on their methodologies and the context of discussion. ...
Gravity redirects here. ...
“Einstein†redirects here. ...
For a less technical and generally accessible introduction to the topic, see Introduction to special relativity. ...
Isaac Newtons theory of universal gravitation (part of classical mechanics) states the following: Every single point mass attracts every other point mass by a force pointing along the line combining the two. ...
In mathematics, curvature refers to any of a number of loosely related concepts in different areas of geometry. ...
This article is about the idea of space. ...
This article is about the concept of time. ...
In special relativity and general relativity, time and three-dimensional space are treated together as a single four-dimensional pseudo-Riemannian manifold called spacetime. ...
In mathematics a metric or distance function is a function which defines a distance between elements of a set. ...
The Einstein field equations (EFE) or Einsteins equations are a set of ten equations in Einsteins theory of general relativity in which the fundamental force of gravitation is described as a curved spacetime caused by matter and energy. ...
Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (July 18, 1853, Arnhem – February 4, 1928, Haarlem) was a Dutch physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Pieter Zeeman for the discovery and elucidation of the Zeeman effect. ...
In Riemannian geometry, a Riemannian manifold is a real differentiable manifold in which each tangent space is equipped with an inner product in a manner which varies smoothly from point to point. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
For more technical Wiki articles on tensors, see the section later in this article. ...
The first success of general relativity was in explaining the anomalous perihelion precession of Mercury. Then in 1919, Sir Arthur Eddington announced that observations of stars near the eclipsed Sun confirmed general relativity's prediction that massive objects bend light. Since then, many other observations and experiments have confirmed many of the predictions of general relativity, including gravitational time dilation, the gravitational redshift of light, signal delay, and gravitational radiation. In addition, numerous observations are interpreted as confirming one of general relativity's most mysterious and exotic predictions, the existence of black holes. This article is about several astronomical terms (apogee & perigee, aphelion & perihelion, generic equivalents based on apsis, and related but rarer terms. ...
Precession redirects here. ...
This article is about the planet. ...
One of Sir Arthur Stanley Eddingtons papers announced Einsteins theory of general relativity to the English-speaking world. ...
This article is about the astronomical object. ...
This article is about astronomical eclipses. ...
Sol redirects here. ...
For other uses, see Light (disambiguation). ...
Tests of Einsteins general theory of relativity did not provide an experimental foundation for the theory until well after it was introduced in 1915. ...
Gravitational time dilation is a consequence of Albert Einsteins theories of relativity and related theories which causes time to pass at different rates in regions of a different gravitational potential; the higher the local distortion of spacetime due to gravity, the slower time passes. ...
Graphic representing the gravitational redshift of a neutron star (not exact) In physics, light or other forms of electromagnetic radiation of a certain wavelength originating from a source placed in a region of stronger gravitational field (and which could be said to have climbed uphill out of a gravity well...
This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
For other uses, see Black hole (disambiguation). ...
Thermodynamics and statistical mechanics -
Thermodynamics studies the effects of changes in temperature, pressure, and volume on physical systems at the macroscopic scale, and the transfer of energy as heat.[13][14] Historically, thermodynamics developed out of need to increase the efficiency of early steam engines.[15] Thermodynamics (from the Greek θεÏμη, therme, meaning heat and δυναμις, dynamis, meaning power) is a branch of physics that studies the effects of changes in temperature, pressure, and volume on physical systems at the macroscopic scale by analyzing the collective motion of their particles using statistics. ...
Statistical mechanics is the application of probability theory, which includes mathematical tools for dealing with large populations, to the field of mechanics, which is concerned with the motion of particles or objects when subjected to a force. ...
Image File history File links Triple_expansion_engine_animation. ...
Image File history File links Triple_expansion_engine_animation. ...
Thermodynamics (Greek: thermos = heat and dynamic = change) is the physics of energy, heat, work, entropy and the spontaneity of processes. ...
In thermodynamics, work is the quantity of energy transferred from one system to another without an accompanying transfer of entropy. ...
Thermodynamics (from the Greek θεÏμη, therme, meaning heat and δυναμις, dynamis, meaning power) is a branch of physics that studies the effects of changes in temperature, pressure, and volume on physical systems at the macroscopic scale by analyzing the collective motion of their particles using statistics. ...
For other uses, see Temperature (disambiguation). ...
This article is about pressure in the physical sciences. ...
For other uses, see Volume (disambiguation). ...
A physical system is a system that is comprised of matter and energy. ...
Macroscopic is commonly used to describe physical objects that are measurable and observable by the naked eye. ...
For other uses, see Heat (disambiguation) In physics, heat, symbolized by Q, is energy transferred from one body or system to another due to a difference in temperature. ...
Thermodynamic efficiency (e) is defined as: where W is the absolute value of the work done in one thermodynamic cycle. ...
// The term steam engine may also refer to an entire railroad steam locomotive. ...
The starting point for most thermodynamic considerations are the laws of thermodynamics, which postulate that energy can be exchanged between physical systems as heat or work.[16] They also postulate the existence of a quantity named entropy, which can be defined for any system.[17] In thermodynamics, interactions between large ensembles of objects are studied and categorized. Central to this are the concepts of system and surroundings. A system is composed of particles, whose average motions define its properties, which in turn are related to one another through equations of state. Properties can be combined to express internal energy and thermodynamic potentials, which are useful for determining conditions for equilibrium and spontaneous processes. The laws of thermodynamics, in principle, describe the specifics for the transport of heat and work in thermodynamic processes. ...
In physics, mechanical work is the amount of energy transferred by a force. ...
For other uses, see: information entropy (in information theory) and entropy (disambiguation). ...
In thermodynamics, a thermodynamic system is defined as that part of the universe that is under consideration. ...
In a thermodynamics problem, the surroundings, or environment, are anything not part of the system. ...
In physics and thermodynamics, an equation of state is a relation between state variables. ...
In thermodynamics, the internal energy of a thermodynamic system, or a body with well-defined boundaries, denoted by U, or sometimes E, is the total of the kinetic energy due to the motion of molecules (translational, rotational, vibrational) and the potential energy associated with the vibrational and electric energy of...
This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
A dynamic equilibrium occurs when two reversible processes occur at the same rate. ...
A spontaneous process in chemical reaction terms is one which occurs with the system releasing free energy in some form (often, but not always, heat) and moving to a lower energy, hence more thermodynamically stable, state. ...
Statistical mechanics analyzes macroscopic systems by applying statistical principles to their microscopic constituents. It provides a framework for relating the microscopic properties of individual atoms and molecules to the macroscopic or bulk properties of materials that can be observed in everyday life. Thermodynamics can be explained as a natural result of statistics and mechanics (classical and quantum) at the microscopic level. In this way, the gas laws can be derived, from the assumption that a gas is a collection of individual particles, as hard spheres with mass. Conversely, if the individual particles are also considered to have charge, then the individual accelerations of those particles will cause the emission of light. It was these considerations which caused Max Planck to formulate his law of blackbody radiation,[18] but only with the assumption that the spectrum of radiation emitted from these particles is not continuous in frequency, but rather quantized.[19] Statistical mechanics is the application of probability theory, which includes mathematical tools for dealing with large populations, to the field of mechanics, which is concerned with the motion of particles or objects when subjected to a force. ...
Macroscopic is commonly used to describe physical objects that are measurable and observable by the naked eye. ...
Thermodynamics (Greek: thermos = heat and dynamic = change) is the physics of energy, heat, work, entropy and the spontaneity of processes. ...
This article is about the field of statistics. ...
Thermodynamics (from the Greek θεÏμη, therme, meaning heat and δυναμις, dynamis, meaning power) is a branch of physics that studies the effects of changes in temperature, pressure, and volume on physical systems at the macroscopic scale by analyzing the collective motion of their particles using statistics. ...
The gas laws are a set of laws that describe the relationship between thermodynamic temperature (T), pressure (P) and volume (V) of gases. ...
For other uses, see Mass (disambiguation). ...
This box: Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic interaction. ...
For other uses, see Light (disambiguation). ...
“Planck†redirects here. ...
As the temperature decreases, the peak of the black body radiation curve moves to lower intensities and longer wavelengths. ...
Quantum mechanics -
Quantum mechanics is the branch of physics treating atomic and subatomic systems and their interaction with radiation in terms of observable quantities. It is based on the observation that all forms of energy are released in discrete units or bundles called "quanta". Remarkably, quantum theory typically permits only probable or statistical calculation of the observed features of subatomic particles, understood in terms of wavefunctions. The Schrödinger equation plays the role in quantum mechanics that Newton's laws and conservation of energy serve in classical mechanics — i.e., it predicts the future behavior of a dynamic system — and is a wave equation in terms of the wavefunction which predicts analytically and precisely the probability of events or outcomes. For a generally accessible and less technical introduction to the topic, see Introduction to quantum mechanics. ...
Image File history File links HAtomOrbitals. ...
Image File history File links HAtomOrbitals. ...
Depiction of a hydrogen atom showing the diameter as about twice the Bohr model radius. ...
Electron atomic and molecular orbitals In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom, molecule, or other physical structure (, a crystal). ...
In quantum mechanics, a probability amplitude is a complex-valued function that describes an uncertain or unknown quantity. ...
For a generally accessible and less technical introduction to the topic, see Introduction to quantum mechanics. ...
For other uses, see Atom (disambiguation). ...
Helium atom (schematic) Showing two protons (red), two neutrons (green) and two electrons (yellow). ...
For other uses, see Radiation (disambiguation). ...
In physics, particularly in quantum physics, a system observable is a property of the system state that can be determined by some sequence of physical operations. ...
In physics, a quantum (plural: quanta) is an indivisible entity of energy. ...
Probability is the likelihood that something is the case or will happen. ...
This article is about the field of statistics. ...
This article discusses the concept of a wavefunction as it relates to quantum mechanics. ...
For a non-technical introduction to the topic, please see Introduction to quantum mechanics. ...
Newtons First and Second laws, in Latin, from the original 1687 edition of the Principia Mathematica. ...
This article is about the law of conservation of energy in physics. ...
The Lorenz attractor is an example of a non-linear dynamical system. ...
The wave equation is an important partial differential equation that describes the propagation of a variety of waves, such as sound waves, light waves and water waves. ...
According to the older theories of classical physics, energy is treated solely as a continuous phenomenon, while matter is assumed to occupy a specific region of space and to move in a continuous manner. According to the quantum theory, energy is held to be emitted and absorbed in tiny, discrete amounts. An individual bundle or packet of energy, called a quantum (pl. quanta), thus behaves in some situations much like particles of matter; particles are found to exhibit certain wavelike properties when in motion and are no longer viewed as localized in a given region but rather as spread out to some degree. For example, the light or other radiation given off or absorbed by an atom has only certain frequencies (or wavelengths), as can be seen from the line spectrum associated with the chemical element represented by that atom. The quantum theory shows that those frequencies correspond to definite energies of the light quanta, or photons, and result from the fact that the electrons of the atom can have only certain allowed energy values, or levels; when an electron changes from one allowed level to another, a quantum of energy is emitted or absorbed whose frequency is directly proportional to the energy difference between the two levels. Classical physics is physics based on principles developed before the rise of quantum theory, usually including the special theory of relativity and general theory of relativity. ...
Surface waves in water This article is about waves in the most general scientific sense. ...
For other uses, see Frequency (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Wavelength (disambiguation). ...
Extremely high resolution spectrum of the Sun showing thousands of elemental absorption lines (fraunhofer lines) Spectroscopy is the study of spectra, that is, the dependence of physical quantities on frequency. ...
In modern physics the photon is the elementary particle responsible for electromagnetic phenomena. ...
For other uses, see Electron (disambiguation). ...
The formalism of quantum mechanics was developed during the 1920s. In 1924, Louis de Broglie proposed that not only do light waves sometimes exhibit particle-like properties, as in the photoelectric effect and atomic spectra, but particles may also exhibit wavelike properties. Two different formulations of quantum mechanics were presented following de Broglie’s suggestion. The wave mechanics of Erwin Schrödinger (1926) involves the use of a mathematical entity, the wave function, which is related to the probability of finding a particle at a given point in space. The matrix mechanics of Werner Heisenberg (1925) makes no mention of wave functions or similar concepts but was shown to be mathematically equivalent to Schrödinger’s theory. A particularly important discovery of the quantum theory is the uncertainty principle, enunciated by Heisenberg in 1927, which places an absolute theoretical limit on the accuracy of certain measurements; as a result, the assumption by earlier scientists that the physical state of a system could be measured exactly and used to predict future states had to be abandoned. Quantum mechanics was combined with the theory of relativity in the formulation of P. A. M. Dirac (1928), which, in addition, predicted the existence of antiparticles. Other developments of the theory include quantum statistics, presented in one form by Einstein and S. N. Bose (the Bose-Einstein statistics) and in another by Dirac and Enrico Fermi (the Fermi-Dirac statistics); quantum electrodynamics, concerned with interactions between charged particles and electromagnetic fields; its generalization, quantum field theory; and quantum electronics. The discovery of quantum mechanics in the early 20th century revolutionized physics, and quantum mechanics is fundamental to most areas of current research. Louis-Victor-Pierre-Raymond, 7th duc de Broglie, generally known as Louis de Broglie (August 15, 1892–March 19, 1987), was a French physicist and Nobel Prize laureate. ...
The wave equation is an important partial differential equation which generally describes all kinds of waves, such as sound waves, light waves and water waves. ...
Schrödinger in 1933, when he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics Bust of Schrödinger, in the courtyard arcade of the main building, University of Vienna, Austria. ...
Matrix mechanics is a formulation of quantum mechanics created by Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and Pascual Jordan in 1925. ...
Werner Karl Heisenberg (December 5, 1901 – February 1, 1976) was a celebrated German physicist and Nobel laureate, one of the founders of quantum mechanics and acknowledged to be one of the most important physicists of the twentieth century. ...
In quantum physics, the outcome of even an ideal measurement of a system is not deterministic, but instead is characterized by a probability distribution, and the larger the associated standard deviation is, the more uncertain we might say that that characteristic is for the system. ...
Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, OM, FRS (IPA: [dɪræk]) (August 8, 1902 – October 20, 1984) was a British theoretical physicist and a founder of the field of quantum physics. ...
For each kind of particle, there is an associated antiparticle with the same mass but opposite electromagnetic, weak, and strong charges, as well as spin. ...
Statistics of interacting identical particles (=when their wave functions overlap). ...
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