Plantain family
Plantago major
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Lamiales Family: Plantaginaceae Juss.
Genera
See text. Plantago major Image taken by me on 20 March 2004 in the outdoor botanical garden of Technion - Haifa, Israel. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... Divisions Green algae land plants (embryophytes) non-vascular embryophytes Hepatophyta - liverworts Anthocerophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses vascular plants (tracheophytes) seedless vascular plants Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses Equisetophyta - horsetails Pteridophyta - true ferns Psilotophyta - whisk ferns Ophioglossophyta - adderstongue ferns seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Gnetophyta - gnetae Magnoliophyta... It has been suggested that Angiospermae, and Anthophyta be merged into this article or section. ... Magnoliopsida is the botanical name for a class: this name is formed by replacing the termination -aceae in the name Magnoliaceae by the termination -opsida (Art 16 of the ICBN). ... Families See text The Order Lamiales is a taxon in the asterid group of dicotyledonous flowering plants. ... Portrait of Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (April 12, 1748 - September 17, 1836) was a French botanist. ...

The Plantaginaceae Juss. or plantain family, is a family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales. The type genus is Plantago L.. In biological classification, family (Latin: familia, plural familiae) is 1) a rank or 2) a taxon in that rank. ... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants (also angiosperms or Magnoliophyta) are one of the major groups of modern plants, comprising those that produce seeds in specialized reproductive organs called flowers, where the ovulary or carpel is enclosed. ... Families See text The Order Lamiales is a taxon in the asterid group of dicotyledonous flowering plants. ... Subgenus There are 5 subgenera in Plantago. ... Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 23, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ...

In older classifications it used to be the only family of the order Plantaginales, but numerous phylogenetic studies, summarized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, have demonstrated that this taxon should be included within the Lamiales. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group is an international group of systematic botanists who have come together to try to establish a consensus view of the taxonomy of flowering plants in the light of the rapid rise of molecular systematics. ...

The plantain family as traditionally circumscribed consisted of only three genera, Bougueria, Littorella, and Plantago. However, new phylogenetic research has indicated that Plantaginaceae s.s. (s.s. = sensu stricto, in the strict sense) is nested within several genera previously included in Scrophulariaceae (but not including the type genus, Scrophularia). Although Veronicaceae (1782) is the oldest family name for this group, Plantaginaceae (1789) is a conserved name under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) and thus has priority over any earlier family name within the circumscription of any group containing Plantaginaceae. Furthermore, the ICBN does not consider family names published before 1789 to be names eligible for conservation, thus ruling out Veronicaceae. The name Antirrhinaceae has been proposed for conservation over Plantaginaceae. In the meantime, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group has accepted the name Plantaginaceae. However, Olmstead (2003) has chosen to use the name Veronicaceae. Subgenus There are 5 subgenera in Plantago. ... Genera See text. ... Species See text Scrophularia L., 1753 - Figworts A Genus with about 200 species of the family Scrophulariaceae, mostly subshrubs and herbaceous perennials. ... The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) is the set of rules that governs plant nomenclature, i. ...

The Plantaginaceae s.l. (s.l. = sensu lato, in the broad sense) is a most diverse, cosmopolitan family, occurring mostly in temperate zones. It consists of herbs, shrubs and also a few aquatic plants with roots (such as the genus Callitriche). Being so diverse, the circumscription of this family is difficult to establish (see Albach et al. in the reference list below). A cosmopolitan distribution is a term applied to a biological category of living things meaning that this category can be found anywhere around the world. ... dvdsvdxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Herbs: basil Herbs (IPA: hə()b, or əb; see pronunciation differences) are plants grown for any purpose other than food, wood or beauty. ... A broom shrub in flower A shrub or bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of woody plant, distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, usually less than 6 m tall. ... Aquatic plants — also called hydrophytic plants or hydrophytes — are plants that have adapted to living in or on aquatic environments. ... Primary and secondary roots in a cotton plant In vascular plants, the root is that organ of a plant body that typically lies below the surface of the soil (compare with stem). ...

The leaves are spiral to opposite and simple to compound. Unusual in Lamiales is the absence of vertical partitions in the heads of the glandular hairs. “Foliage” redirects here. ... A gland is an organ in an animals body that synthesizes a substance for release such as hormones, often into the bloodstream (endocrine gland) or into cavities inside the body or its outer surface (exocrine gland). ...

The structure and form of the flowers can be very variable. Some genera are 4-merous (i.e. with 4 sepals and 4 petals), such as Aragoa (but this one has 5 sepals); others are 5-8-merous, such as Sibthorpia. The flowers of most genera are polysymmetric. The corolla is often two-lipped. In some taxa, the androecium is formed before the corolla. Flower of the Primrose Willowherb (Ludwigia octovalvis) showing petals and sepals A sepal is one member or part of the calyx of a flower. ... It has been suggested that Corolla be merged into this article or section. ... A Phalaenopsis flower Rudbeckia fulgida A flower, (<Old French flo(u)r<Latin florem<flos), also known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms). ... Corolla can be: A Latin-language term for crown The Toyota Corolla, a model of automobile manufactured by Toyota The corolla is one whorl of the perianth of a flower and composed of petals The town of Corolla, North Carolina This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that...

The fruit is a capsule that dehisces through the partitions between the cells. In Veronica this partition is in the length; in species of Antirrhineae the dehiscence releases the pollen through the pores at the tip of the anther; or it may come about through a transverse circular line around the capsule. For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ... Flowers and fruit (capsules) of the ground orchid, Spathoglottis plicata. ... SEM image of pollen grains from a variety of common plants: sunflower (Helianthus annuus), morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea), prairie hollyhock (Sidalcea malviflora), oriental lily (Lilium auratum), evening primrose (Oenothera fruticosa), and castor bean (Ricinus communis). ... Flower of the spider tree (Crateva religiosa) with its numerous conspicuous stamens The stamen is the male organ of a flower. ...

A group of genera including Lindernia has recently been segregated as the family Linderniaceae but this family has not yet found wide acceptance. In Taxonomy, a segregate, or a segregate taxon is a created when a taxon is divided into several more specific taxa. ...

Genera

The enlarged Plantaginaceae s.l. / Veronicaceae consists of 90 genera and about 1,700 species. The largest genus is Veronica with about 450 species. Veronica also includes the genera Hebe, Parahebe and Synthyris, formerly often treated as distinct. All genera of Plantaginaceae were formerly included in Scrophulariaceae except where otherwise stated. Genera See text. ...

• Acanthorrhinum
• Achetaria
• Adenosma
• Albraunia
• Amphianthus
• Anarrhinum
• Angelonia
• Antirrhinum - Snapdragon
• Aragoa
• Artanema
• Asarina
• Bacopa - Water Hyssop
• Basistemon
• Benjaminia
• Besseya (now included in Veronica)
• Bougueria
• Brookea
• Bryodes
• Bythophyton
• Callitriche - Water Starwort (formerly in Callitrichaceae)
• Campylanthus
• Chaenorhinum
• Chelone
• Chionohebe (now included in Veronica)
• Chionophila
• Cochlidiosperma (now included in Veronica)
• Collinsia
• Conobea
• Cymbalaria
• Detzneria (now included in Veronica)
• Digitalis - Foxglove
• Dintera
• Dizygostemon
• Dopatrium
• Ellisophyllum (?)
• Encopella
• Epixiphium
• Erinus
• Galvezia
• Gambelia
• Geochorda
• Globularia (formerly belonging to Globulariaceae)
• Gratiola - Hedge Hyssop
• Hebe (now included in Veronica)
• Hemiphragma
• Herpestis
• Hippuris - Mare’s-tale (formerly in Hippuridaceae)
• Holmgrenanthe
• Holzneria
• Howelliella
• Hydrotriche
• Isoplexis (now included in Digitalis)
• Kashmiria
• Keckiella
• Kickxia - Fluellen
• Lafuentea
• Lagotis
• Leucophyllum (?)
• Limnophila
• Limosella - Mudwort
• Linaria - Toadflax
• Littorella (often included in Plantago)
• Lophospermum
• Mabrya
• Maurandella
• Maurandya
• Mecardonia
• Melosperma
• Microcarpaea
• Misopates
• Mohavea
• Monocardia
• Monopera
• Monttea
• Neogaerrhinum
• Neopicrorhiza
• Nothochelone
• Nuttallanthus
• Otacanthus
• Ourisia
• Paederota
• Parahebe (now included in Veronica)
• Penstemon - Beardtongue
• Picria
• Picrorhiza
• Plantago
• Poskea (formerly belonging to Globulariaceae)
• Psammetes
• Pseudorontium
• Rhodochiton
• Russelia
• Sairocarpus
• Schistophragma
• Schweinfurthia
• Scoparia
• Scrofella
• Sibthorpia
• Stemodia
• Synthyris - Kittentails (now included in Veronica)
• Tetranema
• Tetraulacium
• Tonella
• Uroskinnera
• Veronica - Speedwell, Brooklime
• Veronicastrum
• Wulfenia
• Wulfeniopsis

Species See text. ... Species This list is currently incomplete Section Antirrhinum Antirrhinum australe Antirrhinum barrelieri Antirrhinum boissieri Antirrhinum braun-blanquetii Antirrhinum charidemi Antirrhinum graniticum Antirrhinum grosii Antirrhinum hispanicum Antirrhinum latifolium Antirrhinum lopesianum Antirrhinum majus Antirrhinum meonanthum Antirrhinum microphyllum Antirrhinum molle Antirrhinum onubensis Antirrhinum pertegasii Antirrhinum pulverulentum Antirrhinum rupestre Antirrhinum sempervirens Antirrhinum siculum Antirrhinum... Species See text. ... The Bacopa is a genus of aquatic plants. ... Species See text. ... Species See text. ... Species    C. fassetti    C. hermaphroditica        Synonym    C. heterophylla        Synonym    C. intermedia    C. longipedunculata    C. marginata        Synonym    C. palustris        Synonym    C. pedunculosa        Synonym    C. peploides    C. stagnalis    C. terrestris        Synonym    C. trochlearis Callitriche is the only genus in the family Callitrichaceae. ... Chelone is a plant genus commonly known as turtlehead. ... Species Collinsia antonina Collinsia bartsiifolia Collinsia callosa Collinsia childii Collinsia concolor Collinsia corymbosa Collinsia grandiflora Collinsia greenei Collinsia heterophylla Collinsia linearis Collinsia multicolor Collinsia parryi Collinsia parviflora Collinsia parvula Collinsia rattanii Collinsia sparsiflora Collinsia tinctoria Collinsia torreyi Collinsia verna Collinsia violacea Collinsia is a genus of annual flowering plants in... Species About 10 species, including: Cymbalaria aequitriloba Cymbalaria hepaticifolia Cymbalaria muralis Cymbalaria pallida Cymbalaria pilosa Cymbalaria is a genus of about 10 species of herbaceous perennials in the foxglove family Scrophulariaceae, native to southern Europe. ... Species About 20 species, including: Digitalis cariensis Digitalis ciliata Digitalis davisiana Digitalis dubia Digitalis ferruginea Digitalis grandiflora Digitalis laevigata Digitalis lanata Digitalis leucophaea Digitalis lutea Digitalis obscura Digitalis parviflora Digitalis purpurea Digitalis thapsi Digitalis trojana Digitalis viridiflora Digitalis is a genus of about 20 species of herbaceous biennials, perennials and... Species See text. ... Species Globularia alypum Globularia cordifolia Globularia dumulosa Globularia incanescens Globularia meridionalis Globularia nudicaulis Globularia orientalis Globularia punctata Globularia repens Globularia stygia Globularia trichosantha Globularia vulgaris Globularia is a genus of about 22 species of flowering plants in the family Plantaginaceae, native to central and southern Europe, Macaronesia, northwest Africa and... Species Globularia alypum Globularia cordifolia Globularia dumulosa Globularia incanescens Globularia meridionalis Globularia nudicaulis Globularia orientalis Globularia punctata Globularia repens Globularia stygia Globularia trichosantha Globularia vulgaris Globularia is a genus of about 22 species of flowering plants in the family Plantaginaceae, native to central and southern Europe, Macaronesia, northwest Africa and... Species See text. ... Species Hippuris montana Hippuris tetraphylla Hippuris vulgaris Hippuridaceae is the Mares tail family. ... Species Hippuris montana Hippuris tetraphylla Hippuris vulgaris Hippuridaceae is the Mares tail family. ... Isoplexis is a section of 4 species within the genus Digitalis. ... Species About 12 species, including: Leucophyllum frutescens (Texas sage, Texas ranger, silverleaf) Leucophyllum laevigatum (Chihuahuan sage) Leucophyllum is a genus of evergreen shrubs in the plantago family Plantaginaceae, native to the southwestern United States and Mexico. ... For a small villge in the prefecture of Ilia, see Linaria (Ilia), Greece Species About 100 species, including: Linaria canadensis Linaria dalmatica Linaria genistifolia Linaria purpurea Linaria repens Linaria vulgaris Linaria is a genus of about 100 species of herbaceous annuals and perennials in the foxglove family Scrophulariaceae. ... Species See text. ... Species Mohavea breviflora Mohavea confertiflora Mohavea is a plant genus consisting of two species native to the deserts of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. ... Species See text. ... Penstemon is a large genus of North American (and East Asian) plants traditionally placed in the Scrophulariaceae family. ... Subgenus There are 5 subgenera in Plantago. ... Species Globularia alypum Globularia cordifolia Globularia dumulosa Globularia incanescens Globularia meridionalis Globularia nudicaulis Globularia orientalis Globularia punctata Globularia repens Globularia stygia Globularia trichosantha Globularia vulgaris Globularia is a genus of about 22 species of flowering plants in the family Plantaginaceae, native to central and southern Europe, Macaronesia, northwest Africa and... Species See text. ... The Russelia is among the most common of garden plants, and it is easily recognized by its brilliant red flowers that are shaped like tall thin vases. ... Species See text. ...

References

• Albach, D. C., Meudt, H. M. & Oxelman, B. 2005. Piecing together the "new" Plantaginaceae. American Journal of Botany 92: 297-315.
• Olmstead, R. G., dePamphilis, C. W., Wolfe, A. D., Young, N. D., Elisons, W. J. & Reeves P. A. 2001. Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae. American Journal of Botany 88: 348-361 - on line here.
• Olmstead, R. G. 2003. Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae? Fremontia 30: 13-22 (available online here).
• Oxelman, B.; Kornhall, P.; Olmstead, R.G.; Bremer, B. 2005. Further disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae. Taxon 54(2): 411-425.
• Rahmanzadeh, R., K. Müller, E. Fischer, D. Bartels & T. Borsch. 2005. The Linderniaceae and Gratiolaceae are further lineages distinct from the Scrophulariaceae (Lamiales). Pl. Biol. ( Stuttgart) 7: 67-78.

External link

• Treatment of Plantaginaceae in MOBOT