Hannes Alfvén suggested that, by scaling laboratory results by a factor of 10⁹, he could extrapolate magnetospheric conditions. Another scaling jump of 10⁹ was required extrapolate to galactic conditions, and a third jump of 10⁹ was required to extrapolate to the Hubble distance. ^[1]

Plasma cosmology is a non-standard cosmology^[2] that is generally attributed to Hannes Alfvén in the 1960s ^[3] that attempts to explain the development of the visible universe through the interaction of electromagnetic forces on astrophysical plasma,^[4]. Alfvén developed his cosmological ideas based on scaling of observations from terrestrial laboratories and in situ space physics experiments to cosmological scales orders-of-magnitude greater.^[1] His most famous cosmological proposal was that the universe was an equal mixture of ionized matter and anti-matter in the form of so-called ambiplasma that would naturally separate as annihilation reactions occurred accompanied by a tremendous release of energy.^{[citation needed]} Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (404x737, 17 KB) Cosmic Triple Jump. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (404x737, 17 KB) Cosmic Triple Jump. ... Hannes Alfvén (1908-1995), winning the Nobel Prize for his work on magnetohydrodynamics [1]. Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén (May 30, 1908; Norrköping, Sweden – April 2, 1995; Djursholm, Sweden) was a Swedish plasma physicist who won the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work developing the... The parameters of plasmas, including their spatial and temporal extent, vary by many orders of magnitude. ... A magnetosphere is the region around an astronomical object in which phenomena are dominated or organized by its magnetic field. ... A non-standard cosmology is any cosmological framework that has been, or still is, proposed as an alternative to the big bang model of physical cosmology. ... Hannes Alfvén (1908-1995), winning the Nobel Prize for his work on magnetohydrodynamics [1]. Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén (May 30, 1908; Norrköping, Sweden – April 2, 1995; Djursholm, Sweden) was a Swedish plasma physicist who won the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work developing the... Heliospheric current sheet, the largest structure in the Solar System, resulting from the influence of the Suns rotating magnetic field on the plasma in the interplanetary medium (Solar Wind) [1]. The wavy spiral shape has been likened to a ballerinas skirt, and carries a tiny 10-10 amps... The parameters of plasmas, including their spatial and temporal extent, vary by many orders of magnitude. ... Space physics, also known as space plasma physics, is the study of plasmas as they occur naturally in the universe. ... Physical cosmology, as a branch of astrophysics, is the study of the large-scale structure of the universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its formation and evolution. ... An order of magnitude is the class of scale or magnitude of any amount, where each class contains values of a fixed ratio to the class preceding it. ... ... Matter is the substance of which physical objects are composed. ... Antimatter is matter that is composed of the antiparticles of those that constitute normal matter. ... Annihilation is defined as total destruction or complete obliteration of an object;[1] having its root in the Latin nihil (nothing). ...

Plasma cosmology contradicts the current consensus of astrophysicists that Einstein's Theory of general relativity explains the origin and evolution of the universe on its largest scales, relying instead on the further development of classical mechanics and classical electrodynamics as applied to astrophysical plasmas. While in the late 1980s to early 1990s there was limited discussion over the merits of plasma cosmology, today advocates for these ideas are generally ignored by the professional cosmology community.^[5][6] Scientific consensus is the collective judgment, position, and opinion of the community of scientists in a particular field of science at a particular time. ... Spiral Galaxy ESO 269-57 Astrophysics is the branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, including the physical properties (luminosity, density, temperature, and chemical composition) of celestial objects such as stars, galaxies, and the interstellar medium, as well as their interactions. ... Einstein redirects here. ... General relativity (GR) or general relativity theory (GRT) is the theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915. ... According to the Big Bang model, the universe emerged from an extremely dense and hot state. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Physical cosmology, as a branch of astrophysics, is the study of the large-scale structure of the universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its formation and evolution. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Cosmic plasma

Main article: astrophysical plasma

Hannes Alfvén devoted much of his professional career attempting to characterize plasmas for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1970. However, while plasma physics is uncontroversially accepted to play an important role in many astrophysical phenomena due in part to plasma's ubiquity, Alfvén held to a few ideas which have not been accepted by the scientific consensus. Chief among these is the assertion that electromagnetic forces are equal in importance with gravitation on the largest scales.^[7] Alfvén came to this conclusion by simply extrapolating plasma phenomena from small scales to large scales.^{[1][citation needed]} While magnetic fields are considered of interest to modern astrophysics in many standard smaller-scale astrophysical structure formation models with magnetic braking speeding gravitational collapse by transferring angular momentum from the contracting objects, standard large-scale structure models do not normally consider the magnetic field large enough to aid in angular momentum transfer for virializing processes in clusters.^[8] Research in these issues is ongoing, but plasma processes are not considered in theoretical modeling to play a significant role in structure or galaxy formation.^[9] Alfvén's models do not provide any predictions that can account for any cosmological observations including Hubble's law, the abundance of light elements, or the existence of the cosmic microwave background.^{[citation needed]} Heliospheric current sheet, the largest structure in the Solar System, resulting from the influence of the Suns rotating magnetic field on the plasma in the interplanetary medium (Solar Wind) [1]. The wavy spiral shape has been likened to a ballerinas skirt, and carries a tiny 10-10 amps... A plasma lamp, illustrating some of the more complex phenomena of a plasma, including filamentation. ... Hannes Alfvén (1908–1995) accepting the Nobel Prize for his work on magnetohydrodynamics [1]. List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physics from 1901 to the present day. ... A Plasma lamp In physics and chemistry, a plasma is an ionized gas, and is usually considered to be a distinct phase of matter. ... Scientific consensus is the collective judgment, position, and opinion of the community of scientists in a particular field of science at a particular time. ... In physics, the electromagnetic force is the force that the electromagnetic field exerts on electrically charged particles. ... Gravity is a force of attraction that acts between bodies that have mass. ... Astronomy and cosmology examine the universe to understand the large-scale structure of the cosmos. ... Magnetic field lines shown by iron filings In physics, a magnetic field is a solenoidal vector field in the space surrounding moving electric charges, such as those in electric currents and bar magnets. ... Spiral Galaxy ESO 269-57 Astrophysics is the branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, including the physical properties (luminosity, density, temperature, and chemical composition) of celestial objects such as stars, galaxies, and the interstellar medium, as well as their interactions. ... An eddy current is a phenomenon caused by a moving magnetic field intersecting a conductor or vice-versa. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This gyroscope remains upright while spinning due to its angular momentum. ... In mechanics, the virial theorem provides a general equation relating the average total kinetic energy of a system with its average total potential energy , where angle brackets represent the average of the enclosed quantity. ... The galaxies of HCG 87, about four hundred million light-years distant. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Large-scale structure of the cosmos. ... In astrophysics, the questions of galaxy formation and evolution are: How, from a homogeneous universe, did we obtain the very inhomogeneous one we live in? How did galaxies form? How do galaxies change over time? The formation of galaxies is still one of the most active research areas in astrophysics... Observational cosmology is the study of the structure, the evolution and the origin of the universe through observation, using instruments such as telescopes and cosmic ray detectors. ... Hubbles law is the statement in physical cosmology that the redshift in light coming from distant galaxies is proportional to their distance. ... In cosmology, Big Bang nucleosynthesis (or primordial nucleosynthesis) refers to the production of nuclei other than H-1, the normal, light hydrogen, during the early phases of the universe, shortly after the Big Bang. ... WMAP image of the CMB anisotropy,Cosmic microwave background radiation(June 2003) The cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) is a form of electromagnetic radiation that fills the whole of the universe. ...

Examples of the highly speculative nature of Alfvén's conclusions include factually inaccurate explanations for star formation using Birkeland currents.^[10] These plasma currents were held by Alfvén and his supporters to be responsible for many filamentary structures seen in astrophysical observations. However, there remains no direct observational evidence of such large scale plasma currents and mainstream astrophysical explanations for large-scale phenomena preclude plasma current mechanisms. Media:Example. ... The aurora on Jupiter, powered by Jovian Birkeland currents [Ref. ...

Alfvén and Klein cosmologies

Hannes Alfvén (1908-1995), winning the Nobel Prize for his work on magnetohydrodynamics [8].

The conceptual origins of plasma cosmology were developed in 1965 by Alfvén in his book Worlds-Antiworlds, basing some of his work on the ideas Kristian Birkeland first described at the turn of the century and Oskar Klein's earlier proposal that astrophysical plasmas played an important role in galaxy formation. In 1971, Klein would extend Alfvén's proposals and develop the "Alfvén-Klein model" of cosmology. Their cosmology relied on giant astrophysical explosions resulting from a hypothetical mixing of cosmic matter and antimatter that created the universe or meta-galaxy as they preferred to speculate (see the Shapley-Curtis debate for more on the history of distinguishing between the universe and the Milky Way galaxy). This hypothetical substance that spawned the universe was termed "ambiplasma" and took the forms of proton-antiprotons (heavy ambiplasma) and electrons-positrons (light ambiplasma). In Alfvén's cosmology, the universe contained heavy symmetric ambiplasma with protective light ambiplasma, separated by double layers. According to Alfvén, such an ambiplasma would be relatively long-lived as the component particles and antiparticles would be too hot and too low-density to annihilate with each other rapidly. Annihilation radiation would emanate from the double layers of plasma and antiplasma domains. The exploding double layer was also suggested by Alfvén as a possible mechanism for the generation of cosmic rays^{[citation needed]}, x-ray bursts and gamma-ray bursts.^[11] Image File history File links Hannes-alfven. ... Image File history File links Hannes-alfven. ... Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) (magnetofluiddynamics or hydromagnetics) is the academic discipline which studies the dynamics of electrically conducting fluids. ... Kristian Birkeland Kristian Birkeland (December 13, 1867 - June 15, 1917) was born in Christiania (Oslo today) and wrote his first scientific paper at the age of 18. ... Oskar Klein (September 15, 1894 - February 5, 1977) was a Swedish theoretical physicist. ... Heliospheric current sheet, the largest structure in the Solar System, resulting from the influence of the Suns rotating magnetic field on the plasma in the interplanetary medium (Solar Wind) [1]. The wavy spiral shape has been likened to a ballerinas skirt, and carries a tiny 10-10 amps... In astrophysics, the questions of galaxy formation and evolution are: How, from a homogeneous universe, did we obtain the very inhomogeneous one we live in? How did galaxies form? How do galaxies change over time? The formation of galaxies is still one of the most active research areas in astrophysics... Matter is the substance of which physical objects are composed. ... For the physics of antimatter, see the article on antiparticles; for other senses of this term, see antimatter (disambiguation). ... The Universe is defined as the summation of all particles and energy that exist and the space-time in which all events occur. ... NGC 4414, a typical spiral galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices, is about 17,000 parsecs in diameter and approximately 20 million parsecs distant. ... The Great Debate was between astronomers Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis and concerned the nature of spiral nebulae and the size of the universe. ... The Milky Way (a translation of the Latin Via Lactea, in turn derived from the Greek Galaxia Kuklos; or simply the Galaxy) is a barred spiral galaxy in the Local Group, and has special significance to humanity as the location of the solar system, which is located near the Orion... Saturnian aurora whose reddish colour is characteristic of ionized hydrogen plasma. ... Annihilation is defined as total destruction or complete obliteration of an object;[1] having its root in the Latin nihil (nothing). ... Radiation as used in physics, is energy in the form of waves or moving subatomic particles. ... Saturnian aurora whose reddish colour is characteristic of ionized hydrogen plasma. ... Cosmic rays can loosely be defined as energetic particles originating outside of the Earth. ... X-ray bursters are a class of binary stars which have periodic outbursts luminous in X-rays. ... In astronomy, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are flashes of gamma rays that last from seconds to hours, the longer ones being followed by several days of X-ray afterglow. ...

Ambiplasma was proposed in part to explain the observed baryon asymmetry in the universe as being due to an initial condition of exact symmetry between matter and antimatter.^[12] According to Alfvén and Klein, ambiplasma would naturally form pockets of matter and pockets of antimatter that would expand outwards as annihilation between matter and antimatter occurred at the boundaries. Therefore, they concluded that we must happen to live in one of the pockets that was mostly baryons rather than antibaryons. The processes governing the evolution and characteristics of the universe at its largest scale would be governed mostly by this feature. The baryon asymmetry problem in astrophysics refers to the apparent fact that the baryons in the universe which have been observed are overwhelmingly matter as opposed to anti-matter. ... In mathematics, boundary conditions are imposed on the solutions of ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations, to fit the solutions to the actual problem. ... Sphere symmetry group o. ... Combinations of three u, d or s-quarks with a total spin of 3/2 form the so-called baryon decuplet. ... The octet of light spin-1/2 baryons. ...

Alfvén postulated that the universe has always existed^[13] due to causality arguments and rejection of ex nihilo models as a stealth form of creationism.^[14] The cellular regions of exclusively matter or antimatter would appear to expand in regions local to annihilation, which Alfvén considered as a possible explanation for the observed apparent expansion of the universe as merely a local phase of a much larger history. It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ... Ex nihilo is a Latin term meaning out of nothing. It is often used in conjunction with the term creation, as in creatio ex nihilo, meaning creation out of nothing. Due to the nature of this, the term is often used in philosophical or creationistic arguments, as a number of... Creationism is the belief that humanity, life, the Earth, and the universe were created in their entirety by a deity or deities (typically God), whose existence is presupposed. ... The metric expansion of space is a key part of sciences current understanding of the universe, whereby space itself is described by a metric which changes over time. ...

Further developments

While plasma cosmology has never had the support of most astronomers or physicists, researchers have continued to promote and develop the approach, and publish in the special issues of the IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science that are co-edited by plasma cosmology proponent Anthony Peratt.^[15] A few papers regarding plasma cosmology were published in other mainstream journals until the 1990s. Additionally, in 1991, Eric J. Lerner, an independent researcher in plasma physics and nuclear fusion, wrote a popular-level book supporting plasma cosmology called The Big Bang Never Happened. At that time there was renewed interest in the subject among the cosmological community (along with other non-standard cosmologies). This was due to anomalous results reported in 1987 by Andrew Lange and Paul Richardson of UC Berkeley and Toshio Matsumoto of Nagoya University that indicated the cosmic microwave background might not have a blackbody spectrum. However, the final announcement (in April 1992) of COBE satellite data corrected the earlier contradiction of the Big Bang; the level of interest in plasma cosmology has since fallen such that little research is now conducted. An astronomer or astrophysicist is a scientist whose area of research is astronomy or astrophysics. ... Many famous physicists of the 20th and 21st century are found on the list of recipients of the Nobel Prize in physics. ... The logo of the IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society The IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society (NPSS) is a transnational group of about 3000 professional engineers and scientists. ... Anthony Peratt is an electrical engineer. ... Lerners 1991 book, The Big Bang Never Happened Eric J. Lerner (born 1947) is currently the executive director of the Focus Fusion Society and president of Lawrenceville Plasma Physics, Inc. ... A Plasma lamp In physics and chemistry, a plasma is an ionized gas, and is usually considered to be a distinct phase of matter. ... The deuterium-tritium (D-T) fusion reaction is considered the most promising for producing fusion power. ... A non-standard cosmology is a cosmological idea that contradicts the standard model of cosmology. ... WMAP image of the CMB anisotropy,Cosmic microwave background radiation(June 2003) The cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) is a form of electromagnetic radiation that fills the whole of the universe. ... As the temperature decreases, the peak of the black body radiation curve moves to lower intensities and longer wavelengths. ... The Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), also referred to as Explorer 66, was the first satellite built dedicated to cosmology. ...

Comparison to mainstream cosmology

Plasma cosmology has been developed in much less detail than mainstream cosmology and lacks many of the key predictions and features of the current models. In mainstream cosmology, detailed simulations of the correlation function of the universe, primordial nucleosynthesis, and fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background radiation, based on the principles of standard cosmology and a handful of free parameters, have been made and compared with observations, including non-trivial consistency checks. Plasma cosmology generally provides qualitative descriptions and no systematic explanation for the standard features of mainstream cosmological theories. For stochastic processes, including those that arise in statistical mechanics and Euclidean quantum field theory, a correlation function is the correlation between random variables at two different points in space or time. ... In cosmology, Big Bang nucleosynthesis (or primordial nucleosynthesis) refers to the production of nuclei other than H-1, the normal, light hydrogen, during the early phases of the universe, shortly after the Big Bang. ... In cosmology, the cosmic microwave background radiation (most often abbreviated CMB but occasionally CMBR, CBR or MBR, also referred as relic radiation) is a form of electromagnetic radiation discovered in 1965 that fills the entire universe. ...

For example, the standard hierarchical models of galaxy and structure formation rely on dark matter collecting into the superclusters, clusters, and galaxies seen in the universe today. The size and nature of structure are based on an initial condition from the primordial anisotropies seen in the power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background.^[16] Recent simulations show agreement between observations of galaxy surveys and N-body cosmological simulations of the Lambda-CDM model.^[17] Most astrophysicists accept dark matter as a real phenomenon and a vital ingredient in structure formation, which cannot be explained by appeal to electromagnetic processes. The mass estimates of galaxy clusters using gravitational lensing also indicate that there is a large quantity of dark matter present, an observation not explained by plasma cosmology models.^[18] Superclusters are large groupings of smaller galaxy groups and clusters, and are among the largest structures of the cosmos. ... The power spectrum is a plot of the portion of a signals power (energy per unit time) falling within given frequency bins. ... WMAP image of the CMB anisotropy,Cosmic microwave background radiation(June 2003) The cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) is a form of electromagnetic radiation that fills the whole of the universe. ... A galaxy survey is a survey of galaxies in two or three dimensions. ... The n-body problem is the problem of finding, given the initial positions, masses, and velocities of n bodies, their subsequent motions as determined by classical mechanics, i. ... A pie chart indicating the proportional composition of different energy-density components of the universe. ... In astrophysics and cosmology, dark matter refers to hypothetical matter of unknown composition that does not emit or reflect enough electromagnetic radiation to be observed directly, but whose presence can be inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter. ... Galaxy groups and clusters are super-structures in the spread of galaxies of the cosmos. ... A gravitational lens is formed when the light from a very distant, bright source (such as a quasar) is bent around a massive object (such as a massive galaxy) between the source object and the observer. ...

Mainstream studies also suggest that the universe is homogeneous on large scales without evidence of the very large scale structure required by plasma filamentation proposals.^[19] The largest galaxy number count to date, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, corresponds well to the mainstream picture.^[20] In physics, homogeneity is the quality of having all properties independent of the position. ... The End of Greatness is an observational scale discovered at roughly 100 Mpc where the lumpiness seen in the large-scale structure of the universe is homogenized and isotropized as per the Cosmological Principle. ... SDSS Logo The Sloan Digital Sky Survey or SDSS is a major multi-filter imaging and spectroscopic redshift survey using a dedicated 2. ...

Light element production without Big Bang nucleosynthesis (as required in plasma cosmology) has been discussed in the mainstream literature and was determined to produce excessive x-rays and gamma rays beyond that observed.^[21][22] This issue has not been completely addressed by plasma cosmology proponents in their proposals.^[23] Additionally, from an observational point of view, the gamma rays emitted by even small amounts of matter/antimatter annihilation should be easily visible using gamma ray telescopes. However, such gamma rays have not been observed. This could be resolved by proposing, as Alfvén did, that the bubble of matter we are in is larger than the observable universe. In order to test such a model, some signature of the ambiplasma would have to be looked for in current observations, and this requires that the model be formalized to the point where detailed quantitative predictions can be made. This has not been accomplished. In cosmology, Big Bang nucleosynthesis (or primordial nucleosynthesis) refers to the production of nuclei other than H-1, the normal, light hydrogen, during the early phases of the universe, shortly after the Big Bang. ... In the NATO phonetic alphabet, X-ray represents the letter X. An X-ray picture (radiograph) taken by Röntgen An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength approximately in the range of 5 pm to 10 nanometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz... This article is about electromagnetic radiation. ...

Although no plasma cosmology proposal explaining the cosmic microwave background radiation has been published since COBE results were announced, explanations relying on integrated starlight do not provide any indication of how to explain the observed angular power spectrum of one part in 10⁵ CMB anisotropies. The sensitivity and resolution of the measurement of these anisotropies was greatly advanced by WMAP and was subsequently heralded as a major confirmation of the Big Bang to the detriment of alternatives.^[24] These measurements showed the "acoustic peaks" were fit with high accuracy by the predictions of the Big Bang model and conditions of the early universe. In cosmology, the cosmic microwave background radiation (most often abbreviated CMB but occasionally CMBR, CBR or MBR, also referred as relic radiation) is a form of electromagnetic radiation discovered in 1965 that fills the entire universe. ... The Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), also referred to as Explorer 66, was the first satellite built dedicated to cosmology. ... Artist depiction of the WMAP satellite at the L2 point The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) is a NASA satellite whose mission is to survey the sky to measure the temperature of the radiant heat left over from the Big Bang. ...

Plasma cosmology is not considered by the astronomical community to be a viable alternative to the Big Bang, and even its advocates agree the explanations it provides for phenomena are less detailed than those of conventional cosmology. As such, plasma cosmology has remained sidelined and viewed in the community as a proposal unworthy of serious consideration.

Notes

A pie chart indicating the proportional composition of different energy-density components of the universe. ... Model may refer to more than one thing : For models in society, art, fashion, and cosmetics, see; role model model (person) supermodel figure drawing modeling section In science and technology, a model (abstract) is understood as an abstract or theoretical representation of a phenomenon,see; geologic modeling model (economics) model... From the late 1800s the word paradigm refers to a thought pattern in any scientific discipline or other epistemological context. ... Anthony Peratt is an electrical engineer. ... Eric J. Lerner is the President of Lawrenceville Plasma Physics, Inc. ... Tom Van Flandern is a credentialed astronomer with Ph. ... arXiv (pronounced archive, as if the X were the Greek letter χ) is an archive for electronic preprints of scientific papers in the fields of physics, mathematics, computer science and quantitative biology which can be accessed via the Internet. ... arXiv (pronounced archive, as if the X were the Greek letter χ) is an archive for electronic preprints of scientific papers in the fields of physics, mathematics, computer science and quantitative biology which can be accessed via the Internet. ... arXiv (pronounced archive, as if the X were the Greek letter χ) is an archive for electronic preprints of scientific papers in the fields of physics, mathematics, computer science and quantitative biology which can be accessed via the Internet. ... The power spectrum is a plot of the portion of a signals power (energy per unit time) falling within given frequency bins. ... See Also: Watt In physics, a power law relationship between two scalar quantities x and y is any such that the relationship can be written as where a (the constant of proportionality) and k (the exponent of the power law) are constants. ... Hubbles law is the statement in astronomy that the redshift in light coming from distant galaxies is proportional to their distance. ... A parsec is the distance from the Earth to an astronomical object which has a parallax angle of one arcsecond. ...

Further reading

• Alfvén, Hannes:

• "On hierarchical cosmology", Astrophysics and Space Science (ISSN 0004-640X), vol. 89, no. 2, Jan. 1983, p. 313-324. (1983)
• "Cosmology in the plasma universe". (1988) Laser and Particle Beams (ISSN 0263-0346), vol. 6, Aug. 1988, p. 389-398. Full text
• "Model of the plasma universe", IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science (ISSN 0093-3813), vol. PS-14, Dec. 1986, p. 629-638 Full text (PDF)

• Peratt, Anthony:

• The Plasma Universe (Website) overview and peer reviewed paper collection.
• "Evolution of the plasma universe. I - Double radio galaxies, quasars, and extragalactic jets", IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science (ISSN 0093-3813), vol. PS-14, Dec. 1986, p. 639-660. Full text (PDF)
• "Evolution of the plasma universe. II - The formation of systems of galaxies", IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science (ISSN 0093-3813), vol. PS-14, Dec. 1986, p. 763-778. Full text (PDF)
• "The role of particle beams and electrical currents in the plasma universe", Peratt, Anthony L., Laser and Particle Beams (ISSN 0263-0346), vol. 6, Aug. 1988, p. 471-491 Full text (PDF)

• Wright, E. L. "Errors in "The Big Bang Never Happened"". See also: Lerner, E. J. "Dr. Wright is Wrong". Lerner's reply to the above.
• IEEE Xplore, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 18 issue 1 (1990), Special Issue on Plasma Cosmology including A. L. Peratt, "Plasma cosmology", IEEE T. Plasma Sci. 18, 1-4 (1990).
• Various authors: "Introduction to Plasma Astrophysics and Cosmology", Astrophysics and Space Science, v. 227 (1995) p. 3-11. Proceedings of the Second IEEE International Workshop on Plasma Astrophysics and Cosmology, held from 10 to 12 May 1993 in Princeton, New Jersey

Books

• H. Alfvén, Worlds-antiworlds: antimatter in cosmology, (Freeman, 1966).
• H. Alfvén, Cosmic Plasma (Reidel, 1981) ISBN 90-277-1151-8
• E. J. Lerner, The Big Bang Never Happened, (Vintage, 1992) ISBN 0-679-74049-X
• A. L. Peratt, Physics of the Plasma Universe, (Springer, 1992) ISBN 0-387-97575-6