The Pick operating system (often called just "the Pick system" or simply "Pick") is a demand-paged, multiuser, virtual memory, time-sharing operating system based around a unique "multivalued" database. It is used primarily for business data processing. Although it started on a variety of minicomputers, the system and various implementations eventually spread to a large variety of microcomputers and mainframe computers, and is still in use today. In computer operating systems, demand paging is an application of virtual memory. ... How virtual memory maps to physical memory Virtual memory is an addressing scheme implemented in hardware and software that allows non-contiguous memory to be addressed as if it were contiguous. ... Alternate uses: see Timesharing Time-sharing is an approach to interactive computing in which a single computer is used to provide apparently simultaneous interactive general-purpose computing to multiple users by sharing processor time. ... It has been suggested that Maintenance OS be merged into this article or section. ... MultiValue is a type of multidimensional database, typically considered synonymous with PICK, a database originally developed as the Pick operating system. ... Data processing is any computer process that converts data into information or knowledge. ... Minicomputer (colloquially, mini) is a largely obsolete term for a class of multi-user computers which make up the middle range of the computing spectrum, in between the largest multi-user systems (traditionally, mainframe computers) and the smallest single-user systems (microcomputers or personal computers). ... The Commodore 64 was one of the most popular microcomputers of its era, and is the best selling home computer of all time. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Overview

The Pick database is a 'hash-file' data management system. A hash-file system is a collection of dynamic associative arrays which are organized altogether and linked and controlled using associative files as a database management system. Being hash-file oriented, Pick provides efficiency in data access time in many cases. All data-structures in Pick are hash-files (at the lowest level) meaning records are stored as associated couplets of a primary key to a set of values. In computing, an associative array, also known as a map, lookup table, or dictionary, is an abstract data type very closely related to the mathematical concept of a function with a finite domain. ...

A Pick database is divided into one or more accounts, so-called master dictionaries, dictionaries, files and sub-files, each of which is a hash-table oriented file. These files contain records made up of fields, sub-fields and sub-sub-fields. In Pick, records are called items, fields are called attributes, and sub-fields are called values or sub-values (hence the present-day label "multivalued database"). All records are variable-length, and field and values are marked off by special delimiters, so that any file, record, or field may contain any number of entries of the lower level of entity. As a result, a Pick item is like a file on most conventional systems. Entities that are stored as 'files' in other common-place systems (i.e. source programs and text documents) must be stored as records within files on Pick.

The file hierarchy is roughly equivalent to the common Unix-like hierarchy of directories, sub-directories, and files. Dictionaries are similar to directories in that they store pointers to other dictionaries, files and executable programs. Dictionaries also contain the command-line language. The command-line language is extensible and hierarchically inherited, meaning that a dictionary at one level will use all of the lexical definitions from its higher level 'parent' dictionaries.

All files (accounts, dictionaries, files, sub-files) are organized identically as are all records. This uniformity is exploited by the throughout the system, both by system functions, and by the system administration commands. For example, the 'find' command will find and report the occurrence of a word or phrase in a file, and can operate on any account, dictionary, file or sub-file.

Each record must have a unique, primary key which determines where in a file that record is stored. To retrieve a record, its key is hashed and the resultant value specifies which of a set of discrete "buckets" to look in for the record. (Within a bucket, records are scanned sequentially.) This same method is used to write the record back to its correct "bucket". A hash function [1] is a reproducible method of turning some kind of data into a (relatively) small number that may serve as a digital fingerprint of the data. ...

In its initial implementation, Pick records were limited to 32K bytes in total (when a 10MB hard disk cost US$5000), although this limit was removed in the 1980s. Files can retain an unlimited number of records, but retrieval efficiency is determined by the number of records relative to the number of buckets allocated to the file. Each file may be initially allocated as many buckets as required, although changing this extent later may (in some versions) require the database to be quiescent. All files start as a contiguous group of disk pages, and grow by linking additional "overflow" pages from unused disk space. ISO 4217 Code USD User(s) the United States, the British Indian Ocean Territory,[1] the British Virgin Islands, East Timor, Ecuador, El Salvador, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, Panama, Caicos Islands, and the insular areas of the United States Inflation 2. ...

Initial Pick implementations had no index structures as they were not deemed necessary. Around 1990, a B-tree indexing feature was added. This feature makes secondary key look-ups operate much like keyed inquiries of any other database system: requiring at least two disk reads (a key read then a data-record read).

Files include a "dictionary" fork, and the items in the dictionary fork serve as definitions for the names and structure of the items in the data fork. The dictionary is optional, the system does not use the contents of the dictionary to ensure the integrity of the file as some other file-systems do; rather it is used only for the reporting tool. A Pick database has no data typing since all data is stored as characters, including numbers (which are stored as character decimal digits). Integrity, rather than being controlled by the system, is controlled by the applications and the discipline of the programmers.

In contrast to many SQL database systems, Pick allows for multiple, pre-computed field aliases. For example, a date field may have an alias definition for the format 12 Oct 1999, and another alias formatting that same date field like 10/12/99. File cross-connects or joins are handled as a synonym definition of the foreign key. A customer's data, such as name and address, are 'joined' from the customer file into the invoice file via a synonym definition of customer number in the invoice dictionary.

Pick record structure favours a 'denormalized' decomposition, where all of the data for an entity is stored in a single record, obviating the need to perform joins. When managing large, sparse data sets in this way can result in efficient use of storage space.

History

Pick was originally implemented as the Generalized Information Retrieval Language System (GIRLS) on an IBM System/360 in 1965 by Don Nelson and Dick Pick at TRW for use by the U.S. Army to control the inventory of helicopter parts. Pick was subsequently commercially released in 1973 by Microdata (and their British distributor CMC) as the Reality Operating System. IBM redirects here. ... System/360 Model 65 operators console, with register value lamps and toggle switches (middle of picture) and emergency pull switch (upper right). ... TRW Incorporated was an American corporation involved in a number of businesses, mostly defense-related, but including automotive supply and credit reporting. ... The Army is the branch of the United States armed forces which has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. ... A helicopter is an aircraft which is lifted and propelled by one or more horizontal rotors, each rotor consisting of two or more rotor blades. ... Microdata Corporation was an Irvine, California based computer company, developing hardware and operating systems to run its REALITY environment. ... CMC may refer to: Christian Medical College, Vellore, India Chandka Medical College, Larkana, Pakistan Carolinas Medical Center, a hospital in Charlotte, NC Central Military Commission of China China Motor Corporation an automobile manufacturer in Taiwan Common Messaging Calls, an Email API; [1] Computer-mediated communication, methods by which people communicate...

On the Microdata implementation, a BASIC-like language called Data/BASIC with numerous syntax extensions for database operations was the primary programming language for applications. A PROC procedure language was provided for executing scripts. An SQL-style language called ENGLISH allowed database retrieval and reporting, but not updates. ENGLISH did not fully allow manipulation of the 3-dimensional multivalued structure of data records, nor did it directly provide common relational capabilities such as joins because powerful data dictionary redefinitions for a field allowed joins via the execution of a calculated lookup in another file. The system included a spooler. A simple text editor for file-system records was provided, but the editor was only suitable for system maintenance, and could not lock records, so most applications were written with the other tools such as Batch, RPL, or the BASIC compiler so as to ensure data validation and allow record locking. BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of high-level programming languages. ... PROC is the name of PICK operating systems procedure language. ... Scripting languages (commonly called scripting programming languages or script languages) are computer programming languages that are typically interpreted and can be typed directly from a keyboard. ... SQL (IPA: or IPA: ), commonly expanded as Structured Query Language, is a computer language designed for the retrieval and management of data in relational database management systems, database schema creation and modification, and database object access control management. ... ENGLISH (actually trademarked in all caps) is a database retrieval and reporting language somewhat like SQL, but with no actual programming or update capabilities. ... Please see Relational database Relational algebra This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... A JOIN clause in SQL combines records from two tables in a relational database and results in a new (temporary) table, also called joined table. ... A data dictionary is a set of metadata that contains definitions and representations of data elements. ... A JOIN clause in SQL combines records from two tables in a relational database and results in a new (temporary) table, also called joined table. ... In computer science, spooling is an acronym for simultaneous peripheral operations on-line (although this is thought by some to be a backronym). ... Notepad is the standard text editor for Microsoft Windows A text editor is a piece of computer software for editing plain text. ... Record locking is the technique of preventing simultaneous access to data in a database, to prevent inconsistent results. ...

Dick Pick eventually founded Pick & Associates, later renamed Pick Systems and currently called Raining Data, and licensed what was now called "Pick" to a large variety of manufacturers and vendors who have produced different "flavours" of Pick. The database flavour sold by Raining Data is now known as D3, and those sold by IBM under the "U2" umbrella are known as UniData and Universe. Dick Pick died of stroke complications in October 1994. IBM redirects here. ... Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar). ...

Pick Systems was often tangled in licensing litigation, and relatively little effort was devoted to marketing and improving the software. Subsequent ports of Pick to other platforms generally offered the same tools and capabilities for many years, usually with relatively minor improvements and simply renamed (for example, Data/BASIC became Pick/BASIC and ENGLISH became ACCESS). Licensees often developed proprietary variations and enhancements (for example, Microdata created their own input processor called ScreenPro). The resulting fragmented plethora of non-standard implementations caused the various Pick systems to wander ineffectively while the rest of the industry moved forward. As a result, Pick is no longer as popular or successful or discussed as it once was. Yet Pick still commands an enthusiastic user following of dedicated professionals who recognize that its robust data model, ease of use, scalability and language/opsys integration provide a productive environment found nowhere else. Access was an English-like query language used in the Pick operating system. ...

Derivative and related products

What most characterizes Pick is the design and features of the database and the associated retrieval language. The Pick database was licensed to roughly three dozen licensees between 1978 and 1984, some of which are included in this list. Application-compatible implementations evolved into derivatives and also inspired similar systems, of which a few examples are:

Reality 

The first implementation of the Pick database was on a Microdata platform and called "Reality". The first commercial release was in 1973. The Microdata implementations ran in firmware, so each upgrade had to be accompanied by a new chip. Microdata itself was eventually bought by McDonnell-Douglas Information Systems. Pick and Microdata sued each other for the right to market the database, the final judgement being that they both had the right. In addition to the Reality series of computers, Microdata sold the Sequel series which was a much larger class able to handle 200 simultaneous users. The modern version of the original Pick implementation is owned and distributed by Northgate Information Solutions Reality.

Ultimate 

The second implementation of the Pick database was developed in about 1978 by a New Jersey company called The Ultimate Corp, run by Ted Sabarese. Like the earlier Microdata port, this was a firmware implementation, with the Pick monitor in firmware and the OS in software, on a Honeywell Level 6 machine. Later versions of the Ultimate systems used separate processors installed in the cabinet. Processor boards were built from bit slice processors and microcoded with the Pick assembler instruction set. One version of this was installed in a Honeywell Level 6 machine and was known as a "7X" system as it was seven times faster than the firmware system. The Honeywell processor acted as in input/output processor to the 7X board. Two 7X boards installed in a chassis formed the "15X" machine. Another version used a DEC LSI-11 for the IOP and a 7X board. Ultimate enjoyed moderate success during the 1980s, and even included an implementation running as a layer on top of DEC VAX systems, the 750, 780, 785 and later the MicroVAX. Ultimate also had versions of the Ultimate Operating System running on IBM Series 1 systems and also the 9370 series computers.

ADDS 

(Applied Digital Data Systems) This was the first implementation to be done in software only, so upgrades were accomplished by a tape load, rather than a new chip. The "Mentor" line was initially based on the Zilog Z-8000 chipset and this port set off a flurry of other "software implementations" across a wide array of processors with a large emphasis on the Motorola 68000.

Prime INFORMATION 

Devcom, a Microdata reseller, wrote a Pick-style database system in FORTRAN in 1979 called Prime INFORMATION, which was eventually sold to Prime Computer, which later sold the technology to Vmark Software. INFO-BASIC, a variant of Dartmouth BASIC, was used for database applications.

UniVerse 

Another implementation of the system was by VMark Software. This was the first one to incorporate the ability to emulate other implementations of the system, such as Microdata's Reality Operating System, and Prime Information. Originally running on UNIX, it was later also made available for Windows. It now is owned and distributed by IBM. (The systems developed by Prime and VMark are now owned by IBM and referred to as "U2".)

UniData 

Very similar to UniVerse. UniData is a multi-valued Pick-style database. It is also owned and distributed by IBM.

Revelation 

In 1984 Cosmos released a Pick-style database called Revelation for DOS on the IBM PC.

jBASE 

jBASE was released in 1991 by a small company of the same name located in Hemel Hempstead. Written by former Microdata engineers, jBASE emulates all implementations of the system to some degree. jBASE is unique in that it compiles applications to native machine code form, rather than to an intermediate byte code.

UniVision 

A Pick-style database released in 1992 by EDP located in Sheffield.

OpenQM 

OpenQM is the only multi-value database product available both as a fully supported non-open source commercial product and in open source form under the General Public Licence. It is available from OpenQM and for OpenQM in french.

Caché 

In 2005 InterSystems, the maker of Caché database, announced support for a broad set of multi-value extensions in Caché. Caché for MultiValue.

Onware 

ONware ends isolation of MultiValue applications. ONware equips these applications with the ability to use the common databases, such as Oracle and SQL Server. Using ONware you can integrate MultiValue applications with Relational, Object and Object-Relational applications.

Through the implementations above, and others, Pick-like systems became available as database/programming/emulation environments running under many variants of UNIX and Windows. Official language(s) English de facto Capital Trenton Largest city Newark Area  Ranked 47th  - Total 8,729 sq mi (22,608 km²)  - Width 70 miles (110 km)  - Length 150 miles (240 km)  - % water 14. ... save Y100!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ... Fortran (previously FORTRAN[1]) is a general-purpose[2], procedural,[3] imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. ... Prime Computer was a Natick, Massachusetts-based producer of minicomputers from 1972 until 1992. ... Dartmouth BASIC is the original version of the BASIC programming language. ... The Universe is defined as the summation of all particles and energy that exist and the space-time in which all events occur. ... Filiation of Unix and Unix-like systems Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX®) is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, the lead section of this article may need to be expanded. ... IBM redirects here. ... UniData is a Nested relational database management system (RDBMS) and operating environment that runs on the major Unix servers and Windows NT/2000. ... Instructions on how to use the directory command. ... IBM PC (IBM 5150) with keyboard and green screen monochrome monitor (IBM 5151), running MS-DOS 5. ... jBASE is a multivalue database system. ... jBASE is a multivalue database system. ... jBASE is a multivalue database system. ... jBASE is a multivalue database system. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... InterSystems Corporation is a vendor of database products, and one of the original vendors of MUMPS programming platforms. ... Caché is a proprietary M technology-based database management system from InterSystems. ... Filiation of Unix and Unix-like systems Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX®) is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, the lead section of this article may need to be expanded. ...

Over the years, many important and widely used applications have been written using Pick or one of the derivative implementations. In general, the end users of these applications are unaware of the underlying Pick implementation.

The Pick OS invites comparison with MUMPS. Similarities include:

• Both systems are built on the efficient implementation of large, sparse, string-indexed arrays;
• Both comingle the language and the OS;
• Both have a similar domain of applicability.

See also

• MUMPS - another language of 60s with integrated database.

External links

• Photo of Dick Pick in his anti-gravity boots on the cover of Computer Systems News, 1983.
• Ultimate Computer - The New Zealand subsidary of Ultimate Corporation
• Pick/BASIC: A Programmer's Guide - the full text of the first and most widely-read textbook by Pick educator and author Jonathan E. Sisk.
• Pick / MultiValue Publications Database - a collection of books and publications on the Pick / MultiValue system, with photos.
• PickWiki - Wiki about Pick operating system and MultiValued Databases
• B-tree source code for the Pick operating system
• Life the Universe and Everything: introduction to and online training course in Universe developed by Pick software engineer Manny Neira.
• D3 Reference: PICK/BASIC and D3 Command Line help files built upon the original EPick database developed for Pick Systems by Jonathan E. Sisk.
• MaVerick is a project to produce a free open source Multivalue Database Management System.. Retrieved on 09 May 2006.
• Winnix Terminal Emulator
• Accuterm Terminal Emulator

May 9 is the 129th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (130th in leap years). ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Notes:

Content relating to dates prior to 1987 being verified against paper^[1]

1. ^ . Dick Elleray (16th July 1986). "Project Management Bulletin 1986/09 - "The Reality Operating System Revealed" (paper original). 1986/09. Project Management Group, McDonnell Douglas Informations Systems Group. Retrieved on 12 January 2007.