The Order Pinales in the Division Pinophyta, Class Pinopsida comprises all the extant conifers. This order was formerly known as the Coniferales.
The distinguishing characteristic is the reproductive structure known as a cone produced by all Pinales. All of the extant conifers, such as cedar, pine, spruce, fir, larch, redwood, cypress, juniper, and yew are included here. Some fossil conifers, however, belong to other distinct orders within the Division Pinophyta (see for details).
The yews have in the past been separated into a distinct order of their own (Order Taxales), but recent genetic evidence indicates that yews are monophyletic with other conifers and they are now included in the Order Pinales.
Note that within Pinales there is a correlation between presence of pollen sacci or wings and exine thickness and structure, whether (no wings) or not (wings) the pollen is wettable, etc. (Tomlinson 1994).
Pinales show paternal transmission of plastids; mitochondrial transmission in taxa like Taxus is both paternal and maternal.
The free-nuclear stage in the proembryo of Pinales is shorter than that of other gymnosperms, being only 5 or 6 rounds of nuclear division in Podocarpaceae and Araucariaceae and fewer in other members of the order (Owens et al.
Schumacher stated that Pinales’ counseling of Sowell—a client with abnormally low intelligence—was deficient because the “downside” of the choice was not explained by counsel or in the waiver colloquy with the court.
Pinales on a number of occasions specifically stated that he did not tell Sowell that he would be ineligible for the death penalty if he waived his right to a jury.
Pinales testified that his “impression of the overview of what occurred” was that Pinales “got the feeling in the discussions with Judge Crush that if a jury was waived, this would not be a capital case.” J.A. at 525.
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