The Pilgrimage of Grace was a popular rising in Northern England in 1536, in protest against England's break with Rome and the Dissolution of the Monasteries, as well as other specific political, social and economic grievances. Although the Pilgrimage was a specific uprising around York, the term has come to describe a series of rebellions that occurred in the North in late 1536 and early 1537. Popular revolts in late medieval Europe were uprisings and rebellions by (typically) peasants in the countryside, or the bourgeois in towns, against nobles, abbots and kings during the upheavals of the 14th through early 16th centuries, part of a larger Crisis of the Late Middle Ages. Sometimes also known as... Northern England, The North or North of England is a rather ill-defined term, with no universally accepted definition. ... Year 1536 was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... Motto (French) God and my right Anthem God Save the Queen England() – on the European continent() – in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto) Unified  -  by Athelstan 967 AD  Area  -  Total 130,395 km²  50,346 sq mi  Population  -  2007 estimate 50... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      The Roman Catholic Church... dissolution see Dissolution. ... York is a city in North Yorkshire, England, at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss. ... Year 1536 was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... Events January 6 - Alessandro de Medici assassinated August 25 - The Honourable Artillery Company, the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior, was formed. ...

Phase One, the 'Lincolnshire Rising'

The Lincolnshire Rising was a brief rebellion of Roman Catholics against the establishment of the Church of England by Henry VIII and the dissolution of the monasteries. It began at St. James Church, Louth, after evensong on October 1, 1536, shortly after the closure of Louth Abbey, and quickly gained support in Horncastle, Caistor and other nearby towns. The people of Louth had recently purchased a new church spire. Angry with the actions of commissioners, the rebels demanded the end of the collection of a subsidy, the end of the Ten Articles, an end to the dissolution, an end to taxes in peacetime, a purge of heretics in government, and the repeal of the Statute of Uses. With support from local gentry, a rebel force, whose size has been estimated at up to 40,000, marched on Lincoln and by October 7 had occupied Lincoln Cathedral, demanding the freedom to continue as practising Catholics and protection for the treasures of Lincolnshire churches. Look up rebellion in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Church of England is the officially established Christian church[1] in England, and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion, as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. ... Henry VIII (28 June 1491 - 28 January 1547) was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland, from 22 April 1509 until his death. ... Louth is a market town in Lincolnshire, England. ... October 1 is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1536 was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... Horncastles town crest Horncastle is a market town of some 5,000 residents in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. ... See Caistor St Edmund for the Roman settlement in Norfolk. ... The Ten Articles were published in 1536 by Thomas Cranmer. ... The Statute of Uses (1535) is a statute passed by Henry VIII which converted all English equitable estates that were created through use into legal estates. ... Lincoln (pronounced //) is a cathedral city and county town of Lincolnshire, United Kingdom. ... Lincoln Cathedral shares with Durham the most spectacular placing of any of the British cathedrals. ...

The rebellion was effectively ended on October 10, 1536, when King Henry sent word for the occupiers to disperse or face the forces of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, which had already been mobilised. By October 14, few remained in Lincoln. Following the rising, Thomas Kendall, the vicar of Louth and its spiritual leader, was captured and executed, as were most of the other local ringleaders over the next twelve months. However, the Lincolnshire Rising would inspire shortly the more widespread Pilgrimage of Grace. October 10 is the 283rd day of the year (284th in leap years). ... Year 1536 was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk (c. ...

Phase Two, the 'Pilgrimage of Grace'

The movement broke out on 13 October 1536, immediately following the failure of the Lincolnshire Rising, and at this point was the term 'Pilgrimage of Grace' used. The causes of the rebellion have long been debated by historians, but several key themes can be identified: October 13 is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1536 was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ...

• Economic Grievances — The northern gentry had concerns over the new Statute of Uses. There were also popular fears of a new sheep tax. The harvest of 1535 had also led to high food prices, which may have contributed to discontent.
• Political Grievances — Many northerners had disliked the way in which Henry VIII had 'cast off' Catherine of Aragon. There was also anger at the rise of Thomas Cromwell.
• Religious Grievances — The local church was, for many in the north, the centre of community life. Many ordinary peasants were worried that their church plate would be confiscated. There were also popular rumours at the time which hinted that baptism might be taxed. The recently released Ten Articles and the new order of prayer issued by the government in 1535 had also made official doctrine more reformed. This went against the conservative beliefs of most northerners.

Robert Aske, a London barrister from a Richmondshire (Aske Hall) family, and a band of nine thousand followers entered and occupied York. There he arranged for the expelled monks and nuns to return to their houses; the king's tenants were driven out and Catholic observance resumed. The success of the rising was so great that the royal leaders, Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk and George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury, opened negotiations with the insurgents at Doncaster, where Aske had assembled between thirty and forty thousand men. Catherine of Aragon (Castilian: Infanta Catalina de Aragón y Castilla; 16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536) was the first wife of Henry VIII of England. ... Thomas Cromwell: detail from a portrait by Hans Holbein, 1532-3 Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex ( 1485 - July 28, 1540) was an English statesman, one of the most important political figures of the reign of Henry VIII of England. ... Events January 18 - Lima, Peru founded by Francisco Pizarro April - Jacques Cartier discovers the Iroquois city of Stadacona, Canada (now Quebec) and in May, the even greater Huron city of Hochelaga June 24 - The Anabaptist state of Münster (see Münster Rebellion) is conquered and disbanded. ... Robert Aske (died 1537) was an English political leader from York who led the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... // Artists impression of an English barrister A barrister is a lawyer found in many common law jurisdictions which employ a split profession (as opposed to a fused profession) in relation to legal representation. ... Richmondshire is a local government district of North Yorkshire, England. ... York is a city in North Yorkshire, England, at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss. ... Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk by Hans Holbein. ... The Right Honourable George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury KG (c. ...

Henry authorised Norfolk to promise a general pardon and a Parliament to be held at York within a year. Aske then dismissed his followers, trusting in the king's promises.

Phase Three

These promises were not kept, and in January, 1537, a new rising took place in Cumberland and Westmoreland (which Aske attempted to prevent) under Sir Francis Bigod of Settrington in the East Riding of Yorkshire. Upon this, the king arrested Aske and several of the other leaders, such as Lords Darcy, Constable, and Bigod, who were all convicted of treason and executed. Aske was hung in chains from the walls of Norfolk Castle as a warning to other would-be rebels. Sir Robert Constable and the abbots of Fountains and Jervaulx were executed in July 1537. The loss of the leaders enabled the Duke of Norfolk to quell the rising, and martial law was imposed upon the rebellious regions, ending the rebellion. Events January 6 - Alessandro de Medici assassinated August 25 - The Honourable Artillery Company, the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior, was formed. ... Settrington is a village in North Yorkshire, England. ... The East Riding of Yorkshire is a local government district with unitary authority status, and a ceremonial county of England. ... Sir Robert Constable (ca. ... Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk holding the baton of the Earl Marshal. ...

Successes and failures

The Lincolnshire Rising and the Pilgrimage of Grace have traditionally been seen as complete failures. However, they did achieve several results.

Successes

• The government postponed the collection of the October subsidy. This had been a major grievance amongst the Lincolnshire rebels.
• The Statute of Uses was negated by a new law, the Statute of Wills.
• Four of the seven sacraments were omitted from the Ten Articles, restored in the Bishop's Book of 1537. This marked the end of the drift of official doctrine towards Protestantism. The Bishop's Book was followed by the Six Articles of 1539.
• An onslaught upon heresy was promised in a royal proclamation in 1538.
• Thomas Cromwell was pushed from power in 1540.
• Princess Mary (later Queen Mary I of England) was restored to the succession in 1544.
• The Council of the North was re-established in 1537.

A sacrament is a Christian rite that mediates divine grace. ... The Bishops Book The Bishops book is the name given to a work entitled The Institution of the Christian Man, published in 1537 and written by Thomas Cromwell, the vicegerent to King Henry VIII. The purpose of the work, along with the Ten Articles (1536), was to implement... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Protestantism encompasses the forms... The Six Articles of 1539 (short title ), also called the Bloody Statute and the Bloody Whip with Six Strings, was an Act of Parliament which reaffirmed Henry VIIIs general Catholicism. ... Look up Heresy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Year 1540 was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... Mary I Queen of England and Ireland Mary I (18 February 1516–17 November 1558) was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 6 July 1553 (de jure) or 19 July 1553 (de facto) until her death. ... The Council of the North was an administrative body set up by Richard III of England in 1484 to improve government control over the northern counties. ...

Failures

• The dissolution of the monasteries continued unabated, with the largest monasteries being dissolved in 1540.
• Masses of land were taken from the Church and given to the monarchy.
• The moves towards official Protestantism achieved by Cromwell were not reversed (excepting the reign of Mary I 1553–1558).

Other information

The Pilgrimage of Grace is brought to life by John Buchan in his historical novel The Blanket of the Dark (Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1931). John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir, GCMG, GCVO, CH, PC (26 August 1875 – 11 February 1940), was a Scottish novelist and Unionist politician who served as Governor General of Canada. ...

• H. F. M. Prescott (1952). The Man on a Donkey. A finely researched novel, set in the form of a chronicle, of Henry VIII's dissolution of the monasteries and the answering rebellion in the North of England, the Pilgrimage of Grace

• A summary of two historians' (Guy and Elton) perspectives on the Pilgrimages of Grace can be found at William Howard School

The Pilgrims were largely from the same area, on the Humber (Scrooby). Hilda Francis Margaret Prescott (1896 - 1972) H F M Prescott, FRSL, author, academic and historian, was born Feb 22, 1896, the daughter of Rev James Mulleneux Prescott and Margaret Prescott (nee Warburton). ... dissolution see Dissolution. ... The North of England , also the North country or simply The North, is a term which strictly refers to any part of Northern England north of a line from the Humber to the Dee estuaries. ... Pilgrims is the name commonly applied to early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Massachusetts. ... River Hull tidal barrier. ... A small village in north Nottinghamshire which was the home of William Brewster one of the Pilgrim Fathers who set sail for America in 1620. ...

This article incorporates text from the public-domain Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913. (The article is reproduced here: [1]) The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ... The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language encyclopedia published in 1913 by The Encyclopedia Press. ...