NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Pig War

The Pig War (also called the Pig Episode, the San Juan Boundary Dispute or the Northwestern Boundary Dispute) was a confrontation in 1859 between American and British authorities, resulting from a dispute over the boundary between the United States and British North America, specifically in regards to the San Juan Islands, which separate Washington state and British Columbia. It is so called because the war was triggered by the shooting of a pig. The pig was the only intentional casualty of the war making it essentially bloodless. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (770x669, 288 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Gulf Islands Thetis Island User:Qyd/Maps ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (770x669, 288 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Gulf Islands Thetis Island User:Qyd/Maps ... Year 1859 (MDCCCLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Official language(s) English Capital Olympia Largest city Seattle Area Ranked 18th - Total 71,342 sq mi (184,827 kmÂ²) - Width 240 miles (385 km) - Length 360 miles (580 km) - % water 6. ... Motto: Splendor Sine Occasu (Latin: Splendour without diminishment) Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Official languages English Government - Lieutenant-Governor Iona Campagnolo - Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament - House seats 36 - Senate seats 6 Confederation July 20, 1871 (6th province) Area Ranked 4th - Total 944,735 km... One of the San Juan islands The San Juan Islands are a part of the San Juan Archipelago in the northwest corner of the continental United States. ... Image File history File links US_flag_33_stars. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ... One of the San Juan islands The San Juan Islands are a part of the San Juan Archipelago in the northwest corner of the continental United States. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... A Bloodless War is generally a small conflict, crisis, or dispute between rival groups that is resolved without death or injury, although the threat of violence usually seem very likely but never happens. ...

Background

The Oregon Treaty of June 15, 1846 resolved the Oregon boundary dispute by dividing the Oregon Country/Columbia District between the United States and Britain "along the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude to the middle of the channel which separates the continent from Vancouver Island, and thence southerly through the middle of the said channel, and of [Juan de] Fuca's Straits, to the Pacific Ocean.^[1]" Map of the lands in dispute The Treaty with Great Britain, in Regard to Limits Westward of the Rocky Mountains, also known as the Oregon Treaty or Treaty of Washington, is a bilateral treaty between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United States that was signed... is the 166th day of the year (167th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1846 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The Oregon Country/Columbia District Disputed Area is the main area of dispute, although the whole region was disputed The Oregon boundary dispute (often called the Oregon question) arose as a result of competing British and American claims to the Oregon Country, a region of northwestern North America known also... Landscape in Oregon Country, by Charles Marion Russell Map of Oregon Country Oregon Country was a region of western North America that originally consisted of the land north of 42Â°N latitude, south of 54Â°40N latitude, and west of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. ... Columbia District was a regional department of the Hudsons Bay Company, and included all of the Columbia River basin, extending as far north as the Thompson River. ... The 49th parallel of north latitude forms part of the international boundary between Canada and the United States from Manitoba to British Columbia on the Canadian side and from Minnesota to Washington on the U.S. side, or from the Lake of the Woods to the Strait of Georgia. ... Vancouver Island is separated from mainland British Columbia by the Strait of Georgia and the Queen Charlotte Strait, and from Washington by the Juan De Fuca Strait. ... The Strait of Juan de Fuca separates Vancouver Island of British Columbia from the Olympic Peninsula of Washington state. ...

However, there are actually two straits which could be called the middle of the channel: Haro Strait, along the west side of the San Juan Islands; and Rosario Strait, along the east side.^[2] Because of this ambiguity, both the United States and Britain claimed sovereignty over the San Juan Islands.^[3] In the meantime, Hudson's Bay Company, owned by the British, established operations on San Juan and turned the island into a sheep ranch, while American settlers also arrived.^[2] Haro Strait, often referred to as the Haro Straits because it is really a series of straits, is one of the main channels connecting the Strait of Georgia to the Strait of Juan de Fuca separating Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands in British Columbia, Canada from the San Juan... One of the San Juan islands The San Juan Islands are a part of the San Juan Archipelago in the northwest corner of the continental United States. ... The Rosario Strait is a strait in northern Washington state, separating Island and San Juan Counties. ... Sovereignty is the exclusive right to exercise supreme political (e. ...

The pig

Exactly thirteen years later, on June 15, 1859, the ambiguity led to direct conflict: Lyman Cutlar, an American farmer who had moved onto the island believing that he was entitled to live there, claiming rights under the United States' Donation Land Claim Act of 1850, shot and killed a pig rooting in his garden.^[2]^[3]^[4] He had found the giant black boar eating his tubers while a man stood next to the fence laughing. Cutlar was so upset that he took aim and shot the pig. The mysterious man then ran away into the woods. It turns out that the pig was owned by an Irishman, Charles Griffin, who was employed by the Hudson's Bay Company to run the sheep ranch.^[2]^[3]^[4] He also owned several pigs which he allowed to roam freely. The two lived in peace until this incident. Cutlar offered $10 to Griffin to compensate for the pig, but Griffin was unsatisfied with this offer and demanded $100. Following this reply, Cutlar believed he shouldn't have to pay for the pig because the pig had been trespassing on his land. (A possibly apocryphal story claims Cutlar said to Griffin "Keep your pigs out of my potatoes!" Griffin replied, "Keep your potatoes out of my pigs!"^[4]) When British authorities threatened to arrest Cutlar, American settlers called for military protection. is the 166th day of the year (167th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1859 (MDCCCLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Articles with similar titles include benign tumours such as tuberous sclerosis. ... The Hudsons Bay Company (HBC; Compagnie de la Baie dHudson in French) is the oldest commercial corporation in North America and is one of the oldest in the world. ...

Military escalation

William S. Harney, commanding the Dept. of Oregon, initially dispatched 66 American soldiers of the 9th Infantry under the command of Captain George Pickett to San Juan Island with orders to prevent the British from landing.^[2]^[3] Concerned that a squatter population of Americans would begin to occupy San Juan Island if the Americans were not kept in check, the British sent three British warships under the command of Captain Geoffrey Hornby to counter the Americans.^[2]^[3]^[4] The situation continued to escalate. By 10 August, 1859, 461 Americans with 14 cannons under Colonel Silas Casey, were opposed by five British warships mounting 70 guns and carrying 2,140 men.^[2]^[3]^[4] During this time, no shots were fired. William Selby Harney (22 August 1800 - 9 May 1889) was a cavalry officer in the U.S. Army during the Mexican-American War and the Indian Wars. ... The 9th Infantry Regiment is one of the oldest and most decorated active units in the United States Army. ... George Edward Pickett (January 28[1] or January 16, 1825 â€“ July 30, 1875) was a career U.S. Army officer who became a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Sir Geoffrey Thomas Phipps Hornby (February 10, 1825 - March 3, 1895), was British admiral of the fleet. ... is the 222nd day of the year (223rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1859 (MDCCCLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ... Silas Casey Silas Casey (July 12, 1807 â€“ January 22, 1882) was a career United States Army officer who rose to the rank of Major General during the American Civil War. ...

The governor of the Colony of Vancouver Island, James Douglas, ordered British Rear Admiral Robert L. Baynes to land marines on San Juan Island and engage the American soldiers under the command of Brigadier-General William Selby Harney. (Harney's forces had occupied the island since 27 July, 1859.) Baynes refused, deciding that "two great nations in a war over a squabble about a pig" was foolish.^[3]^[4] Local commanding officers on both sides had been given essentially the same orders: defend yourselves, but absolutely do not fire the first shot. For several days, the British and U.S. soldiers exchanged insults, each side attempting to goad the others into firing the first shot, but discipline held on both sides, and thus no shots were fired. See main article Vancouver Island Colonial flag of Vancouver Island, consisting of the British Blue Ensign and the great seal of the colony. ... James Douglas Sir James Douglas, K.C.B, (August 15, 1803 â€“ August 2, 1877), was born of a Scottish father and Creole mother in Demerara. ... The term Rear Admiral originated from the days of Naval Sailing Squadrons, and can trace its origins to the British Royal Navy. ... Sir Robert Lambert Baynes (1796 â€“ 7 September 1869) was a British naval officer. ... The Royal Marines (RM), are the Royal Navys elite fighting forces. ... A forest on San Juan Island San Juan Island is the second-largest and most populous of the San Juan Islands in northwestern Washington, USA. Washington State Ferries serves Friday Harbor, which is San Juan Islands major population center, the San Juan County seat, and the only incorporated town... Brigadier General (sometimes known as a one-star general from the United States insignia) is the lowest rank of general officer in some countries, usually ranking just above Colonel and just below Major General. ... William Selby Harney (22 August 1800 - 9 May 1889) was a cavalry officer in the U.S. Army during the Mexican-American War and the Indian Wars. ... is the 208th day of the year (209th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1859 (MDCCCLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Resolution

In September, U.S. President James Buchanan sent General Winfield Scott to negotiate with Governor Douglas to resolve the growing crisis.^[3]^[4] This was in the best interest of the United States, as sectional tensions within the country were increasing, culminating in the Civil War.^[4] As a result of the negotiations, both sides agreed to retain joint military occupation of the island, reducing their presence to a token force.^[3] The "British Camp" was established on the north end of San Juan Island along the shoreline, for ease of supply and access; and the "American Camp" was created on the south end on a high, windswept meadow, suitable for artillery barrages against shipping.^[4] (Today the Union Flag still flies above the "British Camp", being raised and lowered daily by park rangers, making it one of the very few places without diplomatic status where US government employees regularly hoist the flag of another country.) James Buchanan (April 23, 1791 â€“ June 1, 1868) was the 15th president of the United States (1857â€“1861). ... For other uses of Winfield Scott, see Winfield Scott (disambiguation). ... Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total... Flag Ratio: 1:2 The Union Flag (also known as the Union Jack; see discussion below) is the national flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. ...

During the years of joint military occupation, the small British and American units on San Juan Island had a very amicable mutual social life, visiting one another's camps to celebrate their respective national holidays and holding various athletic competitions. Park rangers tell visitors the biggest threat to peace on the island during these years was "the large amounts of alcohol available." Belligerent military occupation occurs when the control and authority over a territory belonging to a state passes to a hostile army. ...

This state of affairs continued for the next 12 years, when the matter was referred to Kaiser Wilhelm I of Germany. On 21 October, 1872, a commission appointed by the Kaiser decided in favor of turning the San Juan Islands over to the United States.^[2]^[3]^[4] On 25 November, 1872, the British withdrew its Royal Marines from the British Camp.^[2] The Americans followed by July, 1874.^[2]^[3] Wilhelm I of Germany (March 22, 1797 â€“ March 9, 1888), German Emperor (Kaiser), ruled January 18, 1871 â€“ 9 March 1888 and King of Prussia, ruled 2 January 1861 â€“ 9 March 1888. ... October 21 is the 294th day of the year (295th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 71 days remaining. ... Year 1872 (MDCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 329th day of the year (330th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1872 (MDCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Year 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link with display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

The Pig War is commemorated in San Juan Island National Historical Park.^[4] San Juan Island National Historical Park is a U.S. National Park on San Juan Island in Washington, made up by the sites of the British and U.S. Armies camps during the Pig War. ...

Trivia

Hey Arnold! was an American animated television series that aired from October 7, 1996 until June 8, 2004 on Nickelodeon. ... City nickname Emerald City City bird Great Blue Heron City flower Dahlia City mottos The City of Flowers The City of Goodwill City song Seattle, the Peerless City Mayor Greg Nickels County King County Area - Total - Land - Water - % water 369. ... Minus the Bear is a Seattle, Washington-based band. ...

See also

Combatants United States of America British Empire/British North America Strength 3,000â€“10,000 3,000â€“10,000 Casualties 38 incidental deaths The Aroostook War, also called the Pork and Beans War,the Lumberjacks War or the Northeastern Boundary Dispute, was an undeclared confrontation in 1838-39 between... List of conflicts in Canada is a chronological timeline of events that includes wars, battles, skirmishes, major terrorist attacks and other related items that have occurred in the country of Canadas geographical area. ... Canadian soldiers advancing behind a tank at the Battle of Vimy Ridge, one of Canadas greatest military victories. ... British military history is a long and varied topic, extending from the prehistoric and ancient historic period, through the Roman invasions of Julius Caesar and Claudius and subsequent Roman occupation; warfare in the Mediaeval period, including the invasions of the Saxons and the Vikings in the Early Middle Ages, the... The military history of the United States spans a period of less than two and a half centuries. ...

References

For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 16 is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 16 is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years). ... 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 16 is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years). ...

External links

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