Plasmodium knowlesi
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Apicomplexa Class: Aconoidasida Order: Haemosporida Family: Plasmodiidae Genus: Plasmodium Species: P. knowlesi
Binomial name
Plasmodium knowlesi

Plasmodium knowlesi is a primate malaria parasite commonly found in Southeast Asia. It causes malaria in long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis), but it may also infect humans, either naturally or artificially. For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ... Typical phyla Rhodophyta (red algae) Chromista Heterokontophyta (heterokonts) Haptophyta Cryptophyta (cryptomonads) Alveolates Pyrrhophyta (dinoflagellates) Apicomplexa Ciliophora (ciliates) Excavates Euglenozoa Percolozoa Metamonada Rhizaria Radiolaria Foraminifera Cercozoa Amoebozoa Choanozoa Many others; classification varies The Kingdom Protista or Protoctista is one of the commonly recognized biological kingdoms, including all the eukaryotes except for... Classes & Subclasses Aconoidasida Haemosporasina Piroplasmasina Blastocystea Conoidasida Coccidiasina Gregarinasina The Apicomplexa are a large group of protozoa, characterized by the presence of a unique organelle called an apical complex. ... Orders Haemosporida Piroplasmida The Aconoidasida are a class of Apicomplexan parasites. ... The Haemosporida are an order of the class Aconoidasida and include the protozoa responsible for the disease malaria. ... The Plasmodiidae are a family of apicomplexan parasites, including the genus Plasmodium, which is responsible for malaria. ... Red blood cell infected with malaria A plasmodium[[1]] is also the macroscopic form of the unusual protist known as slime moulds. ... In biology, binomial nomenclature is the formal method of naming species. ... Families 15, See classification A primate (L. prima, first) is any member of the biological order Primates, the group that contains all the species commonly related to the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the latter category including humans. ... Malaria is an infectious disease that is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... Binomial name Macaca fascicularis Raffles, 1821 The Crab-eating Macaque (Macaca fascicularis) is an arboreal macaque native to South-East Asia. ...

Epidemiology

Reports of P. knowlesi are confined to Southeast Asia,^[1][2] particularly Malaysia,^[3] but there are also reports on the Thai-Burmese border.^[4] A fifth of the cases of malaria diagnosed in Sarawak, Malaysia are due to P. knowlesi.^[3] State motto: United, Industrious, Dedicated (Malay: Bersatu, Berusaha, Berbakti ) Capital Kuching Governor T.Y.T Tun Datuk Patinggi Abang Muhammad Salahuddin Chief Minister Y.A.B. Datuk Patinggi Tan Sri Haji Abdul Taib Bin Mahmud / Pehin Sri Dr. Hj. ...

P. knowlesi infection is normally considered an infection of long-tailed macaques, but humans who work at the forest fringe or enter the rainforest to work are at risk of being infected with P. knowlesi. The mosquito Anopheles latens is attracted to both macaques and humans and has been shown to be the main vector transmitting P. knowlesi to humans. Within the monkey population, A. hackeri, is believed to be the main vector of P. knowlesi within the monkey population: although A. hackeri is capable of transmitting malaria to humans,^[5] it is not normally attracted to humans and therefore cannot be an important vector for transmission.^[6] Binomial name Anopheles latens Sallum, Peyton, Wilkerson, 2005 The Anopheles latens mosquito (part of the A. leucosphyrus group)[1] is an important vector for the transmission of malaria in humans and monkeys in Southeast Asia. ...

Diagnosis

P. knowlesi infections is diagnosed by examining thick and thin blood films in the same way as other malarias. The appearance of P. knowlesi is similar to that of P. malariae and is unlikely to be correctly diagnosed except by a malaria reference laboratory. There are no ill effects of misdiagnosing P. knowlesi as P. malariae, because the treatment is the same. Malaria is an infectious disease that is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. ... Binomial name Plasmodium malariae Feletti & Grassi, 1889 Plasmodium malariae is a parasitic protozoa that causes malaria in humans. ...

Treatment

P. knowlesi infection responds well to treatment with chloroquine and primaquine.^[3] To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Primaquine or Primaquine Phosphate. ...

Plasmodium knowlesi genome data

• GeneDB Plasmodium knowlesi

References

1. ^ Chin W, Contacos PG, Coatney RG, Kimbal HR. (1965). "A naturally acquired quotidian-type malaria in man transferable to monkeys". Science 149: 865. PMID 14332847.
2. ^ Yap FL, Cadigan FC, Coatney GR. (1971). "A presumptive case of naturally occurring Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in man in Malaysia". Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 65 (6): 839–40. PMID 5003320.
3. ^ ^{a b c} Singh B, Lee KS, Matusop A (2004). "A large focus of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi infections in human beings". Lancet 363: 1017–24. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15836-4.
4. ^ Jongwutiwes S, Putaporntip C, Iwasaki T, Sata T, Kanbara H. (2004). "Naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in human, Thailand". Emerg Infect Dis 10 (12): 2211–3. PMID 15663864.
5. ^ Wharton RH, Eyles DE. (1961). "Anopheles hackeri, a vector of Plasmodium knowlesi in Malaya". Science 134: 279–80.
6. ^ Reid JA, Weitz B. (1961). "Anopheline mosquitoes as vectors of animal malaria in Malaya". Ann Trop Med Parasitol 55: 180–6.