FACTOID # 51: Russia won the first World Air Games, held in Turkey in 1997. Events included hang-gliding, sky-surfing, and ballooning.
 
 Home   Encyclopedia   Statistics   Countries A-Z   Flags   Maps   Education   Forum   FAQ   About 
 
WHAT'S NEW
RECENT ARTICLES
More Recent Articles »
 

FACTS & STATISTICS    Simple view

  1. Select countries to view: (hold down Control key and click to select several)

     

     

    Compare:

     

     
  1. Select fact or statistic: (* = graphable)

     

     

     

  2. (OPTIONAL) Compare to statistic: (both need to be graphable)

     

     

     

  3. View result as:

     

       
(OR) SEARCH ALL encyclopedia, stats & forums:   

Encyclopedia > Pick's disease
Pick's disease
Classification & external resources
ICD-10 G31.0, F02.0
ICD-9 331.11
OMIM 172700
DiseasesDB 10034
eMedicine neuro/311 
MeSH D020774

Pick’s disease, also known as Pick disease and PiD, is a rare fronto-temporal neurodegenerative disease. It causes about 0.4-2% of all dementia [1] and affects women more than men. Moreover, this disorder causes progressive destruction of nerve cells in the brain and causes tau proteins to accumulate into the "Pick bodies"[2] that are a defining characteristic of the disease. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO). ... // G00-G99 - Diseases of the nervous system (G00-G09) Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (G00) Bacterial meningitis, not elsewhere classified (G01) Meningitis in bacterial diseases classified elsewhere (G02) Meningitis in other infectious and parasitic diseases classified elsewhere (G03) Meningitis due to other and unspecified causes (G04) Encephalitis, myelitis... // F00-F99 - Mental and behavioural disorders (F00-F09) Organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders (F00) Dementia in Alzheimers disease (F01) Vascular dementia (F011) Multi-infarct dementia (F02) Dementia in other diseases classified elsewhere (F020) Dementia in Picks disease (F021) Dementia in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (F022) Dementia in Huntingtons... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... The Mendelian Inheritance in Man project is a database that catalogues all the known diseases with a genetic component, and - when possible - links them to the relevant genes in the human genome. ... The Disease Bold textDatabase is a free website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions, symptoms, and medications. ... eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996. ... Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. ... Neurodegenerative disease (Greek νέυρο-, néuro-, nerval and Latin dÄ“generāre, to decline or to worsen) is a condition in which cells of the brain and spinal cord are lost. ... For other uses, see Dementia (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Nerve (disambiguation). ... Human brain In animals, the brain (enkephale) (Greek for in the skull), is the control center of the central nervous system, responsible for behavior. ... Tau proteins are normal proteins found within the brain. ...


On average, Pick's disease occurs at a somewhat younger age than Alzheimer disease. In Pick's disease, the first symptoms typically appear in middle age, in people aged 40-60 years. However, it can occur in adults of any age. [3] Alzheimers disease (AD) or senile dementia of Alzheimers type is a neurodegenerative disease which results in a loss of mental functions due to the deterioration of brain tissue. ...

Contents

History

Pick disease is named after Arnold Pick, a professor of psychiatry from the University of Prague who first discovered and described the disease in 1892 by examining the brain tissue of several deceased patients with histories of dementia [4][2]. As a result, the characteristic histological feature of this disease -- a protein tangle that appears as a large body in neuronal tissue -- is named a Pick body. In 1911 Alzheimer also noted the complete absence of senile plaques, and neurofilbrillary tangles as well as the presence of Pick Bodies and occasional ballooned neurons. [4] Arnold Pick ((July 20, 1851 - April 4, 1924) was a Czechoslovakian neurologist and psychiatrist . ...


Controversy Over Disease Nomenclature

Pick’s disease is controversial because there remains significant disagreement about what are the hallmarks of this disease. There have been several different attempts to generate subtypes of this disease; however, none have been universally adopted[4][5]. In 1974,[6] numerous different cases of what was called Pick’s lobar atrophy were categorized based on the location of the different Pick bodies and ballooned neurons. This lead to the development of three groups: A, B, and C; group C was further subdivided into C1 and C2.

  • Group A: These brains had both Pick bodies and ballooned neurons in various areas of the limbic system, the cortical regions that had undergone atrophy, and the hippocampus. Gliosis (atrophy and death of glial cells) was also profound throughout the affected region.
  • Group B: These brains had ballooned neurons in the frontal cortical regions; however, Pick effects were also seen other regions including the precentral gyrus, the pallidum, and the substantia nigra. In this group gliosis was only seen in the pallidum and substantia nigra. The effects were far less pronounced in other regions including the thalamus and neostriatum.
  • Group C1: Brains in this group, known as the "temporal" group, showed significant gliosis and atrophy at the temporal pole, the amygdaloid nucleus acumens nucleus stria terminalis complex, and the juxta-allo-cortical temporal cortex.
  • Group C2: Brains in this group, known as the "frontal" group, showed significant gliosis and atrophy in the frontal lobe. This effect was also present in other regions including the precentral gyrus, the cingular, orbital, insular, and sometimes temporal regions of the brain.

While this set of diagnostic criteria seems fairly straightforward, there are a number of different problems including the wide use of different histological staining techniques by different labs which show different affinities for different types of inclusions and protein subtypes. Furthermore this diagnostic set of criteria makes is unable to distinguish between different neurological disorders that can confound a proper diagnosis[5]. Thus to date there is no universally accepted morphological definition that can lead to a definitive diagnosis of PiD[4]. Thus clinical symptoms and histological analysis are the current standard for PiD diagnosis.


Symptoms

Symptoms of PiD can strike adults of any age. The symptoms that are the most common include the decreased ability to produce language both spoken and written aphasia,[7] decreased planning capacity, mood swings, and one or more of the following personality changes: apathy (indifference) or withdrawal, severe depression in a person who has never been depressed before, blunting or dullness of emotions, loss of inhibition, impulsive behavior in a usually cautious person, bad manners[7], rudeness[7], saying or doing inappropriate things in public, impatience, becoming extroverted or very talkative in a normally introverted person, inappropriate joking, aggression, masturbating in public, restlessness or agitation, poor judgment especially in financial matters, paranoia, selfishness, difficulty coping with changes from a routine, development of obsessive routines, and finally childlike behavior. For other uses, see Aphasia (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The terms introvert and extrovert (spelled extravert by Carl Jung) were originally employed by Sigmund Freud and given significant amplification later by Jung. ... Introversion may mean: Introversion and extroversion, a psychological term Introversion Software, a games developing company This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ... In psychology and other social and behavioral sciences, aggression refers to behavior that is intended to cause harm or pain. ... This page is a candidate to be moved to Wiktionary. ... For other senses of this word, see paranoia (disambiguation). ...


Causes Both Genetic and Environmental

While there have been a few cases where this disease has run in families, there is no known pattern of inheritance. The vast majority of cases arise spontaneously with no known genetic or environmental link. There have been two mutations that have been identified in the tau protein gene in families with a history of PiD including a glycine-to-arginine at codon 389 and a lysine-to-threonine at codon 257[2] However, not all familial cases of PiD carry these mutations. For the plant, see Glycine (plant). ... Arginine (abbreviated as Arg or R)[1] is an α-amino acid. ... RNA codons. ... Lysine is one of the 20 amino acids normally found in proteins. ... Threonine is one of the 20 natural amino acids. ...


Diagnosis

The diagnosis of PiD is not done in the traditional manner, as this disease has no test that can be done in vivo that will differentially allow a clinician to definitively say that a person has PiD. Instead, a series of specific tests are performed so as to rule out all other possible explanations of the aforementioned symptoms. Moreover, as the symptomatology for this disease is very nonspecific, integration of all of the tests allows for a diagnosis to be made once the other syndromes are ruled out. Tests are performed so as to allow for differentiation from other neurological disorders; however, true confirmation can only come via histological analysis that examines neurological tissue for the presence of Pick bodies.


In 1926 Onari and Spatz[8] generated a definition of PiD that relied heavily on histological analysis however these elements are still used to the present day in identifying PiD either pre or postmortem including: This page is a candidate to be moved to Wiktionary. ...

  • Macroscopic atrophy in the temporal or frontal lobe.
  • Characteristic preservation of the first temporal gyrus, traverse gyrus and Ammon’s horn.
  • Primary degenerative changes in the cortical gray matter, with concomitant involvement in the corresponding white matter.
  • Neuronal depletion accentuated in the superficial cortical layers I-IIIa.
  • Occasional presence of ballooned neurons.
  • Absence of atherosclerosis, inflammatory changes, neurofibrillary tangles, and senile plaques.

While the patient is still alive, the mini mental state examination will allow clinicians to see deficiencies in functioning that can aid in a correct diagnosis. There are some patients that allow a pre-mortem brain biopsy and when combined with subsequent histological analysis can allow clinicians to make a definitive diagnosis of PiD prior to death. Thus the definitive diagnosis is still completed using histological analysis however the advent of highly sensitive and accurate noninvasive functional neuroimaging technologies like Positron Emission Tomography,[9] SPECT, MRI [7] [2] and fMRI have allowed clinicians unprecedented understanding of the real time functional deficiencies that are seen in patients with PiD. Grey matter (or gray matter) is a major component of the central nervous system, consisting of nerve cell bodies, glial cells (astroglia and oligodendrocytes), capillaries, and short nerve cell extensions/processes (axons and dendrites). ... White matter is one of the two main solid components of the central nervous system. ... The mini mental state examination (MMSE) or Folstein test is a brief 30-point questionnaire test that is used to assess cognition. ... Brain biopsy under stereotaxy. ... Functional neuroimaging is the use of neuroimaging technology to measure an aspect of brain function, often with a view to understanding the relationship between activity in certain brain areas and specific mental functions. ... Image of a typical positron emission tomography (PET) facility Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine medical imaging technique which produces a three-dimensional image or map of functional processes in the body. ... SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography) is a nuclear medicine tomographic imaging technique using gamma rays. ... The mri are a fictional alien species in the Faded Sun Trilogy of C.J. Cherryh. ... Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (or fMRI) describes the use of MRI to measure hemodynamic signals related to neural activity in the brain or spinal cord of humans or other animals. ...


Histological Hallmarks of Pick’s Disease

PiD was first recognized as a distinct disease separate from other neurodegenerative diseases because of the presence of large dark staining aggregates of proteins in neurological tissue as well as the aforementioned ballooned cells which are known as Pick cells. Pick bodies are almost universally present in patients with PiD; however, some new cases of atypical Pick’s disease have come to light that lack noticeable Pick bodies[7]. There are a variety of stains that can allow for visualization however at current immunohistochemical staining using anti-tau and anti-ubiquitin antibodies have proven the most efficient and specific for aiding the visualization of Pick bodies, and Pick cells[1]. Hematoxylin and Eosin staining also serves to allow for visualization of another population of Pick cells which are both tau and ubiquitin protein negative. Several different silver impregnation stains have been used including the Bielschowsky, Bodian, and Gallyas methods[5][7]. The latter two techniques are sensitive enough to allow PiD to be distinguished from AD as the Bodian will bind preferentially to cells with PiD as compared to the Gallyas method which preferentially binds to the cells with AD[5]. Immunohistochemical staining is a common immunological technique used in the biological sciences for the detection of proteins within the context of the tissue in which the protein is found. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Haematoxylin is extracted from the wood of the logwood tree. ... Eosin is an orange-pink dye derived from coal tar. ... Ubiquitin is a very conserved small regulatory protein that is ubiquitous in eukaryotes. ...


The Pathology and Biochemistry of Pick’s Disease

There are numerous different areas of the brain that are affected by PiD however, upon closer inspection the specific areas that are affected allow for differentiation between PiD and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The aforementioned Pick bodies are almost always found in several different places in the brain including the dentate gyrus, the pyramidial cells of the CA1 sector and subiculum of the hippocampus, and the neocortex as well as a plurality of other nuclei. Interestingly it is the location within the different layers of the brain as well as the anatomical location that demonstrate some of the unique features of PiD. A striking feature is that in the neocortex the Pick bodies are located in the II and IV layers of the cortex which send neurons within the cortex and to thalamic synapses respectively. While layers III and V have very few if any Pick bodies they show extreme neuronal loss that can, in some cases be so severe as to leave a void in the brain altogether. Furthermore other regions that are involved include the caudate which is severely affected the dorsomedial region of the putamen, the globus pallidus, and locus cerulus [2]. The hypothalamic lateral tuberal nucleus is also very severely affected. The cerebellar elements that are important in receiving input, including the mossy fibers as well as the monodendritic brush cells in the granule cell layer, and generating output signals most notably the dentate nucleus are stricken with lots of tau protein inclusions. Strangely, the substantia nigra is most often uninvolved or only mildly involved however cases of extreme degeneration do exist [2]. The dentate gyrus is part of the hippocampal formation. ... For other uses, see Hippocampus (disambiguation). ... The putamen is a structure in the middle of the brain, forming the striatum together with the caudate nucleus. ... The globus pallidus (Latin for pale body) is a sub-cortical structure in the brain. ... The substantia nigra, (Latin for black substance, Soemering) or locus niger is a heterogeneous portion of the midbrain, separating the pes (foot) from the tegmentum (covering), and a major element of the basal ganglia system. ...


PiD has several unique biochemical characteristics that allow for unique identification of Pick’s disease as opposed to other fronto-temporal dementias (FTD’s). The most striking of these is that this disease which has tau protein tangles present in many affected neurons only contains one or as many as two of the six different isoforms of the tau protein.[10] All of these isoforms result from alternative splicing of the same gene.[11] Pick bodies typically have the 3R isoform of tau proteins as not only the most abundant form but the only form of this protein however a recent study has shown that there are a much greater number of different tau isoforms including 4R and mixed 3R/4R that can be present in the Pick bodies.[12] Not only do these tangles have the 3R tau protein predominately but they are also characteristically shaped with a round body and there is often an indentation in the area that faces the nucleus of the cell. The Pick bodies are also able to be labeled by N-terminal amyloid precursor protein segment, hyperphosphorylated tau, ubiquitin, Alz-50, neurofiliment proteins, clathrin, synaptophysin[1] and neuronal surface glycoside (A2B5) [12] specific stains. Moreover βII tubulin proteins are also suspected in playing a role in the formation of phosphor-tau aggregates that are seen in PiD as well as AD.[13]


Differences from Alzheimer’s disease

While both of these diseases present in a similar fashion, there are some key differences that can be noted from previous longitudinal studies that have been performed, including cognitive testing on patients with Alzheimer’s disease as opposed to PiD [3]. Interestingly, while there is some memory impairment of patients with PiD, it is far less common than the deficiencies that are seen with Alzheimer’s disease [3]. However the areas where the cognitive function differs significantly between the two diseases, are mainly personality alterations and speech problems [9]. However on a biochemical level these differences become even more apparent. It is well known that in AD all six isoforms of tau proteins expressed. In addition the presence of neurofibrillary tangles that are a hallmark of AD are able to be stained with antibodies to basic fibroblast growth factor, amyloid P, and heparin sulfate glycosaminoglycan[12]. Alzheimers disease (AD) or primary dementia of Alzheimers type is an incurable, degenerative neuropsychiatric disease which results in a pervasive loss of first mental, then physical functioning due to the deterioration of brain tissue. ...


Differences from other Fronto-temporal Dementias

Pick’s disease can be differentiated from other FTDs via the location of the neuronal loss and the different immunoreactive protein profiles.

  • Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), argyrophylic grain disease (AGD) are associated tauopathies unlike PiD have tau isoforms that contain mainly if not exclusively the 4R tau repeat [10].
  • Limbic neurofibrillary tangle dementia (LNTD), diffuse neurofibrillary tangles with calcification (DNTC) both show the full range of all six isoforms of tau proteins in a very similar manner to AD [10].
  • Frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) has been identified by the genetic mutations that are present in the tau gene. Thus because the genotype and phenotype of an organism can be known this has served as a model for trying to understand other tauopathies [10].
  • Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) which includes diffuse Lewy body disease (DLBD), senile dementia of Lewy body type, and Lewy body variant of AD all have characteristic α-synuclein present. Thus these diseases have come to be known as synucleinopathies. Picks disease does not have quantifiable levels of α-synuclein present [10]
  • Dementia Lacking Distinctive Homology (DLHD) has recently been linked to chromosome 3 and Frontotemporal dementia associated motor neuron disease (FTD-MND) has recently been linked to chromosome 9. These diseases have ubiquitin positive neuronal inclusions present without any presence of tau deposits. At current there is no known uniformly present genetic link to PiD [12]
  • Progressive subcortical gliosis shows, as the name implies, severe gliosis without much loss of white matter. Picks disease typically has marked the aforementioned atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes with severe loss of white matter in the brain, as well as possible gliosis[7].

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) (or the Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome, after the Canadian physicians who described it in 1963 ) is a rare degenerative disorder involving the gradual deterioration and death of selected areas of the brain. ... Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease associated with atrophy of the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia. ... Alpha-synuclein is a normal protein found in the brain. ...

Treatment

At current there is no effective treatment that can be used to treat or prevent PiD. However some medications are used in order to lessen the clinical symptoms including:


Cholinesterase inhibitors - Donepezil (Aricept) (may worsen agitation and aggression), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine/galanthamine (Reminyl). These drugs have in effect replaced an older drug called tacrine (Cognex). Aricept is a drug which is used in an attempt to delay the progression of Alzheimers Disease. ... Galantamine (trade name Razadyne®, Reminyl®) is a medication used in the treatment of Alzheimers disease. ...


Antidepressants/anxiolytics – Mirtazapine (Remeron), venlafaxine (Effexor), fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (Paxil), citalopram (Celexa), Mirtazapine is a prescription antidepressant introduced by Organon in 1996, and marketed under the tradename Remeron® (also: Zispin®, Avanza®, Norset®, Remergil®). It is used primarily for the treatment of clinical depression in adults. ... Venlafaxine hydrochloride is a prescription antidepressant first introduced by Wyeth in 1993, and marketed under the tradename Effexor®. It is used primarily for the treatment of depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and social anxiety disorder in adults. ... Background Fluoxetine hydrochloride (brand names include Prozac®, Symbyax® (compounded with olanzapine), Sarafem®, Fontex® (Sweden), Fluctine (Austria, Germany), Prodep (India), Fludac (India)) is an antidepressant drug used medically in the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bulimia nervosa, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and many other disorders. ... Sertraline hydrochloride (Zoloft®, Lustral®, Apo-Sertral®, Asentra®, Gladem®, Serlift®, Stimuloton®) is an orally administered antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) type. ...


Antipsychotics – Haloperidol (Haldol), risperidone (Risperdal), quetiapine (Seroquel), olanzapine (Zyprexa)[14] Haloperidol (Aloperidin®; Bioperidolo®; Brotopon®; Dozic®; Einalon S®; Eukystol®; Haldol®; Halosten®; Keselan®; Linton®; Peluces®; Serenace®; Serenase®; Sigaperidol®) is a conventional butyrophenone antipsychotic drug. ... Risperidone (Belivon®, Rispen®, Risperdal®) is an atypical antipsychotic medication. ... Quetiapine (kwe-TYE-a-peen), marketed by AstraZeneca with the brand name Seroquel, is one of the atypical antipsychotics. ... Olanzapine (Zyprexa® or in a combination with fluoxetine as Symbyax®) was the second atypical antipsychotic to gain FDA approval and has become one of the most commonly used atypical antipsychotics. ...


Prognosis After Diagnosis

In general the prognosis for the patient is very poor. Death usually occurs within 2-6 years however some patients have lasted as long as 17 years post-diagnosis. [3].


Ongoing Research

Most current research is aimed at trying to understand if there is a genetic link that can be predictive in disease development or if the disease is caused by somatic mutation. Currently the formations of the 3R tau protein aggregates are also being investigated in the hopes of developing a pharmacologically active treatment.


External links

References

  1. ^ a b c Armstrong, RA; Cairns NJ, Lantos, PL (1998). "A comparison of histological and immunohistochemical methods for quantifying the pathological lesions of Pick’s disease". Neuropathology 18 (4): 295-300. PMID 16006664. 
  2. ^ a b c d e f Wang, LN; Zhu MW, Feng YQ, Wang JH. (2006). "Pick's disease with Pick bodies combined with progressive supranuclear palsy without tuft-shaped astrocytes: a clinical, neuroradiologic and pathological study of an autopsied case.". Neuropathology 26 (3): 222-230. PMID 16771179. 
  3. ^ a b c d {{name=About Picks Disease>Pick's Disease: Frontal Lobe Dementia.
  4. ^ a b c d Amano, N; Iseki, E (1999). "Introduction: Pick’s disease and frontotemporal dementia". Neuropathology 19 (1): 417-421. 
  5. ^ a b c d Uchihara, T; Ikeda K, Tsuchiya K. (2003). "Pick body disease and Pick syndrome.". Neuropathology 23 (4): 318-326. PMID 14719549. 
  6. ^ Constatinidis, J; Richard J, Tissot R. (1974). "Pick's disease". European Neurology 11 (1): 208-217. 
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Yamakawa, K; Takanashi M, Watanabe M, Nakamura N, Kobayashi T, Hasegawa M, Mizuno Y, Tanaka S, Mori H (2006). "Pathological and biochemical studies on a case of Pick disease with severe white matter atrophy.". Neuropathology 26 (6): 586-591. PMID 17203597. 
  8. ^ Onari, K; Spatz H (1926). "Anatomische Beiträge zur Lehre von der Pickschen umschriebene Grobhirnrinden- Atrophie (‘Picksche Krankheit’).". Z Ges Neurol Psychiatrie 101 (1): 470-511. 
  9. ^ a b Shibuya-Tayoshi, S; Tsuchiya K, Seki Y, Arai T, Kasahara T. (2005). "Presenile dementia mimicking Pick's disease: an autopsy case of localized amygdala degeneration with character change and emotional disorder.". Neuropathology 25 (3): 235-240. PMID 16193841. 
  10. ^ a b c d e Iskei, E; Arai, H (2006). "Progress in the classification of non-Alzheimer-type degenerative dementias". Psychogeriactrics 6 (1): 41-42. 
  11. ^ Arai, T; Ikeda K, Akiyama H, Tsuchiya K, Iritani S, Ishiguro K, Yagishita S, Oda T, Odawara T, Iseki E. (2003). "Different immunoreactivities of the microtubule-binding region of tau and its molecular basis in brains from patients with Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration.". Acta Neuropathol. 105 (5): 489-498. PMID 12677450. 
  12. ^ a b c d Munoz, DG; Dickson DW, Bergeron C, Mackenzie IR, Delacourte A, Zhukareva V. (2003). "The neuropathology and biochemistry of frontotemporal dementia.". Ann Neurol 54 supp. S5 (1): S24-S28. PMID 12833365. 
  13. ^ Puig, B; Ferrer I, Ludueña RF, Avila J. (2005). "βII-tubulin and phospho-tau aggregates in Alzheimer's disease and Pick's disease". J Alzheimers Dis. 7 (1): 213-220. PMID 16006664. 
  14. ^ Pick Disease - Medications. eMedicineHealth. Retrieved on 2007-12-21.

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 355th day of the year (356th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

For more information on Pick's Disease, see the article on the pathologic process of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and its related clinical syndromes of frontotemporal dementia, semantic dementia, and progressive nonfluent aphasia. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a form of dementia. ... In medicine, the term syndrome is the association of several clinically recognizable features, signs, symptoms, phenomena or characteristics which often occur together, so that the presence of one feature alerts the physician to the presence of the others. ... Fronto-temporal dementias selectively affect the frontal lobe of the brain. ... Semantic dementia (SD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both the verbal and non-verbal domains. ... Progressive nonfluent aphasia is a form of primary progressive aphasia characterized by apraxia of speech and deficits in processing complex syntax. ...


External links

v • d • e
Pathology of the nervous system, primarily CNS (G00-G47, 320-349)
Inflammatory diseases
of the CNS		 Meningitis (Arachnoiditis) - Encephalitis - Myelitis - Encephalomyelitis (Acute disseminated) - Tropical spastic paraparesis
Systemic atrophies
primarily affecting the CNS		 Huntington's disease - Spinocerebellar ataxia (Friedreich's ataxia, Ataxia telangiectasia, Hereditary spastic paraplegia) -
Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy - Spinal muscular atrophy: Werdnig-Hoffman disease - Kugelberg-Welander disease - Fazio Londe syndrome -
MND (Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Progressive muscular atrophy (PMA), Progressive bulbar, Pseudobulbar, PLS)
Extrapyramidal and
movement disorders		 Parkinson's disease - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome - Postencephalitic parkinsonism - Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration - Progressive supranuclear palsy - Striatonigral degeneration - Dystonia/Dyskinesia (Spasmodic torticollis, Meige's syndrome, Blepharospasm) - Essential tremor - Myoclonus - Lafora disease - Chorea (Choreoathetosis) - Restless legs syndrome - Stiff person syndrome
Other degenerative /
demyelinating diseases		 Alzheimer's disease - Pick's disease - Alpers' disease - Dementia with Lewy bodies - Leigh's disease - Multiple sclerosis - Devic's disease - Central pontine myelinolysis - Transverse myelitis
Seizure/epilepsy Focal (Simple partial, Complex partial) - Generalised (Tonic-clonic, Absence, Atonic, Benign familial neonatal) - Lennox-Gastaut - West - Epilepsia partialis continua - Status epilepticus (Complex partial status epilepticus)
Headache Migraine (Familial hemiplegic) - Cluster - Vascular - Tension
Vascular Transient ischemic attack (Amaurosis fugax, Transient global amnesia) - Cerebrovascular disease (MCA, ACA, PCA, Foville's syndrome, Millard-Gubler syndrome, Lateral medullary syndrome, Weber's syndrome, Lacunar stroke)
Sleep disorders Insomnia - Hypersomnia - Sleep apnea (Ondine's curse) - Narcolepsy - Cataplexy - Kleine-Levin syndrome - Circadian rhythm sleep disorder - Delayed sleep phase syndrome - Advanced sleep phase syndrome
Other Hydrocephalus (Normal pressure) - Idiopathic intracranial hypertension - Encephalopathy - Brain herniation - Cerebral edema - Reye's syndrome - Syringomyelia - Syringobulbia - Spinal cord compression
The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) is a detailed description of known diseases and injuries. ... Mental disorder or mental illness are terms used to refer psychological pattern that occurs in an individual and is usually associated with distress or disability that is not expected as part of normal development or culture. ... Emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) is a broad category which is mostly being used in an educational context to group a range of more specific perceived difficulties of children and adolescents. ... For other uses, see Dementia (disambiguation). ... Multi-infarct dementia, also known as vascular dementia, is a form of dementia resulting from brain damage caused by stroke or transient ischemic attacks (also known as mini-strokes). ... Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a very rare and incurable degenerative neurological disorder (brain disease) that is ultimately fatal. ... AIDS dementia complex (ADC; also known as HIV dementia, HIV encephalopathy and HIV-associated dementia) has become a common neurological disorder associated with HIV infection and AIDS. It is is a metabolic encephalopathy induced by HIV infection and fueled by immune activation of brain macrophages and microglia. ... Fronto-temporal dementias selectively affect the frontal lobe of the brain. ... This article is about the mental state and medical condition. ... Post-concussion syndrome, also known as postconcussive syndrome or PCS, is a set of symptoms that a person may experience for weeks, months, or even years after a concussion, a mild form of traumatic brain injury. ... A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical that alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness, or behaviour. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Drunkenness of Noah by Giovanni Bellini Drunkenness is the state of being intoxicated by consumption of alcohol to a degree that mental and physical facilities are noticeably impaired. ... This article needs cleanup. ... For the beer, see Delirium Tremens (beer). ... Korsakoffs syndrome (Korsakoffs psychosis, amnesic-confabulatory syndrome), is a degenerative brain disorder caused by the lack of thiamine (vitamin B1) in the brain. ... This article needs cleanup. ... An opioid is a chemical substance that has a morphine-like action in the body. ... Opioid dependency is a medical diagnosis characterized by an individuals inability to stop using opioids even when objectively in his or her best interest to do so. ... A sedative is a substance that depresses the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in calmness, relaxation, reduction of anxiety, sleepiness, and slowed breathing, as well as slurred speech, staggering gait, poor judgment, and slow, uncertain reflexes. ... Hypnotic drugs are a class of drugs that induce sleep, used in the treatment of severe insomnia. ... Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, caused by withdrawal or dosage reduction of benzodiazepines, is the symptoms which appear when a patient who has taken the drug for a period of time stops taking the drug. ... For other uses, see Cocaine (disambiguation). ... Cocaine dependence (or addiction) is physical and psychological dependency on the regular use of cocaine. ... ... Comparison of the perceived harm for various psychoactive drugs from a poll among medical psychiatrists specialized in addiction treatment[1] This article is an overview of the nontherapeutic use of alcohol and drugs of abuse. ... Physical dependence refers to a state resulting from habitual use of a drug, where negative physical withdrawal symptoms result from abrupt discontinuation. ... Withdrawal, also known as withdrawal syndrome, refers to the characteristic signs and symptoms that appear when a drug that causes physical dependence is regularly used for a long time and then suddenly discontinued or decreased in dosage. ... For other uses, see Psychosis (disambiguation). ... Disorganized schizophrenia is a subtype of schizophrenia as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. ... Schizotypal personality disorder, or simply schizotypal disorder, is a personality disorder that is characterized by a need for social isolation, odd behaviour and thinking, and often unconventional beliefs such as being convinced of having extra sensory abilities. ... Delusional disorder is a psychiatric diagnosis denoting a psychotic mental illness that involves holding one or more non-bizarre delusions in the absence of any other significant psychopathology (signs or symptoms of mental illness). ... Folie à deux (literally, a madness shared by two) is a rare psychiatric syndrome in which a symptom of psychosis (particularly a paranoid or delusional belief) is transmitted from one individual to another. ... A mood disorder is a condition whereby the prevailing emotional mood is distorted or inappropriate to the circumstances. ... This article is an expansion of a section entitled Mania from within the main article Bipolar disorder. ... For other uses, see Bipolar. ... On the Threshold of Eternity. ... Cyclothymia is a mood disorder. ... Dysthymia is a mood disorder that falls within the depression spectrum. ... A neurosis, in psychoanalytic theory, is an ineffectual coping strategy that Sigmund Freud suggested was caused by emotions from past experience overwhelming or interfering with present experience. ... In medical terms, stress is the disruption of homeostasis through physical or psychological stimuli. ... Anxiety disorder is a blanket term covering several different forms of abnormal, pathological anxiety, fears, phobias. ... Agoraphobia is an anxiety disorder precipitated by the fear of having a symptom attack or panic attack in a setting from which there is no easy means of escape. ... Panic Disorder is a psychiatric condition characterized by recurring panic attacks in combination with significant behavioral change or at least a month of ongoing worry about the implications or concern about having other attacks. ... Panic attacks are sudden, discrete periods of intense anxiety, fear and discomfort that are associated with a variety of somatic and cognitive symptoms[1]. The onset of these episodes is typically abrupt, and may have no obvious trigger. ... Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is an anxiety disorder that is characterized by excessive, uncontrollable and often irrational worry about everyday things, which is disproportionate to the actual source of worry. ... Social anxiety is an experience of fear, apprehension or worry regarding social situations and being evaluated by others. ... Social anxiety, sometimes known as social phobia or social anxiety disorder (SAD), is a common form of anxiety disorder that causes sufferers to experience intense anxiety in some or all of the social interactions and public events of everyday life. ... OCD redirects here. ... Acute stress reaction is a psychological condition arising in response to a terrifying event. ... Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a term for certain severe psychological consequences of exposure to, or confrontation with, stressful events that the person experiences as highly traumatic. ... In psychology, adjustment disorder refers to a psychological disturbance that develops in response to a stressor. ... Conversion Disorder is a DSM-IV diagnosis which describes neurological symptoms such as extreme weakness, paralysis, sensory disturbance, seizure and/or attacks that may resemble a known organic disease such as epilepsy or dystonia, but which cannot be currently attributed to neurological disease. ... Ganser syndrome is a psychiatric disorder characterised by approximate answers to questions. ... Somatization disorder (or Briquets disorder) is a type of mental illness in which a patient manifests a psychiatric condition as a physical complaint. ... Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a mental disorder that involves a distorted body image. ... Hypochondria (sometimes hypochondriasis) is the unfounded belief that one is suffering from a serious illness. ... The English suffix -phobia is used to describe fear or hatred (the latter is often ignored) of a particular thing or subject. ... Da Costas Syndrome is a type of anxiety disorder first observed in soldiers in the American Civil War. ... This page is a candidate to be moved to Wikiquote. ... Neurasthenia was a term first coined by George Miller Beard in 1869 to describe a condition with symptoms of fatigue, anxiety and pessimism. ... For other uses, see Anorexia. ... Bulimia nervosa, commonly known as bulimia, is an eating disorder and psychological condition in which the subject engages in recurrent binge eating followed by feelings of guilt, depression, and self-condemnation and intentional purging to compensate for the excessive eating, usually to prevent weight gain (see anorexia nervosa). ... Dyssomnias are a broad classification of sleeping disorder that make it difficult to get to sleep, or to stay sleeping. ... This article is about the sleeping disorder. ... Hypersomnia, also known as excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), is excessive amount of sleepiness. ... A parasomnia is any sleep disorder such as sleepwalking, sleepeating, sleep sex, teeth grinding, night terrors, rhythmic movement disorder, REM behaviour disorder, restless leg syndrome, and somniloquy (or sleep talking), characterized by partial arousals during sleep or during transitions between wakefulness and sleep. ... For other uses, see Night Terror. ... The current usage of the term nightmare refers to a dream which causes the sleeper a strong unpleasant emotional response. ... Sexual dysfunction or sexual malfunction (see also sexual function) is difficulty during any stage of the sexual act (which includes desire, arousal, orgasm, and resolution) that prevents the individual or couple from enjoying sexual activity. ... Erectile dysfunction (ED) or impotence is a sexual dysfunction characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis. ... Premature ejaculation (PE), also known as rapid ejaculation, premature climax or early ejaculation, is the most common sexual problem in men, affecting 25%-40% of men. ... Vaginismus is a condition which affects a womans ability to engage in any form of vaginal penetration, including sexual penetration, insertion of tampons, and the penetration involved in gynecological examinations. ... Dyspareunia is painful sexual intercourse, due to medical or psychological causes. ... Satyriasis redirects here. ... Postnatal Depression (also called Postpartum Depression and referred throughout this article by the acronym PPD) is a form of clinical depression which can affect women, and less frequently men, after childbirth. ... Wikinews has related news: Dr. Joseph Merlino on sexuality, insanity, Freud, fetishes and apathy Personality disorder, formerly referred to as a Character Disorder is a class of mental disorders characterized by rigid and on-going patterns of thought and action (Cognitive modules). ... Passive-aggressive behavior refers to passive, sometimes obstructionist resistance to following authoritative instructions in interpersonal or occupational situations. ... Kleptomania (Greek: κλέπτειν, kleptein, to steal, μανία, mania) is an inability or great difficulty in resisting impulses of stealing. ... Trichotillomania (TTM), or trich as it is commonly known, is an impulse control disorder characterized by the repeated urge to pull out scalp hair, eyelashes, facial hair, nose hair, pubic hair, eyebrows or other body hair. ... “Voyeur” redirects here. ... A factitious disorder or FD is a mental disorder where the ill individuals symptoms are either self-induced or falsified by the patient. ... This page refers to the self-inflicted factitious disorder. ... Egodystonic sexual orientation is an egodystonic condition. ... Two women in handcuffs and latex miniskirts and tops - Latex and PVC fetishism Wikinews has related news: Dr. Joseph Merlino on sexuality, insanity, Freud, fetishes and apathy Sexual fetishism is the sexual attraction for material and terrestrial objects while in reality the essence of the object is inanimate and sexless. ... Mental retardation is a term for a pattern of persistently slow learning of basic motor and language skills (milestones) during childhood, and a significantly below-normal global intellectual capacity as an adult. ... Developmental disorders are disorders that occur at some stage in a childs development, often retarding the development. ... Specific developmental disorders categorizes specific learning disabilities and developmental disorders affecting coordination. ... Speech disorders or speech impediments, as they are also called, are a type of communication disorders where normal speech is disrupted. ... Expressive language disorder (DSM 315. ... For other uses, see Aphasia (disambiguation). ... Expressive aphasia, known as Brocas aphasia in clinical neuropsychology and agrammatic aphasia in cognitive neuropsychology, is an aphasia caused by damage to Brocas area in the brain. ... Receptive aphasia, also known as Wernickes aphasia, Fluent aphasia or sensory aphasia in clinical neuropsychology and cognitive neuropsychology, is a type of aphasia often (but not always) caused by neurological damage to Wernickes area in the brain. ... Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS), also called progressive epileptic aphasia, is a rare, childhood neurological syndrome characterized by the sudden or gradual development of aphasia (the inability to understand or express language) and an abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG). ... For the programming language, see Lisp (programming language). ... This article is about developmental dyslexia. ... Dysgraphia (or agraphia) is a deficiency in the ability to write, regardless of the ability to read, not due to intellectual impairment. ... Gerstmann syndrome is a neurological disorder. ... Developmental Dyspraxia is one or all of a heterogeneous range of psychological development disorders affecting the initiation, organization and performance of action[1]. It entails the partial loss of the ability to coordinate and perform certain purposeful movements and gestures in the absence of motor or sensory impairments. ... The diagnostic category pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), as opposed to specific developmental disorders (SDD), refers to a group of disorders characterized by delays in the development of multiple basic functions including socialization and communication. ... Autism is a brain development disorder characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication, and restricted and repetitive behavior, all exhibited before a child is three years old. ... A woman with Retts Syndrome Rett syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is classified as a pervasive developmental disorder by the DSM-IV. Many [1] argue that this is a mis-classification just as it would be to include such disorders as fragile X syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, or Down... Asperger syndrome (also Aspergers syndrome, Aspergers disorder, Aspergers, or AS) is one of several autism spectrum disorders (ASD) characterized by difficulties in social interaction and by restricted and stereotyped interests and activities. ... Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), is a neurobehavioural developmental disorder[1] [2] [3] affecting about 3-5% of the worlds population under the age of 19[4]. It typically presents itself during childhood, and is characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity, as well as forgetfulness... In psychiatry, conduct disorder is a pattern of repetitive behavior where the rights of others or the social norms are violated. ... Oppositional defiant disorder is a controversial psychiatric category listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders where it is described as an ongoing pattern of disobedient, hostile, and defiant behavior toward authority figures that goes beyond the bounds of normal childhood behavior. ... Separation Anxiety redirects here. ... Selective mutism is a social anxiety disorder in which a person who is normally capable of speech is unable to speak in given situations. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Attachment disorder. ... A tic is a repeated, impulsive action, almost reflexive in nature, which the actor feels powerless to control or avoid. ... “Tourette” redirects here. ... Speech disorders or speech impediments, as they are also called, are a type of communication disorders where normal speech is disrupted. ... “Stutter” redirects here. ... Cluttering (also called tachyphemia) is a communicative disorder characterized by speech that is difficult for listeners to understand due to rapid speaking rate, erratic rhythm, poor syntax or grammar, and words or groups of words unrelated to the sentence. ... A renal cell carcinoma (chromophobe type) viewed on a hematoxylin & eosin stained slide Pathologist redirects here. ... The nervous system is a highly specialized network whose principal components are nerves called neurons. ... Inflammation is the first response of the immune system to infection or irritation and may be referred to as the innate cascade. ... A diagram showing the CNS: 1. ... Meningitis is the inflammation of the protective membranes covering the central nervous system, known collectively as the meninges. ... Arachnoiditis describes a pain disorder caused by the inflammation of the arachnoid, one of the membranes that surround and protect the nerves of the spinal cord. ... Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain, commonly caused by a viral infection. ... Myelitis is a human disease involving swelling of the spinal cord, which disrupts central nervous system functions linking brain and limbs. ... Encephalomyelitis is a general term for inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, describing a number of disorders: acute disseminated encephalomyelitis or postinfectious encephalomyelitis, a demyelinating disease of the brain and spinal cord, possibly triggered by vaccination or viral infection; encephalomyelitis disseminata, a synonym for multiple sclerosis; equine encephalomyelitis, a... Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an immune mediated disease of brain. ... Tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) is an infection of the spinal cord by Human T-lymphotropic virus resulting in paraparesis or weakness of the legs. ... Atrophy is the partial or complete wasting away of a part of the body. ... Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is a genetic disease with multiple types, each of which could be considered a disease in its own right. ... Friedreichs ataxia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by a mutation in Gene X25 that codes for frataxin, located on chromosome 9. ... Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) (Boder-Sedgwick syndrome or Louis-Bar syndrome) is a primary immunodeficiency disorder that occurs in an estimated incidence of 1 in 40,000 to 1 in 300,000 births (Lederman, 2000). ... Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), also called familial spastic paraparesis (FSP), refers to a group of inherited disorders that are characterized by progressive weakness and stiffness of the legs. ... Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a term applied to a number of different disorders, all having in common a genetic cause and the manifestation of weakness due to loss of the motor neurons of the spinal cord and brainstem. ... Werdnig-Hoffman disease (or Infantile spinal muscular atrophy, type I) is an autosomal recessive muscular disease. ... Kugelberg-Welander disease (or juvenile spinal muscular atrophy, type III) is an autosomal recessive muscular disease. ... Fazio Londe Syndrome is an inherited motor neuron disease found in children and young adults. ... The motor neurone diseases (MND) are a group of progressive neurological disorders that destroy motor neurones, the cells that control voluntary muscle activity such as speaking, walking, breathing, and swallowing. ... Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS, sometimes called Lou Gehrigs Disease, or Maladie de Charcot) is a progressive, usually fatal, neurodegenerative disease caused by the degeneration of motor neurons, the nerve cells in the central nervous system that control voluntary muscle movement. ... Progressive muscular atrophy (PMA) is a rare subtype of Motor neurone disease (MND) which affects only the lower motor neurones. ... Progressive bulbar palsy is a form of motor neuron disease characterized by dysfunction of the muscles controlled by the cranial nerves of the lower brain stem (the bulb) -- specifically, the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), and hypoglossal nerve (XII). ... Pseudobulbar palsy is a form of motor neuron disease which can be associated with paralysis. ... Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a rare neuromuscular disease characterized by progressive muscle weakness in the voluntary muscles. ... In human anatomy, the extrapyramidal system is a neural network located in the brain that is part of the motor system involved in the coordination of movement. ... Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a life-threatening, neurological disorder most often caused by an adverse reaction to neuroleptic or antipsychotic drugs. ... This disease is believed to have been caused by a viral illness, stimulating degeneration of the nerve cells in the substantia nigra, leading to clinical parkinsonism. ... PKAN: Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration Symptoms Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) is one of many forms of neurodegeneration, or brain deterioration . ... Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) (or the Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome, after the Canadian physicians who described it in 1963 ) is a rare degenerative disorder involving the gradual deterioration and death of selected areas of the brain. ... Striatonigral degeneration refers to a form of multiple system atrophy involving the loss of connections between two areas of the brain, the striatum and the substantia nigra, which work together to ensure smooth movement and maintain balance. ... Dystonia is a neurological movement disorder in which sustained muscle contractions cause twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures. ... Dyskinesia refers to an impairment of voluntary movement. ... Torticollis, or wry neck, is a condition in which the head is tilted toward one side, and the chin is elevated and turned toward the opposite side. ... Meiges syndrome is a type of dystonia, also known as oral facial dystonia or hemifacial spasm, the main symptoms of which involve involuntary blinking and chin thrusting. ... A blepharospasm (from blepharo (eyelid) and spasm (uncontrolled muscle contraction)) is any abnormal tic or twitch of the eyelid. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Myoclonus is brief, involuntary twitching of a muscle or a group of muscles. ... Lafora disease is a hereditary disease characterised by the presence of inclusion bodies, known as Lafora bodies, within the cells of neurons, heart, liver, muscle, and skin. ... // Chorea sancti viti (Latin for St. ... Choreoathetosis is a combination of chorea and athetosis. ... Restless legs syndrome (RLS, Wittmaack-Ekboms syndrome, or sometimes, but inaccurately, referred to as Nocturnal myoclonus) is a condition that is characterized by an irresistible urge to move ones legs (occasionally arms or torso). ... Stiff person syndrome (SPS) (or occasionally, stiff-man syndrome) is a rare neurologic disorder of unknown etiology. ... A demyelinating disease is any disease of the nervous system in which the myelin sheath of neurons is damaged. ... Alpers disease, also called progressive infantile poliodystrophy, is a progressive degenerative disease of the central nervous system that occurs in infants and children. ... Dementia with Lewy bodies is the second most frequent cause of hospitalization for dementia, after Alzheimers disease. ... Leighs disease, a form of Leigh syndrome, also known as Subacute Necrotizing Encephalomyelopathy (SNEM), is a rare neurometabolic disorder that affects the central nervous system. ... Devics disease, also known as Devics syndrome, neuromyelitis optica (NMO), or optic-spinal MS, is an autoimmune, inflammatory disorder in which a persons own immune system attacks myelin of the neurons of the optic nerves and spinal cord. ... Central pontine myelinolysis is a neurologic disease caused by severe damage of the myelin sheath of nerve cells in the brainstem, more precisely in the area termed the pons. ... Transverse myelitis is a neurological disorder caused by a loss of the myelin encasing the spinal cord, also known as demyelination. ... This article is about epileptic seizures. ... Focal seizures (also called partial seizures) are seizures which are characterized by: preserved consciousness in simple focal seizures impaired consciousness (dream-like) in complex focal seizures experience of unusual feelings or sensations sudden and inexplainable feelings of joy, anger, sadness, or nausea altered sense of hearing, smelling, tasting, seeing, or... Simple partial seizures are seizures which affect only a small region of the brain, often the temporal lobes and/or hippocampi. ... A complex partial seizure is an epileptic attack that involves a greater degree of impairment or alteration of consciousness/awareness and memory than a simple partial seizure. ... Generalised epilepsy is a form of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent seizures, which are a result of abnormal activity in both sides of the brain. ... Tonic-clonic seizures (also known as Grand Mal Seizures, though this term is now discouraged and rarely used in a clinical setting) are a type of generalised seizure affecting the whole brain. ... Absence seizures are one of several kinds of seizures. ... Atonic seizures (also called drop seizures, drop attacks, or akinetic seizures), are a minor type of seizure. ... Benign familial neonatal convulsions (BFNC) is a rare autosomal dominant inherited form of epilepsy. ... Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS), also known as Lennox syndrome, is a difficult to treat form of childhood-onset epilepsy, that most often appears between the second and sixth year of life and is characterized by frequent seizures and different seizure types and is often accompanied by mental retardation and behavior... West syndrome, otherwise known as infantile spasms, is an uncommon to rare and serious form of epilepsy in infants. ... Epilepsia partialis continua is a rare type of recurrent motor epileptic seizures that are focal (hands and face), and recur every few seconds or minutes for extended periods (days or years). ... Complex Partial Status Epilepticus (CPSE) is one of the non-convulsive forms of Status epilepticus, a rare form of epilepsy defined by its recurrent nature. ... A headache (cephalgia in medical terminology) is a condition of pain in the head; sometimes neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted as a headache. ... Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is an autosomal dominant classical migraine subtype that typically includes hemiparesis (weakness of half the body) during the aura phase. ... Cluster headaches are rare, extremely painful and debilitating headaches that occur in groups or clusters. ... A vascular headache is a headache where blood vessel swelling or disturbance is causing the pain. ... Tension headaches, which were renamed tension-type headaches by the International Headache Society in 1988, are the most common type of primary headaches. ... A transient ischemic attack (TIA, often colloquially referred to as mini stroke) is caused by the temporary disturbance of blood supply to a restricted area of the brain, resulting in brief neurologic dysfunction that usually persists for less than 24 hours. ... Amaurosis fugax is a type of transient ischaemic attack (TIA). ... Transient global amnesia (TGA), is an anxiety-producing temporary loss of short-term memory. ... Cerebrovascular disease is damage to the blood vessels in the brain, resulting in a stroke. ... Middle cerebral artery syndrome is a condition where the blood supply from the middle cerebral artery is restricted, leading to a reduction of the function of the portions of the brain supplied by that vessel. ... Anterior cerebral artery syndrome is a condition where the blood supply from the anterior cerebral artery is restricted, leading to a reduction of the function of the portions of the brain supplied by that vessel. ... Posterior cerebral artery syndrome is a condition where the blood supply from the posterior cerebral artery is restricted, leading to a reduction of the function of the portions of the brain supplied by that vessel. ... Fovilles syndrome is caused by the blockage of the perforating branches of the basilar artery in the region of the brainstem known as the pons. ... Millard-Gubler syndrome is a syndrome of unilateral softening of the brain tissue arising from obstruction of the blood vessels of the pons, involving the sixth and seventh cranial nerves and fibers of the corticospinal tract, and is associated with paralysis of the abducens (including diplopia, internal strabismus, and loss... Lateral medullary syndrome (also called Wallenbergs syndrome) is a disease in which the patient has difficulty with swallowing or speaking or both owing to one or more patches of dead tissue (known as an infarct) caused by interrupted blood supply to parts of the brain. ... Webers Syndrome (superior alternating hemiplegia) is characterized by the presence of an oculomotor nerve palsy and contralateral hemiparesis or hemiplegia. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... This article is about the sleeping disorder. ... Hypersomnia, also known as excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), is excessive amount of sleepiness. ... Sleep apnea, sleep apnoea or sleep apnœa is a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep. ... Ondines Curse, Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome or primary alveolar hypoventilation, is a respiratory disorder that is fatal if untreated. ... For other uses, see Narcolepsy (disambiguation). ... Cataplexy is a medical condition which often affects people who have narcolepsy, a disorder whose principal signs are EDS (Excessive Daytime Sleepiness), sleep attacks, and disturbed nighttime sleep. ... Kleine-Levin Syndrome, or KLS, is a rare sleep disorder characterized by episodes of near-constant sleep and altered behavior. ... Circadian rhythm sleep disorders are a family of sleep disorders affecting the timing of sleep. ... Delayed sleep-phase syndrome (DSPS) is a chronic disorder of sleep timing. ... Advanced sleep phase syndrome (ASPS) is a sleep disorder in which patients feel very sleepy early in the evening (e. ... Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a chronic type of communicating hydrocephalus whereby the increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) due to accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) becomes stable and that the formation of CSF equilibrates with absorption. ... Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), sometimes called benign intracranial hypertension (BIH) or pseudotumor cerebri (PTC) is a neurological disorder that is characterized by increased intracranial pressure (ICP), in the absence of a tumor or other intracranial pathology. ... Encephalopathy literally means disease of the brain. ... Herniation, a deadly side effect of very high intracranial pressure, occurs when the brain shifts across structures within the skull. ... Cerebral edema (cerebral oedema in British English) is an excess accumulation of water in the intra- and/or extracellular spaces of the brain. ... Reyes syndrome is a potentially fatal disease that causes numerous detrimental effects to many organs, especially the brain and liver. ... An uncollapsed syrinx (before surgery). ... Syringobulbia is a medical condition when syrinxes, or fluid filled cavities, affect the brainstem. ... Spinal cord compression develops when the spinal cord is compressed by a tumor, abscess or other lesion. ...


 

COMMENTARY     


Share your thoughts, questions and commentary here
Your name
Your comments
Please enter the 5-letter protection code

Want to know more?
Search encyclopedia, statistics and forums:
 


Lesson Plans | Student Area | Student FAQ | Reviews | Press Releases |  Feeds | Contact
The Wikipedia article included on this page is licensed under the GFDL.
Images may be subject to relevant owners' copyright.
All other elements are (c) copyright NationMaster.com 2003-5. All Rights Reserved.
Usage implies agreement with terms.