NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Pioneer 10

Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to travel through the asteroid belt, and was the first spacecraft to make direct observations of Jupiter. It was launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station's Launch Complex 36A on March 2, 1972. Pioneer 10 is headed in the direction of Aldebaran, located in Taurus (constellation). By some definitions, Pioneer 10 has become the first artificial object to leave the solar system. However, it still has not passed the heliopause or Oort cloud. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... A spring scale measures the weight of an object In the physical sciences, weight is a measurement of the gravitational force acting on an object. ... The U.S. National Prototype Kilogram, which currently serves as the primary standard for measuring mass in the U.S. It was assigned to the United States in 1889 and is periodically recertified and traceable to the primary international standard, The Kilogram, held at the Bureau International des Poids et... March 3 is the 62nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (63rd in leap years). ... 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is a high-precison atomic time standard. ... An Atlas III launches from LC-36B . Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 36 (LC-36) is a launch complex at Cape Canaveral, Merritt Island, Florida. ... Cape Canaveral from space, August 1991 Cape Canaveral (Cabo CaÃ±averal in Spanish) is a strip of land in Brevard County, Florida, United States, near the center of that states Atlantic coast. ... The Geiger Tube Telescope is a scientific instrument that measures the intensities, energy spectra, and angular distribution of energetic electrons and protons in interplanetary space and near Jupiter and Saturn. ... The Space Shuttle Discovery as seen from the International Space Station. ... For details on the physical properties of bodies in the asteroid belt see Asteroid and Main-belt comet. ... Atmospheric characteristics Atmospheric pressure 70 kPa Hydrogen ~86% Helium ~14% Methane 0. ... The Bumper V-2 was the first missile launched at Cape Canaveral on July 24, 1950. ... An Atlas III launches from LC-36B . Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 36 (LC-36) is a launch complex at Cape Canaveral, Merritt Island, Florida. ... March 2 is the 61st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (62nd in leap years). ... 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Aldebaran from the Arabic (Ø§Ù„Ø¯Ø¨Ø±Ø§Ù† al-dabarÄn) meaning the follower, (Î± Tau / Î± Tauri / Alpha Tauri) is the brightest star in the constellation Taurus and one of the brightest stars in the nighttime sky. ... Taurus (IPA: , Latin: , symbol , ) is one of the constellations of the zodiac. ... The outer solar system (as opposed to the outer planets) is that part of the Solar System which begins at roughly the orbit of Neptune and terminates at maximum orbit distance, approximately one Light Year from the sun in terms of orbital measurements. ... The heliopause is the boundary between the heliosphere and the interstellar medium outside the solar system. ... This image is an artists rendering of the Oort cloud and the Kuiper Belt. ...

Construction

Approved in 1969, Pioneer 10 and its sister ship Pioneer 11 were designed to live up to their names: as first-time explorers intended to both gather data and report on conditions in the asteroid belt and in Jupiter-space; how they fared would be critical in the planning and technology of any future missions.^[1] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 674 Ã— 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (723 Ã— 643 pixel, file size: 54 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) pt:Esquema geral das sondas gÃ©meas Pioneer 10 e Pioneer 11 enquadradas na Pioneer Jupiter Mission File links The following pages on... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 674 Ã— 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (723 Ã— 643 pixel, file size: 54 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) pt:Esquema geral das sondas gÃ©meas Pioneer 10 e Pioneer 11 enquadradas na Pioneer Jupiter Mission File links The following pages on... For the Stargate SG-1 episode, see 1969 (Stargate SG-1). ... Position of Pioneer 10 and 11 Pioneer 11 was the second mission to investigate Jupiter and the outer solar system and the first to explore the planet Saturn and its main rings. ... For details on the physical properties of bodies in the asteroid belt see Asteroid and Main-belt comet. ...

Pioneer 10 was built by TRW.^[2] It was light, at only 260 kg--30 and 27 kg of which were instruments and fuel, respectively.^[3] Like the Voyagers, it was powered by RTGs (SNAP-19s) containing plutonium-238, which provided 155W at launch, and 140W by the Jupiter flyby. The RTGs were mounted well away from the body, to prevent their radiation from interfering with the spacecraft's instruments.^[4] TRW Incorporated was an American corporation involved in a number of businesses, mostly defense-related, but including automotive supply and credit reporting. ... RTG is a three-letter abbreviation with multiple meanings, including: Radioisotope thermoelectric generator Rubber tyred gantry crane Return to Germany an german multigaming clan www. ... Plutonium 238, is an isotope of plutonium with a half-life of 86. ... Radiation as used in physics, is energy in the form of waves or particles. ...

Pioneer 10 was fitted with a plaque to serve as a message for extraterrestrial life, in the event of its discovery. The illustration on the Pioneer plaque The Pioneer plaques are a pair of aluminum plaques which were placed on board the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 spacecraft, featuring a pictorial message from humanity, in case either the Pioneer 10 or 11 are intercepted by extraterrestrial beings. ... A 1967 Soviet Union 16 kopeks stamp. ...

Mission

Pioneer 10 became the first spacecraft to encounter Jupiter in December, 1973. The spacecraft then made valuable scientific investigations in the outer regions of our solar system until the end of its mission on March 31, 1997. Adjectives: Jovian Atmosphere Surface pressure: 20â€“200 kPa[4] (cloud layer) Composition: ~86% H2 ~13% Helium 0. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... Major features of the Solar System (not to scale, from left to right): Pluto, Neptune, Uranus, Saturn, Jupiter, the asteroid belt, the Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth & Moon, and Mars. ... March 31 is the 90th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (91st in leap years), with 275 days remaining. ... 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Further Contact

The Pioneer 10's weak signal continued to be tracked by the Deep Space Network as part of a new advanced concept study of chaos theory. After 1997 the probe was used in the training of flight controllers on how to acquire radio signals from space. Deep Space Network (DSN) is an international network of radio antennas that supports interplanetary spacecraft missions, and radio and radar astronomy observations for the exploration of the solar system and the universe. ... A plot of the trajectory Lorenz system for values r = 28, Ïƒ = 10, b = 8/3 In mathematics and physics, chaos theory describes the behavior of certain nonlinear dynamical systems that under certain conditions exhibit a phenomenon known as chaos. ... 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The last, very weak, signal from Pioneer 10 was received on January 23, 2003, when it was 7.5 billion miles from Earth.^[5] A contact attempt on February 7, 2003 was not successful. The last successful reception of telemetry was on April 27, 2002; subsequent signals were barely strong enough to detect. Loss of contact was probably due to a combination of increasing distance and the spacecraft's steadily weakening power source, rather than failure of the craft. One final attempt was made on the evening of March 4, 2006, the last time the antenna would be correctly aligned with Earth. No response was received from Pioneer.^[6] January 23 is the 23rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... February 7 is the 38th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Telemetry is a technology that allows the remote measurement and reporting of information of interest to the system designer or operator. ... April 27 is the 117th day of the year (118th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 248 days remaining. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... March 4 is the 63rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (64th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...

Pioneer 10 is heading in the direction of the star Aldebaran in the constellation Taurus at roughly 2.6 AUs per year. If Aldebaran had zero relative velocity, it would take Pioneer about 2 million years to reach it.^[7] Aldebaran from the Arabic (Ø§Ù„Ø¯Ø¨Ø±Ø§Ù† al-dabarÄn) meaning the follower, (Î± Tau / Î± Tauri / Alpha Tauri) is the brightest star in the constellation Taurus and one of the brightest stars in the nighttime sky. ... Taurus (IPA: , Latin: , symbol , ) is one of the constellations of the zodiac. ... Relative velocity is a measurement of velocity between two objects moving in different frames of reference. ...

Timeline

Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 394 pixel Image in higher resolution (862 Ã— 425 pixel, file size: 39 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This image was (or all images in this article or category were) uploaded in the JPEG format. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 394 pixel Image in higher resolution (862 Ã— 425 pixel, file size: 39 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This image was (or all images in this article or category were) uploaded in the JPEG format. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1236x695, 117 KB) Location of the Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft relative to the Solar System as of October 2006. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1236x695, 117 KB) Location of the Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft relative to the Solar System as of October 2006. ... March 3 is the 62nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (63rd in leap years). ... 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... July 15 is the 196th day (197th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 169 days remaining. ... 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... December 3 is the 337th (in leap years the 338th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... June 13 is the 164th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (165th in leap years), with 201 days remaining. ... 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Atmospheric characteristics Surface pressure â‰«100 MPa Hydrogen - H2 80% Â±3. ... Atmospheric characteristics Atmospheric pressure 0. ... March 31 is the 90th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (91st in leap years), with 275 days remaining. ... 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... February 17 is the 48th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean [1]. // Coated in ice, power and telephone lines sag and often break, resulting in power outages. ... Adjectives: Terrestrial, Terran, Telluric, Tellurian, Earthly Atmosphere Surface pressure: 101. ... February 17 is the 48th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean [1]. // Coated in ice, power and telephone lines sag and often break, resulting in power outages. ... Trajectory The Voyager 1 spacecraft is an 815-kilogram unmanned probe of the outer solar system and beyond, launched September 5, 1977, and is currently operational, making it NASAs longest-lasting mission. ... The astronomical unit (AU or au or a. ... Trajectory The Voyager 1 spacecraft is an 815-kilogram unmanned probe of the outer solar system and beyond, launched September 5, 1977, and is currently operational, making it NASAs longest-lasting mission. ... March 2 is the 61st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (62nd in leap years). ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... April 27 is the 117th day of the year (118th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 248 days remaining. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... January 23 is the 23rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... February 7 is the 38th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 30 is the 364th day of the year (365th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 1 day remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. ... March 4 is the 63rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (64th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...

Pioneer anomaly

Analysis of the radio tracking data from the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft at distances between 20–70 AU from the Sun has consistently indicated the presence of a small but anomalous Doppler frequency drift. The drift can be interpreted as due to a constant acceleration of (8.74 ± 1.33) × 10⁻¹⁰ m/s² directed towards the Sun. Although it is suspected that there is a systematic origin to the effect, none has been found. As a result, there is growing interest in the nature of this anomaly. The Pioneer anomaly or Pioneer effect refers to the observed deviation from expectations of the trajectories of various unmanned spacecraft visiting the outer solar system, notably Pioneer 10 and 11. ... A source of waves moving to the left. ... An anomaly is something which deviates from the standard or expected. ...

Gallery

Fictional references

This article is about the fictional race. ... Bird-of-prey is a common name for various makes of Romulan and Klingon warship in the Star Trek fictional universe. ... Star Trek V: The Final Frontier (Paramount Pictures, 1989; see also 1989 in film) is the fifth feature film based on the popular Star Trek science fiction television series. ... This article is becoming very long. ... Poppler redirects here. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, the lead section of this article may need to be expanded. ... For the film of the same name, see Battlefield Earth (film). ... The illustration on the Pioneer plaque The Pioneer plaques are a pair of aluminum plaques which were placed on board the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 spacecraft, featuring a pictorial message from humanity, in case either the Pioneer 10 or 11 are intercepted by extraterrestrial beings. ... General Name, Symbol, Number gold, Au, 79 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 6, d Appearance metallic yellow Atomic mass 196. ... These inexpensive carabiners have an anodised aluminium surface, and come in many colors. ... General Name, Symbol, Number aluminium, Al, 13 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 13, 3, p Appearance silvery Standard atomic weight 26. ...

References

See also

Unmanned space missions are those using remote-controlled spacecraft. ... The illustration on the Pioneer plaque The Pioneer plaques are a pair of aluminum plaques which were placed on board the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 spacecraft, featuring a pictorial message from humanity, in case either the Pioneer 10 or 11 are intercepted by extraterrestrial beings. ... Position of Pioneer 10 and 11 Pioneer 11 was the second mission to investigate Jupiter and the outer solar system and the first to explore the planet Saturn and its main rings. ... Voyager Project redirects here. ... This is an artists concept of Cassini during the Saturn Orbit Insertion (SOI) maneuver, just after the main engine has begun firing. ...

External links

Categories: Pioneer program | Jupiter spacecraft | 1972 in space exploration | Spacecraft escaping the Solar System The US Pioneer program of unmanned space missions was designed for planetary exploration. ... Pioneer 6, 7, 8 and 9 were all part of the Pioneer program, and together formed a series of solar-orbiting, spin-stabilized, solar-cell and battery-powered satellites designed to obtain measurements on a continuing basis of interplanetary phenomena from widely separated points in space. ... Position of Pioneer 10 and 11 Pioneer 11 was the second mission to investigate Jupiter and the outer solar system and the first to explore the planet Saturn and its main rings. ... Image File history File links Pioneer_program. ... The Pioneer 0 (also known as Thor-Able 1) probe was designed to go into orbit around the Moon and carried a TV camera and other instruments as part of the first International Geophysical Year (IGY) science payload. ... Pioneer 1 atop its launcher Pioneer 1, the second and most successful of three project Able space probes and the first spacecraft launched by the newly formed NASA, was intended to study the ionizing radiation, cosmic rays, magnetic fields, and micrometeorites in the vicinity of the Earth and in lunar... NASA photo of the Pioneer 2 probe Pioneer 2 was the last of the three project Able space probes designed to probe lunar and cislunar space. ... Pioneer III Pioneer 3 was a spin stabilized spacecraft launched by the U.S. Army Ballistic Missile agency in conjunction with NASA. The spacecraft was intended as a lunar probe, but failed to go past the Moon and into a heliocentric orbit as planned, but did reach an altitude of... Pioneer III Pioneer 4 was a spin stabilized spacecraft launched as part of the Pioneer program on a lunar flyby trajectory and into a heliocentric orbit making it the first US probe to escape from the Earths gravity. ... Pioneer P-1 was a failed mission in the Pioneer series. ... Pioneer P-3 (also known as Atlas-Able 4 or Pioneer X) was intended to be a lunar orbiter probe, but the mission failed shortly after launch. ... Pioneer P-30 (also known as Atlas-Able 5A, or Pioneer Y) was intended to be a lunar orbiter probe, but the mission failed shortly after launch. ... Pioneer P-31 (also known as Atlas-Able 5B or Pioneer Z) was intended to be a lunar orbiter probe, but the mission failed shortly after launch. ... Pioneer 5 Pioneer 5 (1960 Alpha 1) was a spin-stabilized space probe in the Pioneer program used to investigate interplanetary space between the orbits of Earth and Venus. ... Pioneer 6, 7, 8 and 9 were all part of the Pioneer program, and together formed a series of solar-orbiting, spin-stabilized, solar-cell and battery-powered satellites designed to obtain measurements on a continuing basis of interplanetary phenomena from widely separated points in space. ... Position of Pioneer 10 and 11 Pioneer 11 was the second mission to investigate Jupiter and the outer solar system and the first to explore the planet Saturn and its main rings. ... Pioneer H is an unlaunched unmanned space mission that was part of the US Pioneer program. ... The Pioneer mission to Venus consisted of two components, launched separately. ... Adjectives: Jovian Atmosphere Surface pressure: 20â€“200 kPa[4] (cloud layer) Composition: ~86% H2 ~13% Helium 0. ... The exploration of Jupiter has consisted of a number of automated spacecraft visiting the planet since 1973. ... Position of Pioneer 10 and 11 Pioneer 11 was the second mission to investigate Jupiter and the outer solar system and the first to explore the planet Saturn and its main rings. ... Trajectory The Voyager 1 spacecraft is an 815-kilogram unmanned probe of the outer solar system and beyond, launched September 5, 1977, and is currently operational, making it NASAs longest-lasting mission. ... Trajectory Voyager 2 is an unmanned interplanetary spacecraft, launched on August 20, 1977. ... Ulysses spacecraft Ulysses is an unmanned probe designed to study the Sun at all latitudes. ... Cassini-Huygens is a joint NASA/ESA/ASI unmanned space mission intended to study Saturn and its moons. ... New Horizons is a NASA unmanned mission to fly by Pluto and its moons. ... Galileo is prepared for mating with the IUS booster Galileo being deployed after being launched by the Space Shuttle Atlantis on the STS-34 mission Galileo was an unmanned spacecraft sent by NASA to study the planet Jupiter and its moons. ... Galileo being deployed after being launched by the Space Shuttle Atlantis on the STS-34 mission Galileo was an unmanned spacecraft sent by NASA to study the planet Jupiter and its moons. ... Juno at Jupiter Juno is a NASA mission to Jupiter planned to cost roughly $700 million and scheduled to launch by June 30, 2010. ... Artistss Conception of Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter The Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (JIMO) was a proposed spacecraft designed to explore the icy moons of Jupiter. ...

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