Stem showing internode and nodes plus leaf petiole and new stem rising from node.

A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant. The stem is normally divided into nodes and internodes, the nodes hold buds which grow into one or more leaves, inflorescence (flowers), cones or other stems etc. The internodes act as spaces that distance one node from another. The term shoots is often confused with stems; shoots generally refer to new fresh plant growth and does include stems but also to other structures like leaves or flowers. The other main structural axis of plants is the root. In most plants stems are located above the soil surface but some plants have underground stems.
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Divisions Non-seed-bearing plants †Rhyniophyta †Zosterophyllophyta Lycopodiophyta †Trimerophytophyta Pteridophyta Ophioglossophyta Superdivision Spermatophyta †Pteridospermatophyta Pinophyta Cycadophyta Ginkgophyta Gnetophyta Magnoliophyta The vascular plants, tracheophytes or higher plants are plants in the kingdom Plantae that have specialized tissues for conducting water, minerals, and photosynthetic products through the plant. ... Flower buds have not yet bloomed into a full-size flower. ... Look up foliage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Red clover inflorescence (spike) An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers on a branch of a plant. ... Look up cone in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about the plant section. ... ROOT is an object-oriented software package developed by CERN. It was originally designed for particle physics data analysis and contains several features specific to this field, but it is also commonly used in other applications such as astronomy and data mining. ... Under Ground stems are modified plant structures that derive from stem tissue but exist under the soil surface. ...

Stems have four main functions which are:^[1]

• Support for and the elevation of leaves, flowers and fruits. The stems keep the leaves in the light and provide a place for the plant to keep its flowers and fruits.
• Transport of fluids between the roots and the shoots in the xylem and phloem.
• Storage of nutrients.
• The production of new living tissue. The normal life span of plant cells is one to three years. Stems have cells called meristems that annually generate new living tissue.

Look up flower in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ... In vascular plants, xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue in plants, phloem being the other one. ... In vascular plants, phloem is the living tissue that carries organic nutrients, particularly sucrose, a sugar, to all parts of the plant where needed. ... A meristem is a tissue in plants consisting of undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells) and found in zones of the plant where growth can take place. ...

Specialized terms for stems

Stem showing internode and nodes plus leaf petioles.

Stems are often specialized for storage, asexual reproduction, protection or photosynthesis, including the following: Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ...

• Acaulescent - plants with very short stems that appear to have no stems. The leaves appear to rise out of the ground. Some viola.
• Arborescent - tree like with woody stems normally with a single trunk.
• Bud - an embryonic shoot with immature stem tip.
• Bulb - a short vertical underground stem with fleshy storage leaves attached, e.g. onion, daffodil, tulip. Bulbs often function in reproduction by splitting to form new bulbs or producing small new bulbs termed bulblets. Bulbs are a combination of stem and leaves so may better be considered as leaves because the leaves make up the greater part.
• Caespitose - when stems grow in a tangled mass or clump or in low growing mats.
• Cladophyll - a flattened stem that appears leaf like and is specialized for photosynthesis, e.g. asparagus, cactus pads.
• Climbing - stems that cling or wrap around other plants or structures.
• Corm - a short enlarged underground, storage stem, e.g. taro, crocus, gladiolus.
• Decumbent - stems that lay flat on the ground and turn upwards at the ends.
• Fruticose - stems that grow shrub like with woody like habit.
• Herbaceous - non woody, they die at the end of the growing season.
• Rhizome - a horizontal underground stem that functions mainly in reproduction but also in storage, e.g. most ferns, iris
• Runner (plant part) - a type of stolon, horizontally growing on top of the ground and rooting at the nodes. e.g. strawberry, spider plant.
• Scape - a stem that holds flowers that comes out of the ground and has no normal leaves. Hosta, Lily, Iris.
• Stolons - a horizontal stem that produces rooted plantlets at its nodes and ends, forming near the surface of the ground.
• Tree - a woody stem that is longer than 5 meters with a main trunk.
• Thorns - a reduced stem with a sharp point and rounded shape. e.g. honeylocust, hawthorn.
• Tuber - a swollen, underground storage stem adapted for storage and reproduction, e.g. potato.
• Woody - hard textured stems with secondary xylem.

Arborescent is a term coined by the French thinkers Deleuze and Guattari to characterize thinking marked by insistence on totalizing principles. ... Flower buds have not yet bloomed into a full-size flower. ... Shallot bulbs A bulb is an underground vertical shoot that has modified leaves (or thickened leaf bases) that is used as food storage organs by a dormant plant. ... For other uses, see Onion (disambiguation). ... Species ????? Daffodils are a group of large flowered members of the genus Narcissus. ... Species See text Tulip (Tulipa) is a genus of about 100 species of flowering plants in the family Liliaceae. ... Cladophylls also called cladodes are photosynthetic branches or portions of a stem that resemble and function as a leaf, as in the asparagus. ... Binomial name L. Asparagus officinalis is a plant species in the family Asparagaceae from which the popular vegetable known as asparagus is obtained. ... Genera See Taxonomy of the Cactaceae A cactus (plural cacti, cactuses or cactus)SEE REBECCA I WAS RIGHT is any member of the succulent plant family Cactaceae, native to the Americas. ... Rock climbers on Valkyrie at The Roaches in Staffordshire, England. ... Taro corms for sale in a Réunion market A corm is a short, vertical, swollen underground plant stem that serves as a storage organ used by some plants to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as summer drought and heat (estivation). ... Binomial name (L.) Schott Taro (from Tahitian or other Polynesian languages), more rarely kalo (from Hawaiian), is a tropical plant grown primarily as a vegetable food for its edible corm, and secondarily as a leaf vegetable. ... Species See text. ... Species About 260, see text Gladiolus (from Latin, the diminutive of gladius, a sword), sometimes called the sword lily, is a genus of flowering plants, iris family (Iridaceae). ... This article is about the plants used in cooking and medicine. ... Ginger rhizome A rhizome is, in botany, a usually underground, horizontal stem of a plant that often sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. ... Classes Psilotopsida Equisetopsida Marattiopsida Pteridopsida (Polypodiopsida) this dnt make sense A fern is any one of a group of about 20,000 species of plants classified in the phylum or division Pteridophyta, also known as Filicophyta. ... Species See text Iris is a genus of between 200-300 species of flowering plants with showy flowers which takes its name from the Greek word for a rainbow, referring to the wide variety of flower colors found among the many species. ... Silverweed (Argentina anserina) picture showing red stolons. ... Species 20+ species; see text The strawberry (Fragaria) is a genus of plants in the family Rosaceae and the fruit of these plants. ... Categories: Plant stubs ... Look up scape in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Silverweed (Argentina anserina) picture showing red stolons. ... The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth. ... Pinus taeda cross section showing annual growth rings (Cheraw, South Carolina) In botany, trunk refers to the main structural member of a tree that is supported by and directly attached to the roots and which in turn supports the branches. ... Raised thorns on the stem of the wait-a-bit climber Prickles on rose stems Thorns of the Ocotillo A spine is a rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure on an animal, shell, or plant, presumably serving as a defense against attack by predators. ... This article is about a rock band. ... Species See text Crataegus (Hawthorn) is a large genus of in the family Rosaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia and North America. ... For fungal genus, see tuber (genus). ... For other uses, see Potato (disambiguation). ... Look up woody in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Stem structure

Flax stem cross-section, showing locations of underlying tissues. Ep = epidermis; C = cortex; BF = bast fibres; P = phloem; X = xylem; Pi = pith

See also: Stele (biology)

Stem usually consist of three tissues, dermal tissue, ground tissue and vascular tissue. The dermal tissue covers the outer surface of the stem and usually functions to waterproof, protect and control gas exchange. The ground tissue usually consists mainly of parenchyma cells and fills in around the vascular tissue. It sometimes functions in photosynthesis. Vascular tissue provides long distance transport and structural support. Most or all ground tissue may be lost in woody stems. The dermal tissue of aquatic plants stems may lack the waterproofing found in aerial stems. The arrangement of the vascular tissues varies widely among plant species. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1300x1030, 241 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Flax ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1300x1030, 241 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Flax ... For other uses, see Flax (disambiguation). ... Look up Epidermis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... In botany the cortex is the outer portion of the stem or root of a plant, bounded on the outside by the epidermis and on the inside by the pericycle. ... Bast fibre (fiber) or skin fibre is fibre collected from the Phloem (the inner bark or the skin) or bast surrounding the stem of a certain mainly dicotyledonic plant. ... In vascular plants, phloem is the living tissue that carries organic nutrients, particularly sucrose, a sugar, to all parts of the plant where needed. ... In vascular plants, xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue in plants, phloem being the other one. ... The centre dark spot (about 1 mm diameter) in this yew wood is the pith Elderberry shoot cut longitudinally to show the broad, solid pith (rough-textured, white) inside the wood (smooth, yellow-tinged). ... In a vascular plant, the stele is the central part of the root or stem containing the vascular tissue and occasionally a pith. ... The epidermis is the outer multi-layered group of cells covering the leaf and young tissues of a plant. ... The types of ground tissue found in plants develops from ground tissue meristem and consists of three simple tissues: Parenchyma (have retained their protoplasm) Collenchyma (have retained their protoplasm) Sclerenchyma (have lost their protoplasm in mature stage, i. ... Cross section of celery stalk, showing vascular bundles, which include both phloem and xylem. ...

Dicot stems

Dicot stems with primary growth have a pith in the center with vascular bundles in a distinct ring visible in cross section. The outside of the stem is covered with an epidermis, which is covered by a waterproof cuticle. The epidermis also may contain stomata for gas exchange and hairs. A cortex of parenchyma cells lies between the epidermis and vascular bundles. Orders see text Dicotyledons or dicots are flowering plants whose seed contains two embryonic leaves or cotyledons. ... This is not about surgically created bowel openings; see stoma (medicine) In botany, a stoma (also stomate; plural stomata) is a tiny opening or pore, found mostly on the undersurface of a plant leaf, and used for gas exchange. ...

Woody dicots and many nonwoody dicots have secondary growth originating from their lateral or secondary meristems: the vascular cambium and the cork cambium or phellogen. The vascular cambium forms between the xylem and phloem in the vascular bundles and connects to form a continuous cylinder. The vascular cambium cells divide to produce secondary xylem to the inside and secondary phloem to the outside. As the stem increases in diameter due to production of secondary xylem and secondary phloem, the cortex and epidermis are eventually destroyed. Before the cortex is destroyed, a cork cambium develops there. The cork cambium divides to produce waterproof cork cells externally and sometimes phelloderm cells internally. Those three tissues form the periderm, which replaces the epidermis in function. Areas of loosely-packed cells in the periderm that function in gas exchange are called lenticels. In vascular plants, secondary growth or, perhaps more accurately, secondary thickening is the result of the activity of the vascular cambium. ... The vascular cambium is a lateral meristem: The vascular cambium is the source of both the secondary xylem (inwards) and the secondary phloem (outwards), and hence is located between these tissues in the stem. ... Cork cambium is a tissue found in woody plants as part of the periderm. ... Secondary xylem is formed by a vascular cambium. ... In vascular plants, phloem is the living tissue that carries organic nutrients, particularly sucrose, a sugar, to all parts of the plant where needed. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Bark. ...

Secondary xylem is commercially important as wood. The seasonal variation in growth from the vascular cambium is what creates yearly tree rings in temperate climates. Tree rings are the basis of dendrochronology, which dates wooden objects and associated artifacts. Dendroclimatology is the use of tree rings as a record of past climates. The aerial stem of an adult tree is called a trunk. The dead, usually darker inner wood of a large diameter trunk is termed the heartwood. The outer, living wood is termed the sapwood. In vascular plants, xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue in plants, phloem being the other one. ... Trunks A tree trunk as found at the Veluwe, The Netherlands Wood is a solid material derived from woody plants, notably trees but also shrubs. ... The vascular cambium is a lateral meristem: The vascular cambium is the source of both the secondary xylem (inwards) and the secondary phloem (outwards), and hence is located between these tissues in the stem. ... The growth rings of an unknown tree species, at Bristol Zoo, England Pinus taeda Cross section showing annual rings, Cheraw, South Carolina Pine stump showing growth rings Dendrochronology or tree-ring dating is the method of scientific dating based on the analysis of tree-ring growth patterns. ... Dendroclimatology is the science of extracting past climate information from information in trees (primarily tree rings). ... The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth. ... Pinus taeda cross section showing annual growth rings (Cheraw, South Carolina) In botany, trunk refers to the main structural member of a tree that is supported by and directly attached to the roots and which in turn supports the branches. ... A tree trunk as found at the Veluwe, The Netherlands Wood is a material found as the primary content of the stems of woody plants, especially trees, but also shrubs. ... A tree trunk as found at the Veluwe, The Netherlands Wood is an organic material found as the primary content of the stems of woody plants, especially trees, but also shrubs. ...

Monocot stems

The trunk of this redwood tree is its stem.

Vascular bundles are present throughout the monocot stem, although concentrated towards the outside. This differs from the monocot root that has a ring of vascular bundles and often none in the center. The shoot apex in monocot stems is more elongated. Leaf sheathes grow up around it, protecting it. This is true to some extent of almost all monocots. Monocots rarely produce secondary growth and are therefore seldom woody. However, many monocot stems increase in diameter via anamolous secondary growth. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 541 pixelsFull resolution (900 × 609 pixel, file size: 169 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Photograph by M. D. Vaden of Oregon - At Simpson Reed Discovery Trail in front of a redwood tree trunk: Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park of Northern... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 541 pixelsFull resolution (900 × 609 pixel, file size: 169 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Photograph by M. D. Vaden of Oregon - At Simpson Reed Discovery Trail in front of a redwood tree trunk: Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park of Northern... Binomial name Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl. ... Orders Base Monocots: Acorus Alismatales Asparagales Dioscoreales Liliales Pandanales Family Petrosaviaceae Commelinids: Arecales Commelinales Poales Zingiberales Family Dasypogonaceae Monocotyledons or monocots are a group of flowering plants usually ranked as a class and once called the Monocotyledoneae. ... In vascular plants, secondary growth or, perhaps more accurately, secondary thickening is the result of the activity of the vascular cambium. ...

Gymnosperm stems

All gymnosperms are woody plants. Their stems are similar in structure to woody dicots except that most gymnosperms produce only tracheids in their xylem, not the vessels found in dicots. Gymnosperm wood also often contains resin ducts. Woody dicots are called hardwoods, e.g. oak, maple and walnut. In contrast, softwoods are gymnosperms, such as pine, spruce and fir. Gymnosperms are seed-bearing, vascular plants. ... Tracheids are elongated cells in the xylem of vascular plants, serving in the transport of water. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Species See List of Quercus species The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of several hundred species of trees and shrubs in the genus Quercus (from Latin oak tree), and some related genera, notably Cyclobalanopsis and Lithocarpus. ... Distribution Species See List of Acer species Maples are trees or shrubs in the genus Acer. ... “Walnut Tree” redirects here. ... Subgenera Subgenus Strobus Subgenus Ducampopinus Subgenus Pinus See Pinus classification for complete taxonomy to species level. ... Species About 35; see text. ... FIR may stand for: finite impulse response (a property of some digital filters) far infrared, i. ...

Tasmanian tree fern

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1067, 846 KB) Ferns (Dicksonia antarctica) in Nunniong, Australia v File links The following pages link to this file: Fern User:Fir0002/Fir0002 gallery Wikipedia:Reference desk archive/July 2005 ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1067, 846 KB) Ferns (Dicksonia antarctica) in Nunniong, Australia v File links The following pages link to this file: Fern User:Fir0002/Fir0002 gallery Wikipedia:Reference desk archive/July 2005 ...

Fern stems

Most ferns have rhizomes with no vertical stem. The exception is tree ferns, with vertical stems up to about 15 meters. Stem anatomy of ferns is more complicated that dicots because fern stems often have one or more leaf gaps in cross section. A leaf gap is where the vascular tissue branches off to a frond. In cross section, the vascular tissue does not form a complete cylinder where a leaf gap occurs. Fern stems may have solenosteles or dictyosteles or variations of them. Many fern stems have phloem tissue on both sides of the xylem in cross-section. Classes Psilotopsida Equisetopsida Marattiopsida Pteridopsida (Polypodiopsida) this dnt make sense A fern is any one of a group of about 20,000 species of plants classified in the phylum or division Pteridophyta, also known as Filicophyta. ... Ginger rhizome A rhizome is, in botany, a usually underground, horizontal stem of a plant that often sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. ... Familes and Genera Cyatheaceae     Alsophila     Cnemidaria     Cyathea     Sphaeropteris     Trichipteris Dicksoniaceae     Calochleana     Cibotium     Culcita     Cystodium     Dicksonia     Thyrsopteris Losophoriaceae     Lophosoria Loxomaceae     Loxoma     Loxsomopsis Metaxyaceae     Metaxya The order Cyatheales is a taxonomic division of the fern (Division Pteridophyta) subclass, Cyatheatae, which includes the Tree ferns. ... A fern with simple (lobed or pinnatifid) blades, the dissection of each blade not quite reaching to the rachis. ... In a vascular plant, the stele is the central part of the root or stem containing the vascular tissue and occasionally a pith. ... In a vascular plant, the stele is the central part of the root or stem containing the vascular tissue and occasionally a pith. ...

Economic importance

White and green asparagus - crispy stems are the edible parts of this vegetable

There are thousands of species whose stems have economic uses. Stems provide a few major staple crops such as potato and taro. Sugar cane stems are a major source of sugar. Maple sugar is obtained from trunks of maple trees. Vegetables from stems are asparagus, bamboo shoots, cactus pads or nopalitos, kohlrabi, and water chestnut. The spice, cinnamon is bark from a tree trunk. Cellulose from tree trunks is a food additive in bread, grated Parmesan cheese, and other processed foods. Gum arabic is an important food additive obtained from the trunks of Acacia senegal trees. Chicle, the main ingredient in chewing gum, is obtained from trunks of the chicle tree. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Binomial name L. Asparagus officinalis is a plant species in the family Asparagaceae from which the popular vegetable known as asparagus is obtained. ... For other uses, see Potato (disambiguation). ... Binomial name (L.) Schott Taro (from Tahitian or other Polynesian languages), more rarely kalo (from Hawaiian), is a tropical plant grown primarily as a vegetable food for its edible corm, and secondarily as a leaf vegetable. ... Species Ref: ITIS 42058 as of 2004-05-05 Sugarcane is one of six species of a tall tropical southeast Asian grass (Family Poaceae) having stout fibrous jointed stalks whose sap at one time was the primary source of sugar. ... Maple sugar is created when the blood of the dingo is boiled for longer than is needed to create maple syrup or [maple toffee. ... Distribution Species See List of Acer species Maples are trees or shrubs in the genus Acer. ... A plate of vegetables Vegetable is a culinary term which generally refers to an edible part of a plant. ... Binomial name L. Asparagus officinalis is a plant species in the family Asparagaceae from which the popular vegetable known as asparagus is obtained. ... Genera Many, see text Bamboos are a group of woody perennial evergreen plants in the true grass family Poaceae, subfamily Bambusoideae, tribe Bambuseae. ... A nopales merchant at his stand in the Merced market of Mexico City Nopals are a vegetable made from the young stem segments of prickly pear, carefully peeled to remove the spines. ... Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea Gongylodes Group) is a low, stout cultivar of the cabbage which has been selected for its swollen, nearly spherical, Sputnik-like shape. ... Binomial name Eleocharis dulcis (Burm. ... Binomial name J.Presl Cassia (Chinese cinnamon) is also commonly called (and sometimes sold as) cinnamon. ... Acacia senegal plant from Koehlers Medicinal-Plants 1887 Gum arabic, a natural gum also called gum acacia, is a substance that is taken from two sub-Saharan species of the acacia tree, Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal. ... Binomial name Acacia senegal (L.) Acacia senegal is a deciduous shrub or small tree native to semi-desert regions of Subsaharan Africa as well as Oman, Pakistan, and northwestern India. ... Binomial name Manilkara chicle (Pittier) Gilly Chicle is the gum from Manilkara chicle, a species of sapodilla tree. ... Chewing gum Chewing gum is a type of confectionery which is designed to be chewed rather than swallowed. ...

Medicines obtained from stems include quinine from the bark of cinchona trees, camphor distilled from wood of a tree in the same genus that provides cinnamon, and the muscle relaxant curare from the bark of tropical vines. Quinine (IPA: ) is a natural white crystalline alkaloid having antipyretic (fever-reducing), antimalarial, analgesic (painkilling), and anti-inflammatory properties and a bitter taste. ... Species See text Cinchona L., is the name of a genus in Rubiaceae family, large evergreens that can grow over 10 metres tall. ... R-phrases 11-20/21/22-36/37/38 S-phrases 16-26-36 RTECS number EX1260000 (R) EX1250000 (S) Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Strychnos toxifera by Koehler 1887 This page is about the plant toxins. ...

Wood is a used in thousands of ways, e.g. buildings, furniture, boats, airplanes, wagons, car parts, musical instruments, sports equipment, railroad ties, utility poles, fence posts, pilings, toothpicks, matches, plywood, coffins, shingles, barrel staves, toys, tool handles, picture frames, veneer, charcoal and firewood. Wood pulp is widely used to make paper, cardboard, cellulose sponges, cellophane and some important plastics and textiles, such as cellulose acetate and rayon. Bamboo stems also have hundreds of uses, including paper, buildings, furniture, boats, musical instruments, fishing poles, water pipes, plant stakes, and scaffolding. Trunks of palm trees and tree ferns are often used for building. Reed stems are also important building materials in some areas. Trunks A tree trunk as found at the Veluwe, The Netherlands Wood is a solid material derived from woody plants, notably trees but also shrubs. ... // Building material is any material which is used for a construction purpose. ... welcome:: This is an article about items in a room. ... For other uses, see Boat (disambiguation). ... Fixed-wing aircraft is a term used to refer to what are more commonly known as aeroplanes in Commonwealth English (excluding Canada) or airplanes in North American English. ... A wagon (in British English waggon) or dray is a wheeled vehicle, ordinarily with four wheels, usually pulled by an animal, or animals, such as horses, mules or oxen and used for transport of heavy goods. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified with the purpose of making music. ... Sports equipment includes any object used for sport or exercise. ... Ferroconcrete sleepers A variant fastening of rails to wooden sleepers A railroad tie, cross tie, or sleeper is a rectangular object used as a base for railroad tracks. ... Pole carrying telephone, electricity and Cable TV equipment. ... Look up Pile in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Wood toothpicks A Toothpick A toothpick is a piece of plastic or other substance such as wood (in this case it may be known as an interdental woodstick) used to remove detritus from the teeth, usually after a meal. ... An igniting match A match is a consumable tool for producing fire under controlled circumstances on demand. ... Toy constructed from plywood. ... An open casket A coffin (in North American English, also known as a casket, although the design is different - coffins taper towards the feet while caskets remain the same width) is a funerary box used in the display and containment of deceased remains -- either for burial or cremation. ... A Shake Roof in Romania A shake is a wooden shingle that is made from split logs. ... Traditional wooden barrels in Cutchogue Modern stainless steel beer barrels—also called casks or kegs—outside the Castle Rock microbrewery in Nottingham, England For other uses, see Barrel (disambiguation). ... A teddy bear A toy is an object used in play. ... A modern hammer is directly descended from ancient hand tools A tool or device is a piece of equipment which typically provides a mechanical advantage in accomplishing a physical task, or provides an ability that is not naturally available to the user of a tool. ... A picture frame is a container added to a picture in order to enhance it, make it easier to display or, in some cases, to protect it. ... Veneer, in woodworking, refers to thin slices of wood, usually thinner than 3 millimetres (1/8 inch). ... Charcoal is the blackish residue consisting of impure carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. ... Wood burning is the largest current use of biomass derived energy. ... International Paper Company Wood pulp is the most common material used to make paper. ... A blank sheet of paper Paper is a commodity of thin material produced by the amalgamation of fibers, typically vegetable fibers composed of cellulose, which are subsequently held together by hydrogen bonding. ... Corrugated cardboard. ... Cellulose as polymer of β-D-glucose Cellulose in 3D Cellulose (C6H10O5)n is a polysaccharide of beta-glucose. ... Cellophane is a thin, transparent sheet made of processed cellulose. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... “fabric” redirects here. ... Cellulose acetate, first prepared in 1865, is the acetate ester of cellulose. ... Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber. ... Diversity Around 91 genera and 1,000 species Subtribes Arthrostylidiinae Arundinariinae Bambusinae Chusqueinae Guaduinae Melocanninae Nastinae Racemobambodinae Shibataeinae See the full Taxonomy of the Bambuseae. ... A fishing rod is a tool used to catch fish, usually for sport. ... A system of copper water tubes used in a radiator heating system. ... This article is about the temporary framework. ... Genera Many; see list of Arecaceae genera Arecaceae (also known as Palmae or Palmaceae), the palm family, is a family of flowering plants, belonging to the monocot order Arecales. ... Tree Fern refers to any fern that grows with a trunk elevating the fronds above ground level. ... Binomial name Phragmites australis (Cav. ...

Tannins used for tanning leather are obtained from the wood of certain trees, such as quebracho. Cork is obtained from the bark of the cork oak. Rubber is obtained from the trunks of Hevea brasiliensis. Rattan, used for furniture and baskets, is made from the stems of tropical vining palms. Bast fibers for textiles and rope are obtained from stems include flax, hemp, jute and ramie. The earliest paper was obtained from the stems of papyrus by the ancient Egyptians. Tannins are astringent, bitter-tasting plant polyphenols that bind and precipitate proteins. ... Modern leather-working tools Leather is a material created through the tanning of hides and skins of animals, primarily cattlehide. ... Quebracho is one of the common names, in Spanish, of at least three similar species of trees that grow in the Gran Chaco region of South America: Schinopsis lorentzii (quebracho colorado santiagueño), of the family Anacardiaceae; Schinopsis balansae (quebracho colorado chaqueño), of the same family; Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco... A cork stopper for a wine bottle Champagne corks Varnished cork tiles can be used for flooring, as a substitute for linoleum or tiles. ... Binomial name Quercus suber L. The Cork Oak (Quercus suber) is a medium sized, evergreen oak tree in the section Quercus sect. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... Latex being collected from a wounded rubber tree The Pará rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is a tree belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae. ... Genera Calamus Calospatha Ceratolobus Daemonorops Eremospatha Eugeissonia Korthalsia Laccosperma Metroxylon Myrialepis Oncocalamus Pigafetta Plectocomia Plectomiopsis Raphia Zalacca Zalacella Rattan (from the Malay rotan), is the name for the roughly six hundred species of palms in the tribe Calameae, native to tropical regions of Africa, Asia and Australasia. ... Bast Fiber or Skin Fiber: The fiber is collected from the skin or bast surrounding the stem of the plant. ... For other uses, see Flax (disambiguation). ... U.S. Marihuana production permit. ... The word Jute is also used in reference to the Germanic people, the Jutes. ... Binomial name Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich. ... Papyrus plant Cyperus papyrus at Kew Gardens, London Papyrus is an early form of paper produced from the pith of the papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus, a wetland sedge that was once abundant in the Nile Delta of Egypt. ...

Amber is fossilized sap from tree trunks; it is used for jewelry and may contain ancient animals. Resins from conifer wood are used to produce turpentine and rosin. Tree bark is often used as a mulch and in growing media for container plants. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Jewelry (the American spelling; spelled jewellery in Commonwealth English) consists of ornamental devices worn by persons, typically made with gems and precious metals. ... For the band, see Turpentine (band). ... A 20 g cake of amber violin bow rosin. ... In agriculture and gardening, mulch is a protective cover placed over the soil, primarily to modify the effects of the local climate. ...

Some ornamental plants are grown mainly for their attractive stems, e.g.:

• White bark of paper birch
• Twisted branches of corkscrew willow and Harry Lauder's walking stick (Corylus avellana 'Contorta')
• Red, peeling bark of paperbark maple

Binomial name Betula papyrifera Marsh. ... Binomial name Salix matsudana Koidz. ... This article is about the tree; for other meanings of hazel, see Hazel (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Acer griseum (Franch. ...

References

For the thoroughbred, see Citation (horse). ...