Phytophthora
Phytophtohora porri on leek (Allium porrum)
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Heterokontophyta Class: Oomycetes Order: Peronosporales Family: Pythiaceae Genus: Phytophthora
Species
Phytophthora arecae Phytophthora botryosa Phytoohthora cactorum Phytophthora cajani Phytophthora cambivora Phytophthora capsici Phytophthora cinnamomi Phytophthora citricola Phytophthora citrophthora Phytophthora clandestina Phytophthora colocasiae Phytophthora cryptogea Phytophthora drechslera Phytophthora erythroseptica Phytophthora fragariae Phytophthora gonapodyides Phytophthora heveae Phytophthora humicola Phytophthora idaei Phytophthora ilicis Phytophthora infestans Phytophthora inflata Phytophthora iranica Phytophthora katsurae Phytophthora lateralis Phytophthora medicagnis Phytophthora megakarya Phytophthora megasperma Phytophthora melonis Phytophthora mirabilis Phytophthora multivesiculata Phytophthora nicotianae Phytophthora palmivora Phytophthora phaseoli Phytophthora porri Phytophthora primulae Phytophthora pseudotsugae Phytophthora quercina Phytophthora ramorum Phytophthora sinensis Phytophthora sojae Phytophthora syringae Phytophthora tentaculata Phytophthora trifolii Phytophthora vignae Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1995x1373, 349 KB) Picture taken by myself: (nl: Prei gevolg van inteelt) Inbreeding damage on Allium porrum: Allium porrum File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Phytophthora ... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... Kingdoms Eukaryotes are organisms with complex cells, in which the genetic material is organized into membrane-bound nuclei. ... The Chromista are a eukaryotic supergroup, which may be treated as a separate kingdom or included among the Protista. ... Typical classes Colored groups Chrysophyceae (golden algae) Synurophyceae Actinochrysophyceae (axodines) Pelagophyceae Phaeothamniophyceae Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) Raphidophyceae Eustigmatophyceae Xanthophyceae (yellow-green algae) Phaeophyceae (brown algae) Colorless groups Oomycetes (water moulds) Hypochytridiomycetes Bicosoecea Labyrinthulomycetes (slime nets) Opalinea Proteromonadea The heterokonts or stramenopiles are a major line of eukaryotes. ... Orders Lagenidiales Leptomitales Peronosporales Pythiales Rhipidiales Saprolegniales Sclerosporales Water moulds or Oomycetes are a group of filamentous protists, physically resembling fungi. ... Families Peronosporaceae Pythiaceae The Peronosporales are an order of water moulds (Phylum Oomycota) which can be pathogenic. ... Pythiaceae is family of water moulds. ... Binomial name Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands Phytophthora cinnamomi is a soil-borne water mould that produces an infection which causes a condition in plants called root rot or dieback. infects the roots by zoospores entering the root behind the root tip. ... Binomial name Phytophthora infestans (Mont. ... Classification: Myceteae : Mastigomycota : Diplomastigomycotina : Oomycetes : Peronosporales : Pythiaceae : Phytophthora Synonyms: Phytophthora arecae (L.C. Coleman) Pethybr. ... Binomial name Phytophthora ramorum Sudden Oak Death (Phytophthora ramorum) is a water mould infection which afflicts some oak species and some other trees and shrubs, causing them to die rapidly. ... Phytophthora sojae is an oomycete and a soil-borne plant pathogen that causes stem and root rot of soybean. ...

Phytophthora (from Greek phytón, “plant” and phthorá, “destruction, destruction”; “the plant-destroyer”) is a genus of plant-damaging Protisten of the Oomycetes (water moulds). Heinrich Anton de Bary described it for the first time in 1875. For other uses of the word, please see Genus (disambiguation). ... Typical phyla Chromista Heterokontophyta Haptophyta Cryptophyta (cryptomonads) Alveolata Dinoflagellata Apicomplexa Ciliophora (ciliates) Excavata Euglenozoa Percolozoa Metamonada Rhizaria Radiolaria Foraminifera Cercozoa Archaeplastida (in part) Rhodophyta (red algae) Glaucophyta (basal archaeplastids) Amoebozoa Choanozoa Many others; classification varies Protists (IPA: ) are a diverse group of organisms, comprising those eukaryotes that are not animals... Orders Lagenidiales Leptomitales Peronosporales Pythiales Rhipidiales Saprolegniales Sclerosporales Water moulds or Oomycetes are a group of filamentous protists, physically resembling fungi. ... Anton de Bary Heinrich Anton de Bary (January 26, 1831 - January 19, 1888) was a German surgeon, botanist, microbiologist, and mycologist (fungal systematics and physiology). ...

Pathogens

Phytophthoras are mostly pathogens of dicotyledons, and are relatively host specific parasites. Many species of Phytophthora are plant pathogens of considerable economic importance. Phytophthora infestans was the infective agent of the potato blight that caused the Irish potato famine. Plant diseases caused by this genus are difficult to control chemically, thus resistant cultivars are grown as a management strategy. Research beginning in the 1990s has placed some of the responsibility for European forest die-back on the activity of imported Asian Phytophthoras^[1]. Orders See text. ... Divisions Green algae Chlorophyta Charophyta Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta - liverworts Anthocerotophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) †Rhyniophyta - rhyniophytes †Zosterophyllophyta - zosterophylls Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses †Trimerophytophyta - trimerophytes Pteridophyta - ferns and horsetails Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Gnetophyta - gnetae Magnoliophyta - flowering plants... A pathogen or infectious agent is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host. ... Binomial name Phytophthora infestans (Mont. ... An 1849 depiction of Bridget ODonnell and her two children during the famine. ... This Osteospermum Pink Whirls is a successful cultivar. ...

Other important Phytophthora diseases are:

• Phytophthora alni – causes alder root rot
• Phytophthora cactorum – causes rhododendron root rot affecting rhododendrons, azaleas and causes bleeding canker in hardwood trees
• Phytophthora cinnamomi - causes cinnamon root rot affecting woody ornamentals including arborvitae, azalea, Chamaecyparis, dogwood, forsythia, Fraser fir, hemlock, Japanese holly, juniper, Pieris, rhododendron, Taxus, and white pine
• Phytophthora fragariae - causes red root rot affecting strawberries
• Phytophthora palmivora - causes fruit rot in coconuts and betel nuts
• Phytophthora ramorum – infects over 40 plant genera and over 100 host species - causes Sudden Oak Death^[2]
• Phytophthora quercina – causes oak death
• Phytophthora sojae - causes soybean root rot

Binomial name Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands Phytophthora cinnamomi is a soil-borne water mould that produces an infection which causes a condition in plants called root rot or dieback. infects the roots by zoospores entering the root behind the root tip. ... Classification: Myceteae : Mastigomycota : Diplomastigomycotina : Oomycetes : Peronosporales : Pythiaceae : Phytophthora Synonyms: Phytophthora arecae (L.C. Coleman) Pethybr. ... Binomial name Phytophthora ramorum Werres et al. ... Binomial name Phytophthora ramorum Werres et al. ... Phytophthora sojae is an oomycete and a soil-borne plant pathogen that causes stem and root rot of soybean. ...

Fungi resemblance

Phytophthora is sometimes referred to as a fungal-like organism but it is classified under a different kingdom altogether: Stramenapila (previously named Chromista). This is a good example of convergent evolution: Phytophthora is morphologically very similar to true Fungi yet its evolutionary history is quite distinct. In contrast to Fungi, stramenapiles are more closely related to plants than animals. Whereas Fungal cell walls are made primarily of chitin, stramenapile cell walls are constructed mostly of cellulose. Ploidy levels are different between these two kingdoms as are biochemical pathways. Divisions Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota The Fungi (singular: fungus) are a large group of organisms ranked as a kingdom within the Domain Eukaryota. ... The Chromista are a eukaryotic supergroup, which may be treated as a separate kingdom or included among the Protista. ... In evolutionary biology, convergent evolution is the process whereby organisms not closely related, independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches. ... Structure of the chitin molecule, showing two of the N-Acetylglucosamine units that repeat to form long chains in beta-1,4 linkage. ... Cellulose as polymer of β-D-glucose Cellulose in 3D Cellulose (C6H10O5)n is a long-chain polymeric polysaccharide carbohydrate, of beta-glucose [1][2]. It forms the primary structural component of green plants. ...

Biology

Phytophthoras reproduce both sexually and asexually. They may be A1 or A2 mating type. Sporangia, zoospores, and chlamydospores are asexual. Oospores are sexual.

Image File history File links Phytophthora_life_cycle. ...

Phytophthora forms: A: Sporangia. B: Zoo pore. C: Chlamydospore. D: Oospore.

Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2750x2407, 1912 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Phytophthora Sudden oak death Pythiaceae ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2750x2407, 1912 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Phytophthora Sudden oak death Pythiaceae ...

Notes

1. ^ "Phytophthora: Asiatischer Pilz lässt die Bäume sterben" Süddeutschen Zeitung 11 May 2005
2. ^ "APHIS List of Regulated Hosts and Plants Associated with Phytophthora ramorum" U.S. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services;

References

• Lucas, J.A. et al. (eds.) (1991) Phytophthora based on a symposium held at Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland September 1989. British Mycological Society, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, ISBN 0-521-40080-5 ;
• Erwin, Donald C. and Ribeiro, Olaf K. (1966) Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, Minnesota, ISBN 0-89054-212-0
• Erwin, Donald C. (1983) Phytophthora: its biology, taxonomy, ecology, and pathology American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, Minnesota, ISBN 0-89054-050-0
• "APHIS List of Regulated Hosts and Plants Associated with Phytophthora ramorum" U.S. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services

External links

• Goodwin, Stephen B. (January 2001) "Phytophthora Bibliography" Purdue University;
• Abbey, Tim (2005) "Phytophthora Dieback and Root Rot" College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut;