The Pirates of Penzance, or The Slave of Duty, is a Gilbert and Sullivan comic operetta in two acts. Music by Sir Arthur S. Sullivan, libretto by Sir William S. Gilbert. After the copyright problems associated with unauthorised performances of HMS Pinafore in the United States, it was resolved that its first American performance should follow its first British performance as soon as possible. Consequently, it was first performed in Paignton, Devon, on December 30, 1879, then in New York on December 31, 1879. The New York performance was the first full performance. The Paignton performance was perfunctory since its purpose was to establish copyright in the UK; the same cast and crew had performed Pinafore the previous night, and they carried onto the stage scripts to read from. The first full performance in the UK was on April 3, 1880 at the Opera Comique. The title of the operetta was enough to instill laughter, as Penzance was so comparatively docile at the time that the very idea of criminal activity in the vicinity was ridiculous.

Act I

Frederic, a young man with a strong sense of duty, is seen celebrating his twenty-first anniversary in the company of a group of pirates. His nurse Ruth appears and reveals that she had apprenticed Frederic to the pirate band by mistake, many years ago ("When Frederic was a little lad"). Although Frederic is sympathetic to his pirate friends (they being all orphans whose gentle natures make their piratical careers difficult) his sense of duty nonetheless compels him to leave the band upon the completion of his apprenticeship and destroy them. He invites the Pirate King to give up piracy and go with him, but is refused ("Oh! better far to live and die"). Upon leaving the pirates, Frederic sees a group of beautiful young girls on the shore, and appeals to them for affection ("Oh! is there not one maiden breast") to help him reform; one of them, Mabel, responds to his plea ("Poor wandering one"). Frederic warns the girls of the pirates nearby, but they are interrupted by the arrival of said pirates, who wish to capture all the girls for wives. This plan is in turn interrupted by the arrival of the Major-General, the father of all the girls ("I am the very model of a modern Major-General"). On learning of the pirates' marital plans, he appeals to them for clemency on the grounds that he's an orphan. The soft-hearted pirates are sympathetic, and release the girls.

Act II

The Major-General sits in his family mausoleum, surrounded by his daughters. He laments his tortured conscience at the lie he told the Pirate King, while they attempt to console him ("Dear Father, why leave your bed?"). The Police Sergeant and his policemen enter to announce their readiness to go forth and arrest the pirates ("Tarantara"; "Go, ye heroes"). Frederic, who is to lead the group, pauses for a moment's reflection, at which point he encounters Ruth and the Pirate King. They inform him that his apprenticeship was worded so as to bind him to them until his twenty-first birthday - and, because that birthday happens to be on the extra day of Leap Year, that means that technically only five birthdays have passed ("A most ingenious paradox"). Frederic is convinced that he must rejoin the pirates by this logic, and thus he sees it as his duty to inform the Pirate King of the Major-General's lie.

After a farewell to Mabel ("Oh, leave me not to pine") the dutiful Frederic returns to fulfil his apprenticeship with the pirates. The police and their Sergeant are told they must go alone, and they lament their fate ("A policeman's lot is not a happy one"). They hide on hearing the approach of the pirates, who have stolen onto the grounds, meaning to avenge themselves for the Major-General's lie ("With cat-like tread"). The Major-General himself appears, sleepless with guilt, and his daughters follow him. The pirates, of course, leap to the attack, and the police to the defense; but the police are easily defeated. The Sergeant plays his trump card, demanding that the pirates yield "In Queen Victoria's name;" the pirates, overcome with loyalty, do so. Ruth appears and reveals that the orphan pirates are in fact noblemen; all is forgiven, Frederic and Mabel are reunited, and the Major-General is happy to marry his daughters to the noble pirates after all.

External Links

• More information on the operetta (http://math.boisestate.edu/gas/pirates/html/pirates_home.html)
• Commercial recordings of the operetta (http://www.imdb.com/find?tt=on;nm=on;mx=20;q=The%20Pirates%20of%20Penzance) from IMDB