The Blessed Pope Pius IX, born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, ( May 13 is the 133rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (134th in leap years). There are 232 days remaining. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. 1568 - Battle of Langside: the forces of Mary Queen of Scots are defeated by a confederacy of Scottish Protestants under... May 13, 1792 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). Events January 25 - The London Corresponding Society is founded. February 20 - The Postal Service Act, establishing the United States Post Office Department, is signed by President George Washington. March 16 - King of Sweden Gustav III Shot in the... 1792 – February 7 is the 38th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 327 days remaining, 328 in leap years. Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1301 - Edward of Caernarvon (later King Edward II of England) becomes the first Prince of Wales. 1550 - Julius... February 7, Events January - April January – Cleopatras Needle arrives in London January 9 - Humbert I becomes King of Italy January 23 – Disraeli orders British fleet to Dardanelles January 28 - The Yale News becomes the first daily, college newspaper in the United States. January 31 - Turkey agrees to armistice at... 1878) was Pope John Paul II has reigned since 22 Oct 1978. The Pope is the Catholic bishop and patriarch of Rome, and head of Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches (note that the name within the communion is simply the one Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church). In addition to... pope for a record pontificate of over 31 years, from June 16 is the 167th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (168th in leap years), with 198 days remaining. Events 1400-1899 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses 1586 - Mary Queen of Scots recognizes Philip II of Spain as... June 16, Events January 5 - The United States House of Representatives votes to stop sharing the Oregon Territory with the United Kingdom February 5 - The Oregon Spectator becomes the first newspaper on the United States. February 10 - Many Mormons begin their migration west from Nauvoo, Illinois to Great Salt Lake led by... 1846 until his death.

Early life and election

Mastai-Ferretti was born in Senigallia, The Italian Republic or Italy ( Italian: Repubblica Italiana or Italia) is a country in southern Europe. It comprises a boot-shaped peninsula and two large islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia, and shares its northern alpine boundary with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia. The independent countries of San... Italy into the noble family of Girolamo Ferretti, and was educated at the Piarist College in Volterra is a town in the Tuscany region, Italy. The town has a history which dates back to the Etruscan Period. External link Town web site Categories: Italy geography stubs | Towns in Tuscany ... Volterra and in The Roman Colosseum Rome (Italian and Latin Roma) is the capital city of Italy, and of its Lazio region. It is located on the lower Tiber river, near the Mediterranean Sea, at 41°50N, 12°15E. The Vatican City State, a sovereign enclave within Rome, is the seat... Rome. He attempted to join the Noble Guard but was turned down due to his Epilepsy (often referred to as a seizure disorder) is a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. The condition is named from the Greek epilepsia (a taking hold of or seizing). It is commonly controlled with medication, although experimental surgical methods are slowly gaining acceptance. In the past, epilepsy... epilepsy. He instead studied theology at the Roman Seminary, he was ordained in April Events January 17 - Simón Bolívar proclaims the Republic of Gran Colombia January 29 - Sir Singapore February 6 - Formal treaty between Sultan Hussein of Johor and the British Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles originates Singapore February 15 - The United States House of Representatives agrees to Tallmadge Amendment to bar slaves... 1819. He worked initially in Rome before being sent to This article is about the country in South America; the word chile may also refer to Chilli pepper The Republic of Chile is a republic located on the southwestern coast of South America. It is a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes mountains and the Pacific Ocean... Chile. He returned in Events January 4 - King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies dies and is succeeded by his son Francis I of the Two Sicilies. February 9 - After no presidential candidate received a majority of electoral votes, the United States House of Representatives elects John Quincy Adams President of the United States... 1825 to become head of a hospital and canon of Santa Maria in Via Lata. He was made In Christianity, an archbishop is an elevated bishop heading a diocese of particular importance due to either its size, history, or both, called an archdiocese. When a bishop becomes an archbishop, he is not in any sense being ordained nor otherwise receiving any sacrament; by contrast (in the Anglican, Catholic... Archbishop of Spoleto (Latin: Spoletium), 42°44N 12°44E, an ancient town in the Italian province of Perugia in east central Umbria, at 385 meters (1391 ft) above sea-level on a foothill of the Apennines. It is 20 km (12 mi) S. of Trevi and 29 km... Spoleto in Events February 20 - Battle of Huzaingo February 28 - The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad is incorporated, becoming the first railroad offering commercial transportation of both people and freight. March 7 – Ellen Turner is abducted – The Shrigley Abduction case begins March 15 - The University of Toronto is chartered April –... 1827. In Events February 12 - Ecuador annexes the Galapagos Islands February 12 – serious cholera epidemic begins in London from the East London. It is declared officially over in early May but deaths continue. At least 3000 victims March 24 - In Hiram, Ohio a group of men beat, tar and feather Mormon... 1832 he was moved to the more prestigious In some Christian churches, the diocese is an administrative territorial unit governed by a bishop, sometimes also referred to as a bishopric or episcopal see, though more often the term episcopal see means the office held by the bishop. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Church of England and the... diocese of Imola (1991 pop. 62,567) is a town in the Emilia-Romagna region of north-central Italy, most noted as the home of the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari and the Formula One San Marino Grand Prix. The race, named for the nearby principality of San Marino which is itself... Imola and in 1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). Events January 3 - One of the predecessor papers to the Herald Sun of Melbourne, Australia, The Port Phillip Herald, is founded by George Cavanaugh. January 10 - Uniform penny postage introduced in the UK. January 19 - Captain... 1840 he was made a A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official in the Roman Catholic Church, ranking just below the Pope and appointed by him as a member of the College of Cardinals, during a consistory. The duties of the College include counselling the Pope, leading many of the archdioceses, running the Roman Curia... cardinal, Santi Pietro e Marcellino.

His election to the papacy following the death of Gregory XVI, né Bartolommeo Alberto Cappellari (September 18, 1765 - June 1, 1846), was Pope from 1831 to 1846. Cappellari was born at Belluno on September 18, 1765, and at an early age entered the order of the Camaldolese, among whom he rapidly gained distinction for his theological and linguistic acquirements... Pope Gregory XVI was the result of a factional division in the The Sistine Chapel is the location of the conclave. It was richly decorated by the famous Renaissance artist Michelangelo. Papal elections are the method by which the Roman Catholic Church fills the office of Bishop of Rome, whose incumbent is usually referred to as the Pope. An occasion steeped in... conclave between conservatives and modernisers. Mastai-Ferretti was the liberal candidate, and on June 16 is the 167th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (168th in leap years), with 198 days remaining. Events 1400-1899 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses 1586 - Mary Queen of Scots recognizes Philip II of Spain as... June 16, at the fourth scrutiny, he was elected - a key conservative had arrived too late to vote for an alternative candidate and thus deny Mastai-Ferretti a majority in the ballot. Mastai-Ferretti took the name Pius IX in memory of Pius VII, né Giorgio Barnaba Luigi Chiaramonti, (August 14, 1740 - August 20, 1823) was Pope from March 14, 1800 to August 20, 1823. Pope Pius VII Barnaba Chiaramonti was born at Cesena into a noble Italian family. He was educated in Ravenna before joining the Benedictine order in 1756 to... Pope Pius VII, an early benefactor to him. He was crowned on June 21 is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 193 days remaining. June 21 is the summer solstice in the northern hemisphere, so is the day of the year with the longest hours of daylight in the northern hemisphere, and the... June 21.

Liberalism and conservatism

As a liberal and, somewhat aware of the political pressures within the The Papal States (Gli Stati della Chiesa or Stati Pontificii, States of the Church) is one of the historical states of Italy before its unity under the crown of Savoy and comprised those territories over which the Pope was the ruler in a civil as well as a spiritual sense... Papal States, his first act was to announce a general For the human rights organization, see Amnesty International. Amnesty (from the Greek amnestia, oblivion) is an act of grace by which the supreme power in a state restores those who may have been guilty of any offence against it to the position of innocent persons. It includes more than pardon... amnesty for political prisoners. His nature was kind-hearted and generous so he did not consider the potential implications of the amnesty - his concessions only provoked greater demands; radical Roman groups were seeking constitutional government and war with The Republic of Austria ( German: Republik Österreich) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It borders Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The state is a representative democracy... Austria. He was not such a radical, and in an In the ancient Church, an encyclical was a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area. As used at that time, the word could be used of a letter sent out by any bishop. The word comes from Latin encyclia meaning general or encircling, which is also... encyclical of November Events January 5 - The United States House of Representatives votes to stop sharing the Oregon Territory with the United Kingdom February 5 - The Oregon Spectator becomes the first newspaper on the United States. February 10 - Many Mormons begin their migration west from Nauvoo, Illinois to Great Salt Lake led by... 1846 he denounced secret societies (such as Circolo Romano), the Bible associations, false philosophy, Communism is a term that can refer to one of several things: a social and economic system, an ideology which supports that system, or a political movement that wishes to implement that system. As a theoretical social and economic system, communism would be a type of egalitarian society with no... communism, and the Reading the newspaper: Brookgreen Gardens Pawleys Island, South Carolina A newspaper is a lightweight and disposable publication, usually printed on low-cost paper called newsprint, containing a journal of current news in a variety of topics. These topics can include political events, crime, sports, opinion, weather. Newspapers also often include... press.

His The Syllabus of Errors (Latin: Syllabus Errorum) was a document issued by Pope Pius IX in 1864 as an appendix to his encyclical Quanta Cura. It condemned as heresy 80 propositions, many on political topics, distributed over a set of ten subheadings: pantheism, naturalism, and absolute rationalism; moderate rationalism; indifferentism... Syllabus of Errors issued in 1864 as an appendix to his encyclical Quanta Cura condemned as heresy 80 propositions, many on political topics and firmly established his pontificate as the enemy of secularism, rationalism, and modernism in all its forms.

Treatment of Jews

Pius IX weakened laws that required For a discussion of Jews as an ethnicity or ethnic group see the article on Jew. The Star of David, a common symbol of Jews and Judaism Judaism is the religion and culture of the Jewish people and one of the first recorded monotheistic faiths. It is also one of... Jews to live in specified neighborhoods, and repealed laws that forbade them to practice certain professions, and that required them to listen to sermons four times per year aimed at their conversion. Judaism and Catholicism were the only religions allowed by law (Protestant worship was allowed to visiting foreigners, but strictly forbidden to Italians). But the testimony of a Jew against a Christian remained inadmissible in courts of law, a tax levied only on Jews supported schools for converts from Judaism to Catholicism, and Jews continued in various other respects to be discriminated against by law.

In 1858 is a common year starting on Friday. Events January 14 - Felice Orsini and his accomplices fail to assassinate Napoleon III in Paris but their bombs kill 156 bystanders. Because of the involvement of French émigrés living in Britain, there is a brief anti-British feeling in France but... 1858, in a highly publicized case, a six-year-old Jewish boy, Edgardo Mortara (August 27, 1851–1940) was a six-year-old Jewish boy living in Bologna, Italy, when he was seized by the Papal authorities in 1858 and taken to be raised as a Catholic. His case became the centre of an international scandal and the catalyst for far... Edgardo Mortara, was taken from his parents by police of the Papal States. It had been reported that he had been Baptism is a water purification ritual practiced in certain religions such as Christianity, Mandaeanism, Sikhism, and some historic sects of Judaism. The word baptize derives from the Greek word βάπτειν (the infinitive; also listed as the 1st person singular present active indicative βα... baptized by a Christian servant girl of the family while he was ill because she feared he would die and go to hell otherwise. In this time, the law did not permit Christians to be raised by Jews, even their own parents. Pius steadfastly refused calls from numerous heads of state including Emperor Franz Joseph I Franz Joseph (in English also Francis Joseph) (August 18, 1830 - November 21, 1916) of the Habsburg Dynasty was Emperor of Austria and King of Bohemia from 1848 until 1916 and King of Hungary from 1867 until 1916. He was born in Vienna, Austria. Archduke Franz was the... Franz Josef of Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k.u.k. monarchy), was a dualistic state (1867–1918) in which the Kingdom of Hungary enjoyed self-government and representation in joint affairs (principally foreign relations and defence) with the western and northern lands of the Austrian Empire... Austria-Hungary and Emperor ... Napoleon III of The French Republic or France ( French: République française or France) is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in western Europe, and which is further made up of a collection of overseas islands and territories located in other continents. France is a democracy organised as a... France to return the child to his parents.

The end of the Papal States

Blessed Pius IX

Establishment of the Roman Republic

By early 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). Events Monument for the leaders of the 1848 Matale rebellion, Sri Lanka The Revolution of 1848 (qv.), a series of widespread but failed struggles for more liberal governments, from Brazil to Hungary. January 24 - California gold... 1848, public disorder had forced Pius to concede a lay ministry and a For the entry on the naval ship U.S.S. Constitution, see: USS Constitution. An organizations constitution defines its form, structure, activities, character, and fundamental rules. To view particular constitutions, refer to the list of national constitutions. The term comes from Latin constitutio, which referred to any important law... constitution, although he held fast against For other uses of War, see War (disambiguation). War is conflict, between relatively large groups of people, which involves physical force inflicted by the use of weapons. Other terms for war include armed conflict, hostilities, and police action. (See Limitations on war below.) War is contrasted with peace, which is... war with The Republic of Austria ( German: Republik Österreich) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It borders Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The state is a representative democracy... Austria (April). Public disorder grew, with repeated Categories: Stub | Riots ... riots, the Alternative meaning: Prime Minister (band) A prime minister is the leading member of the cabinet of the top level government in a parliamentary system of government of a country, alternatively A prime minister is an official in a presidential system or semi-presidential system whose duty is to execute the... Prime Minister was murdered ( November 15 is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 46 days remaining. Events 600-1799 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. 1515 - Thomas Cardinal Wolsey invested as a Cardinal 1777 - American Revolutionary War: After 16... November 15) and the Pope was denounced and trapped by a mob in the An etching of the Hill, crowned by the mass of the Palazzo del Quirinale, from a series I Sette Colli di Roma antica e moderna published in 1827 by Luigi Rossini (1790 - 1857): his view, from the roof of the palazzo near the Trevi Fountain that now houes the Accademia... Quirinal. Pius escaped in disguise to Gaeta (ancient Caieta) is a seaport in the province of Latina in Lazio, Italy. It has a population of approximately 24,000. History During the break-up of the Roman empire, Gaeta, like Amalfi and Naples, would seem to have established itself as a practically independent port and to have... Gaeta on November 24 is the 328th day (329th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 37 days remaining. Events 300-1899 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal entry, into Constantinople. 642 - Theodore succeeds John IV as Pope. 1639 - Jeremiah Horrocks observes the transit of... November 24, leaving Rome to the In political science, the label radical denotes one who desires extreme change of all or part of the social order. (Britannica Deluxe CD2000). The term is said to have been used by the English parliamentarian Charles Fox who, in 1797, demanded a radical reform of the electoral system amounting to... radicals and the mob. A See also ancient Roman Republic and Roman Republic (18th century). Although the name Roman Republic is usually taken to mean the republic established in Rome that lasted from the 6th century BC until the 1st century BC, it is also the name of a short-lived (four months) state established... republic was declared in February Events January 23 - Elizabeth Blackwell is awarded her MD by the Medical Institute of Geneva, New York, thus becoming the United States first woman doctor January 31 - Corn Laws abolished in the United Kingdom February 14 - In New York City, James Knox Polk becomes the first President of the United... 1849. The Pope appealed for support, and The French Republic or France ( French: République française or France) is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in western Europe, and which is further made up of a collection of overseas islands and territories located in other continents. France is a democracy organised as a... French troops crushed the republic in June, although Pius did not return to Rome until April Events January 4 - The first American ice-skating club is formed (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). January 29 - Henry Clay introduces the Compromise of 1850 to the U.S. Congress February 28 - University of Utah opens in Salt Lake City, Utah March 7 - United States Senator Daniel Webster gives his Seventh of March... 1850.

Although Pius had lost his liberal tastes, his rule was still beset with temporal problems. The revolutionaries were still there, and the Papal States were coming under increased pressure from anti-papal nationalists – notably King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy Victor Emmanuel II (Italian: Vittorio Emanuele II; March 14, 1820—January 9, 1878) was the King of Piedmont, Savoy and Sardinia from 1849–1861, and King of Italy from 1861 until his death in 1878. He was the first king of a... Victor Emmanuel of Piedmont is a region of northwestern Italy. It has an area of 25,400 km2 and a population of est. 4.3 million. Its capital is Turin. Piedmont is surrounded on three sides by the Alps mountain range, including the Monviso, where the Po River rises. It borders with France... Piedmont. The Pope was obliged to rely on French and Austrian soldiers to maintain order and protect his territories.

Italian unification

In 1858 is a common year starting on Friday. Events January 14 - Felice Orsini and his accomplices fail to assassinate Napoleon III in Paris but their bombs kill 156 bystanders. Because of the involvement of French émigrés living in Britain, there is a brief anti-British feeling in France but... 1858 Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte (April 20, 1808 - January 9, 1873) was the son of King Louis Bonaparte and Queen Hortense de Beauharnais; both monarchs of the French puppet state, the Kingdom of Holland. He was the nephew of the Emperor Napoléon I of France. During his youth, he... Napoleon III and Count Camillo Benso di Cavour ( August 10, 1810 - June 6, 1861) was a statesman who was a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification and the first Prime Minister of the new Kingdom of Italy. Growth and Studies Cavour was born in Turin, the principal city of Piedmont in... Cavour (Premier to Victor Emmanuel) agreed to war on Austria. Following the The Battle of Magenta was fought on June 4, 1859 during the Franco-Austria, resulting in a French victory under Louis-Napoleon against the Austrians under General Gyulai. It took place near the town of Magenta in northern Italy on June 4, 1859. Marie Edme Patrice Maurice de MacMahon (1808... Battle of Magenta ( July 4 is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 180 days remaining. Events 993 - Saint Ulrich of Augsburg canonized. 1054 - A supernova is observed by the Chinese and Amerindians near the star ζ Tauri. For several months it remains bright enough... July 4, 1859 is a common year starting on Saturday. Events January January 2 - Erastus Beadle publishes The Dime Book of Practical Etiquette. January 24 - Wallachia and Moldavia are united under Alexander John Cuza under the name Romania (see December 1, 1918 for the final unification, Transylvania and other regions were still... 1859) the Austrian forces withdrew from the Papal States, precipitating their loss. Revolutionaries in Emilia-Romagna is an administrative region of Northern Italy comprising the two historic regions of Emilia and Romagna. It forms a rough triangle, bounded on the East by the Adriatic Sea, on the North by the Po river and on the South by the Appennine range. With 4,030,000... Romagna called upon Piedmont for annexation. In February, 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. Events March March 6 - Abraham Lincoln speaks against slavery in New Haven, Connecticut April April 3 - The Pony Express makes its first run. May May 1 - A chondrite type meteorite fell to earth in Muskingum County, Ohio near the town of New... 1860, Victor Emmanuel demanded Umbria is a mountainous region of central Italy, in the valley of the river Tiber. It is bordered by Tuscany to the west, the Marche to the east and Lazio to the south. The region covers 8,456 km² and has a population of 834,000 (2003 census). The... Umbria and the Marche (The Marches) is a region of central Italy, bordering Emilia-Romagna north and Tuscany and the republic of San Marino to the north-west, Umbria to the south-west, Abruzzo and Latium to the south-east and the Adriatic Sea to the east. The regional capital is Ancona. The... Marches; when his demand was refused, he took them by force. After defeating the papal army on September 18 is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years). There are 104 days remaining. Events 96 - Nerva elevated as Roman Emperor after Domitian was stabbed to death. 323 - Constantine the Great decisively defeats Licinius in the Battle of Chrysopolis, establishing Constantines sole control over the... September 18 at Castelfidardo, and on September 30 is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 92 days remaining, as the final day of September. Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1452 - First printed book, the Johann Gutenberg Bible. 1867 - United States takes control of... September 30 at Ancona is a city and a seaport in the Marche, a region of northeastern Italy, population 100,507 (2001). Ancona is situated on the Adriatic Sea and is the center of an eponymous province. The city is located 132 miles northeast of Rome and 127 miles southeast of Bologna. The... Ancona, Victor Emmanuel took all the Papal territories except Rome. In September, 1870 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). Events January - April January 6 - The inauguration of the Musikverein ( Vienna). January 10 - John D. Rockefeller incorporates Standard Oil January 15 - A political cartoon for the first time symbolizes the United States Democratic Party with a donkey (A... 1870, he seized Rome as well, making it the capital of a new united Italy. He granted Pius the Law of Guarantees ( May 15 is the 135th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (136th in leap years). There are 230 days remaining. Events 1514 - Jodocus Badius Ascensius publishes Christiern Pedersens Latin version of Saxo’s Gesta Danorum, the oldest know version of that work. 1525 - The battle of... May 15, 1871 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). Events January - April January 18 - The member-states of the North German Confederation unite into a single nation-state known as the German Empire. The King of Prussia is declared the first German Emperor as Wilhelm I of... 1871) which gave the pope the rights of a sovereign, 3.25 m lira a year and extraterritoriality to the papal palaces in Rome. Pius IX never officially accepted this offer, retaining his claim to all the conquered territory. Although he was not forbidden or prevented from travelling as he wished, he called himself a A prisoner in the Vatican is what Pope Pius IX called himself in 1870 when papal rule in Rome was ended by force, the Papal States joined the rest of Italy to form the newly united Kingdom of Italy under King Victor Emmanuel II and the city became the capital... prisoner in the Vatican. See also September Convention.

Outside the loss of territory in Italy the rights of the Church were reduced across Europe, with Piedmont leading the way (Pius condemned them repeatedly, in Generally, to allocute means to speak out formally. In the field of apologetics, allocution is generally done in defense of a belief. In politics one may allocute before a legislative body in an effort to influence their position on an issue. In law, it is generally meant to state specifically... allocutions in Events January 4 - The first American ice-skating club is formed (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). January 29 - Henry Clay introduces the Compromise of 1850 to the U.S. Congress February 28 - University of Utah opens in Salt Lake City, Utah March 7 - United States Senator Daniel Webster gives his Seventh of March... 1850, 1852 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). Events January 14 - President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte proclaims a new constitution for the French Second Republic. January 17 - United Kingdom recognizes independence of the Transvaal Devils Island penal colony opens February 11 - First British public toilet for... 1852, Events January 19 - Giuseppe Verdis opera Il Trovatore premieres in Rome January 21 - Russell L. Hawes patents the envelope folding machine January 29 - Napoleon III marries the Spanish Countess Eugènie at the Tuileries March 4 – Inauguration of US president Franklin Pierce June 7 - Franklin College of Lancaster... 1853 and Events January 23 - The first bridge over the Mississippi River opens in what is now Minneapolis, Minnesota, a crossing made today by the Father Louis Hennepin Bridge. George Hamilton-Gordon is forced to resign as Prime Minister of Britain because of bad management of the campaigns in the Crimean War... 1855). The Church was reduced in the German states due to the power of Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. It generally refers to those that separated from the Roman Catholic Church in the Reformation of the 16th century, their offshoots, and those that share similar doctrines or ideologies. It is commonly considered one of the three major branches of Christianity... Protestantism, in Events January - April January 17 - Indian Wars: First Battle of the Stronghold during the Modoc War. February 11 - Spanish Cortes deposes King Amadeus I and proclaims the First Spanish Republic. February 12 - Former foreign minister Emilio Cistelar y Ripoli becomes prime minister of the new Spanish Republic. February 20 - The... 1873 a The German term Kulturkampf (literally, cultural fight) commonly refers to the early years of the 1871 German Empire, when Chancellor Otto von Bismarck attempted to reduce the influence of the Catholics in Germany, but can be used to refer to similar cultural conflicts at other periods and in other places... Kulturkampf was started in The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 The word Prussia ( German: Preußen or Preussen, Polish: Prusy, Lithuanian: Prūsai, Latin: Borussia) has had various (often contradictory) meanings: The land of the Baltic Prussians (in what is now parts of southern Lithuania, the Kaliningrad... Prussia and elsewhere against the Church. The situation was worse in The Swiss Confederation or Switzerland is a landlocked federal state in Europe, with neighbours Germany, France, Italy, Austria and Liechtenstein. The country has a strong tradition of political and military neutrality, but also of international co-operation, and is home to many international organisations. Confoederatio Helvetica (CH), the Latin version... Switzerland, The Republic of Poland, a democratic country with a population of 38,626,349 and area of 312,685 km², is located in Central Europe, between Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania... Poland and The Russian Federation ( Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, transliteration: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya or Rossijskaja Federacija), or Russia (Russian: Росси́я, transliteration: Rossiya or Rossija), is a country that stretches... Russia, while in the New World the Pope denounced For other uses see Columbia. The Republic of Colombia is a country in north-western South America. It is bound to the north and north-west by the Caribbean Sea, to the east by Venezuela and Brazil, to the south by Ecuador and Peru, and to the west by Panama... Colombia (1852) and The United Mexican States or Mexico ( Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos or México; regarding the use of the variant spelling Méjico, see section The name below) is a country located in North America, bordered to the north by the United States of America, to the southeast by... Mexico ( 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. Events January January 1 - Benito Juárez captures Mexico City January 2 - Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia dies and is succeeded by Wilhelm I January 3 - American Civil War: Delaware votes not to secede from the United States January 9 - Mississippi... 1861) for their anti-Church legislation. However the Pope did manage to secure satisfactory concordats with The Kingdom of Spain or Spain ( Spanish: Reino de España or España; Catalan: Regne dEspanya; Basque: Espainiako Erresuma; Galician: Reino da España) is a country located in the southwest of Europe. It shares the Iberian Peninsula with Portugal, Gibraltar and Andorra. To the... Spain, The Republic of Portugal (República Portuguesa), or Portugal, is a democratic republic located on the west and southwest parts of the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe; it is the westernmost country in continental Europe. Portugal is bordered by Spain to the north and east and by the Atlantic... Portugal and a number of Caribbean and South American states. Further, he re-established the Church in Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right) Official language None; English is de facto Capital London Capitals coordinates 51° 30 N, 0° 10 W Largest city London Area  - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population  - Total (2001)  - Density Ranked 1st UK... England (1850) and the The Netherlands ( Dutch: Nederland) is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands ( Dutch: Koninkrijk der Nederlanden). The Netherlands is a parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarch, located in northwestern Europe. It borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the... Netherlands (1853).

In spiritual matters Pius was much more vigorous. His December Events January - March January 21 - Maori Wars: The Tauranga Campaign starts. February 27 - American Civil War: The first Northern prisoners arrive at the Confederate prison at Andersonville, Georgia. March 1- Alejandro Mon Menéndez takes office as Prime Minister of Spain March 10 - American Civil War: The Red River Campaign... 1864 encyclical Quanta Cura was a Papal encyclical issued by Pope Pius IX on December 8, 1864, which condemned religious freedom and freedom of speech. It specifically marked for condemnation the insanity that: liberty of conscience and worship is each mans personal right, which ought to be legally proclaimed and asserted... Quanta cura condemned seventy errors ( The Syllabus of Errors (Latin: Syllabus Errorum) was a document issued by Pope Pius IX in 1864 as an appendix to his encyclical Quanta Cura. It condemned as heresy 80 propositions, many on political topics, distributed over a set of ten subheadings: pantheism, naturalism, and absolute rationalism; moderate rationalism; indifferentism... Syllabus errorum), including many of the important intellectual ideas of the century such as This article is not about continental rationalism. Rationalism, also known as the rationalist movement, is a philosophical doctrine that asserts that the truth should be determined by reason and factual analysis, rather than faith, dogma or religious teaching. Rationalism has some similarities in ideology and intent to secular humanism and... rationalism, The color red and particularly the red flag are traditional symbols of Socialism. Socialism is a concept, an ideology and a collection of party-based political movements that have evolved and branched over time. Initially, it was based on the organized working class, with the purpose of building a classless... socialism, Communism is a term that can refer to one of several things: a social and economic system, an ideology which supports that system, or a political movement that wishes to implement that system. As a theoretical social and economic system, communism would be a type of egalitarian society with no... communism, and Freedom of religion is the individuals right or freedom to hold whatever religious beliefs he or she wishes, or none at all. This freedom extends mere freedom of thought by adding the freedom of worship and the freedom of religious congregation, and became regarded in the 20th century as... freedom of religion. In Events January 13 - The accordion is patented by Anthony Faas. February 11 - Major streets lit by coal gas for first time. February 14 - Texas is linked by telegraph with the rest of the United States, when a connection between New Orleans and Marshall, Texas is completed. February 17 - The British... 1854 he became one of the few popes to issue a statement considered In Catholic theology, papal infallibility is the dogma that the Pope, when he solemnly defines a matter of faith and morals ex cathedra (that is, officially and as pastor of the universal Church), does not have the possibility of error. This doctrine was defined dogmatically by the First Vatican Council... infallible when he In Roman Catholicism, a dogmatic definition is an infallible statement published by a pope or an ecumenical council concerning a matter of faith or morals, the belief in which the Catholic Church requires of all Christians (but Christians who are not Catholics do not recognize the Catholic Churchs authority... defined the dogma of the The Immaculate Conception is a Roman Catholic doctrine which asserts that Mary, the mother of Jesus, was preserved by God from the stain of original sin at the time of her own conception. Specifically the doctrine says she was not afflicted by the privation of sanctifying grace which afflicts mankind... Immaculate Conception. He also organised the The First Vatican Council was summoned by Pope Pius IX by the bull Aeterni Patris of June 29, 1868. The first session was held in Saint Peters Basilica on December 8, 1869. It was the 20th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic church. Nearly 800 church leaders attended. The... First Vatican Council ( 1869 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). Events March 1 - North German Confederation issues 10gr and 30gr value stamps, printed on goldbeaters skin May 4 - Naval Battle of Hakodate in Japan. May 10 - Transcontinental Railroad completed at Promontory, Utah. May 15 - Woman... 1869-70) which defined the This article is on dogma in religion. Other uses of Dogma are at dogma (disambiguation) Dogma (the plural is either dogmata or dogmas) is belief or doctrine held by a religion or any kind of organization to be authoritative or beyond question. Evidence, analysis, or established fact may or may... dogma of In Catholic theology, papal infallibility is the dogma that the Pope, when he solemnly defines a matter of faith and morals ex cathedra (that is, officially and as pastor of the universal Church), does not have the possibility of error. This doctrine was defined dogmatically by the First Vatican Council... Papal infallibility.

For all his achievements, he was considered a conservative by the standards of the times, and he was often lampooned by reference to the Italian version of his name (Pio Nono) - as Pio No No.

Death and beatification

His tomb is in the church of Saint Lawrence outside the Walls (San Lorenzo fuori le mura) is a basilica in Rome. It takes its origins from a small oratory built by the Emperor Constantine over the martyrs burial place in 330; the building was remodelled by Pope Pelagius II around 580. Sixtus built a church... St. Lawrence outside the Walls. His In Catholicism, beatification (from Greek μακαριος, makarios) is a recognition accorded by the church of a dead persons accession to Heaven and capacity to intercede on behalf of individuals who pray in their name (intercession of saints). Other forms of Christianity do... beatification was begun on February 11 is the 42nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 323 days remaining, 324 in leap years. Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu Tenno. 731 - Gregory II ends his reign as Pope. 824 - Paschal I ends his reign as Pope... February 11, 1907 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). Events January January 6 - Maria Montessori opens her first school and daycare center for working class children in Rome (Casa dei Bambini in San Lorenzo). January 14 - An earthquake in Kingston, Jamaica kills more than a 1,000... 1907 and relaunched three times before he was made venerable ( July 6 is the 187th day of the year (188th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 178 days remaining. Events 1200-1899 1253 - Mindaugas crowned king of Lithuania. 1483 - Richard III crowned king of England. 1484 - Portuguese sea captain Diogo Cao finds the mouth of Congo River 1609... July 6, 1985 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events Environmental and weather change Asian Tiger Mosquito, an invasive species is first found in Houston, Texas May 25 - Bangladesh is hit by a tropical cyclone and storm surge which kills approximately 10,000 people. September 19 - 8... 1985) and then beatified on September 3 is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years). There are 119 days remaining. Events 301 - San Marino, one of the smallest nations in the world and the worlds oldest republic still in existence, was founded by Saint Marinus. 590 - St. Gregory I becomes Pope... September 3, 2000 - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes.css; @import /skins/monobook/IE55Fixes.css; @import /skins/monobook/IE60Fixes.css; /**/ 2000 From Wikipedia 2000 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. Popular culture also holds the year 2000 as the first year of the 21st century and the 3rd... 2000. The beatification of Pius IX is a subject of controversy in light of some of his actions during his time as Pope. Some Jews and Catholics have expressed concern if Pius IX is made a Saint that it would seriously hamper Catholic-Jewish relations.

Conclusion

Pius had the longest reign in the history of the post-apostolic papacy, celebrating his silver jubilee in 1871. The pope who beatified Pius IX was Official papal image of John Paul II. His Holiness Pope John Paul II, né Karol Józef Wojtyła (born May 18, 1920 in Wadowice, Poland), is the current Pope — the Bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church. He was elected on October 16, 1978... John Paul II, who in For alternative meanings, see March (disambiguation). March is the third month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. March begins (astrologically, non-sidereal) with the sun in the sign of Pisces and ends in the sign of Aries... March 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. It was designated the: International Year of Rice (by the United Nations) International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (by UNESCO) Elections were held in 73 countries during 2004. See a list of elections... 2004 overtook Pius' successor Pope Leo XIII Supreme Pontiff (1878-1903) Leo XIII, né Gioacchino Pecci (March 2, 1810 - July 20, 1903) was Pope from 1878 to 1903. Born March 2, 1810 in Carpineto Romano, Italy, Pecci first achieved note as the popular and successful Archbishop of Perugia, which led to his appointment as... Leo XIII to become the The list of 10 longest-reigning Popes in Catholic reckoning, with one extra listing: St. Peter (30 to AD 64/67): 34 or 37 years (see notes on St. Peter below) Bl. Pius IX (1846–1878): 31 years and 7 months (11,560 days). John Paul II (1978–... longest-serving pope after Pius.