Pingjin Campaign
Part of the Chinese Civil War
Northeast Field Army entering Shanhai Pass
Date 29 November 1948 - 31 January 1949 Location Hebei Result Decisive Communist victory; fall of Beijing, Tianjin and vast areas of North China Plain for the Nationalist Government
Combatants
National Revolutionary Army	People's Liberation Army Northeast and North China Field Army
Commanders
Fu Zuoyi	Lin Biao, Luo Ronghuan
Strength
~500,000	1,000,000
Casualties
~520,000 (including non-combat losses)	40,000

Pingjin Campaign (Traditional Chinese: 平津戰役, Simplified Chinese: 平津战役; pinyin: Píngjīn Zhànyì), known as the Battle of Pingjin to the Nationalist Government, was part of the three major campaigns launched by the People's Liberation Army during the late stage of the Chinese Civil War. It began on November 29, 1948, and ended on January 31, 1949, lasted a total of 64 days. Combatants Chinese Nationalists Chinese Communists Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong Strength 3,600,000 (circa June 1948) 2,800,000 (circa June 1948) The Chinese Civil War (Traditional Chinese: , Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: guógòng neìzhàn; literally Nationalist-Communist Civil War) was a conflict in China between... First Gate Under Heaven, under repairs in 2003. ... November 29 is the 333rd (in leap years the 334th) day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... January 31 is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1949 calendar). ... Hebei (Chinese: 河北; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ho-pei; Postal System Pinyin: Hopeh) is a northern province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Beijing (Chinese: ; pinyin: BÄ›ijÄ«ng; ; IPA: ), a city in northern China (formerly spelled in English as Peking or Peiking), is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ... (Chinese: ; pinyin: TiānjÄ«n; Postal System Pinyin: Tientsin) is one of the four municipalities of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The North China Plain (Chinese: 华北平原; Pinyin: HuábÄ›i Píngyuán), also called the Central Plain (Chinese: 中原; Pinyin: Zhōngyuán), is based on the deposits of the Huang He (Yellow River) and is the largest alluvial plain of eastern Asia. ... The National Revolutionary Army (NRA) (Chinese: 國民革命軍; pinyin: guo2 min2 ge2 ming4 jun1) was the national army of the Republic of China. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Fu Zuoyi (傅作义, Wades-Giles: Fu Tso-yi) (June 2, 1895-April 19, 1974) was a Chinese military leader. ... Lin Biao (Chinese: 林彪; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Lin Piao) (December 5, 1907 - September 13, 1971) was a Chinese Communist military and political leader, once known as Mao Zedongs comrade-in-arms, but later condemned as a traitor. ... Luo Ronghuan (罗荣桓, Wades-Giles: Lo Jung-huan, November 26, 1902 – December 16, 1963) was a Chinese communist military leader. ... Combatants Chinese Nationalists Chinese Communists Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong Strength 3,600,000 (circa June 1948) 2,800,000 (circa June 1948) The Chinese Civil War (Traditional Chinese: , Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: guógòng neìzhàn; literally Nationalist-Communist Civil War) was a conflict in China between... The Liaoshen Campaign was an important series of battles in the Chinese Civil War fought in the north-eastern province of Liaoning. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army Peoples Liberation Army Northeast Field Army Commanders Fan Hanjie Lin Biao Strength ~200,000 250,000 Casualties 20,000 deaths, 80,000 captured unknown Battle of Jinzhou (Simplified Chinese: , Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Jînzhou ZhÄ«zhàn) was a battle between the Peoples Liberation... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... The Battle of Kuningtou (古寧頭之役) was a battle fought over Quemoy in the Taiwan Strait during the Chinese Civil War in 1949. ... Traditional Chinese characters are one of two standard character sets. ... Simplified Chinese characters (Simplified Chinese: 简体字; Traditional Chinese: 簡體字; pinyin: jiÇŽntǐzì; also Simplified Chinese: 简化字; Traditional Chinese: 簡化字; pinyin: jiÇŽnhuàzì) are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. ... Pinyin is a system of romanization (phonemic notation and transcription to Roman script) for Standard Mandarin, where pin means spell(ing) and yin means sound(s)). This article describes the most common variant called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: 汉语拼音; Traditional Chinese: 漢語拼音; pinyin: HànyÇ” PÄ«nyÄ«n), also known as scheme... The Chinese Nationalist Party (Traditional Chinese: 中國國民黨; Simplified Chinese: 中国国民党; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Tongyong Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chung-kuo Kuo-min-tang), commonly known as the Kuomintang (KMT), is a centre-right political party in the Republic of China on Taiwan, and is currently the largest political party in terms of sitting Legislative... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Combatants Chinese Nationalists Chinese Communists Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong Strength 3,600,000 (circa June 1948) 2,800,000 (circa June 1948) The Chinese Civil War (Traditional Chinese: , Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: guógòng neìzhàn; literally Nationalist-Communist Civil War) was a conflict in China between... November 29 is the 333rd (in leap years the 334th) day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... January 31 is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1949 calendar). ...

Background

The Nationalist Government abandoned Chengde, Baoding, Shanhai Pass and Qinhuangdao to retreat to Peking and Tianjin on November 1948. They stationed six armies with eighteen divisions in Peking, five armies with sixteen divisions in Tianjin and one army with eight divisions in Zhangjiakou, preparing to retreat further to the Huahai battlefield or west back to the Inner Mongolia region when the situation turns worse. The Putuo Zongcheng ticket to the summer resort (1984) Chengde (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chéngdé; Manchu: Erdemu be aliha fu) is a city approximately one hundred miles northeast of Beijing in northeastern Hebei province, situated near the Luan River. ... Categories: China geography stubs | Cities in China ... First Gate Under Heaven, under repairs in 2003. ... Categories: China geography stubs | Cities in China ... Beijing (Chinese: 北京; pinyin: Běijīng; Wade-Giles: Pei-ching; Postal System Pinyin: Peking), is the capital city of the Peoples Republic of China. ... (Chinese: ; pinyin: TiānjÄ«n; Postal System Pinyin: Tientsin) is one of the four municipalities of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Look up November in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... Zhangjiakou (Simplified Chinese: 张家口; Traditional Chinese: 張家口; pinyin: ; Mongolian: Чуулалт Хаалга [Čūlalt Hālga]) is a city in Hebei Province, China. ... Inner Mongolia (Mongolian: ᠥᠪᠦᠷ ᠮᠣᠨᠺᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠺᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ r Mongghul-un bertegen Jasaqu Orun; Chinese: 内蒙古自治区; Hanyu Pinyin: N...

At the same time, the People's Liberation Army Northeast Field Army led by Lin Biao and Luo Ronghuan entered Shanhai Pass immediately after the Liaoshen Campaign was over. Combining with the two army groups in North China Military Region, the Communist had a total of 1,000,000 men. They followed the Chinese Communist Central Military Committee's principle and encircled the Nationalist forces in the North China Plain. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Lin Biao (Chinese: 林彪; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Lin Piao) (December 5, 1907 - September 13, 1971) was a Chinese Communist military and political leader, once known as Mao Zedongs comrade-in-arms, but later condemned as a traitor. ... Luo Ronghuan (罗荣桓, Wades-Giles: Lo Jung-huan, November 26, 1902 – December 16, 1963) was a Chinese communist military leader. ... First Gate Under Heaven, under repairs in 2003. ... The Liaoshen Campaign was an important series of battles in the Chinese Civil War fought in the north-eastern province of Liaoning. ... The North China Plain (Chinese: 华北平原; Pinyin: HuábÄ›i Píngyuán), also called the Central Plain (Chinese: 中原; Pinyin: Zhōngyuán), is based on the deposits of the Huang He (Yellow River) and is the largest alluvial plain of eastern Asia. ...

Course of campaign

The course of Pingjin Campaign are divided into three stages:

First stage

The campaign began on November 29, 1948, when the People's Liberation Army attacked Zhangjiakou, which changed the deployment of Nationalist Army as they sent the moblilized 35th Army to reinforce Zhangjiakou. The People's Liberation Army turned to struck Miyun shortly after, threaterning the city of Peking. The Nationalists, being caught on surprise, shifted three armies in Tianjin to Peking to improve the defense of the city, and ordered 35th Army to return to Peking. However, the 35th Army was cut off in Xinbaoan in the middle of their way. By now the People's Liberation Army have cut off the connection between Peking and Tianjian in half, and accomplished the encirclement against the above areas, which cut off the retreat routes for the Nationalists to west and south. November 29 is the 333rd (in leap years the 334th) day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... Zhangjiakou (Simplified Chinese: 张家口; Traditional Chinese: 張家口; pinyin: ; Mongolian: Чуулалт Хаалга [Čūlalt Hālga]) is a city in Hebei Province, China. ... Zhangjiakou (Simplified Chinese: 张家口; Traditional Chinese: 張家口; pinyin: ; Mongolian: Чуулалт Хаалга [Čūlalt Hālga]) is a city in Hebei Province, China. ...

Second stage

After the 35th Army was encircled in Xinbaoan, the Nationalist troops in west of Peking launched desperate attack to west, hoping to remove the Communist encirclement on the 35th Army. But while in action, the Nationalist reinforcements were encircled as well. The 16th Army and five divisions from the 104th Army were all destroyed. The People's Liberation Army then launched Xinbaoan Campaign shortly after, captured the city the very next day and destroyed the 35th Army. On the 23rd, the Communist destroyed majority of 50,000 Nationalist forces that sallied out in northeast of Zhangjiakou.

Beginning in January 2, 1949, the People's Liberation Army gathered up their offensive forces around Tianjin. The final attack was launched on January 14, and after 29 hours of intense action, the defenders 62th Army and 86th Army, total up to ten divisions of 130,000 men were completely wiped out. The Tianjin garrison commander Chen Changjie was captured. January 2 is the second day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1949 calendar). ... January 14 is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

The Nationalist 17th Army Group and five divisions from the 87th Army in Tangu retreated on January 17 via ocean. January 17 is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Final stage

People's Liberation Army enters Peking

After Tianjin have been captured by the Communists, the Nationalist defenders in Peking were in a hopeless situation. Under immense pressure, Fu Zuoyi decided to negotiate with the People's Liberation Army for a peaceful settlement on the Peking matters. The 260,000 troops inside the city began to exit the city to the People's Liberation Army for reorganization. On January 31, the People's Liberation Army entered Peking to take over. The Pingjin Campaign was over. Beijing (Chinese: 北京; pinyin: Běijīng; Wade-Giles: Pei-ching; Postal System Pinyin: Peking), is the capital city of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Fu Zuoyi (傅作义, Wades-Giles: Fu Tso-yi) (June 2, 1895-April 19, 1974) was a Chinese military leader. ... January 31 is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...